CN107145658B - Numerical simulation method for flow field parameter design of bipolar plate of proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Google Patents
Numerical simulation method for flow field parameter design of bipolar plate of proton exchange membrane fuel cell Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a numerical simulation method for designing flow field parameters of a bipolar plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which comprises the steps of firstly carrying out simulation analysis on stamping formability of the bipolar plate by using Dynaform to obtain a proper stamping forming range, then carrying out flow field design on the bipolar plate of the fuel cell based on the stamping forming range, and finally simulating the output performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell by using CFD software to obtain the flow field size of the bipolar plate with the best performance. The method of the invention combines the proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance numerical simulation and the fuel cell bipolar plate punch forming simulation to finally obtain an optimized bipolar plate flow field size, so that the fuel cell has better output performance and safety performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology, in particular to a numerical simulation method for flow field parameter design of a bipolar plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Background
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are devices that use hydrogen as anode Fuel, air or oxygen as cathode Fuel, and perfluorosulfonic acid type solid polymers as electrolyte, and directly convert chemical energy stored in the Fuel into electrical energy through electrode reaction under the action of pure Pt or Pt/C series catalysts. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell not only has the advantages of no pollution, high efficiency, no noise and the like, but also has the advantages of low working temperature (generally 60-100 ℃), high power density (0.6-1.0 kW/L), quick start (several seconds) and the like, has wide application prospect, and becomes one of the research hotspots of various countries in the world.
A proton exchange membrane fuel cell body is composed of a plurality of monocells, and each monocell mainly comprises a membrane electrode and a bipolar plate. Bipolar plates are one of the key components of PEMFC cells, in which they serve to separate an oxidant and a reductant, support a membrane electrode, collect and conduct current, and the like. The cost of the bipolar plate occupies 40-60% of the cost of the whole battery, and the weight of the bipolar plate occupies about 80% of the weight of the whole battery, so that the problems of reducing the cost of the bipolar plate and improving the performance are urgently needed to be solved.
The flow field design of the fuel cell bipolar plate has important influence on the performance of the fuel cell, and an ideal flow field design of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell can ensure that the mole fraction of gas is uniformly distributed on the surface area of the whole cell. This ideal design allows for a more uniform current density distribution and also allows for a uniform temperature distribution within the cell as well as the generation of liquid water. These uniform distributions can result in less mechanical stress on the membrane electrode, resulting in a longer useful life of the cell. The current stage applies more bipolar plate flow fields in the forms of a serpentine flow field, a direct-current flow field, an interdigitated flow field, a multi-channel serpentine flow field and the like. Transport and reaction phenomena within the fuel cell are further understood to guide cell design to provide better performance.
The flow field design needs to take into account a number of factors, such as the effect of the particular form and size of the flow field on the fuel cell output power, and also the characteristics of the bipolar plate material. The design work of the bipolar plate flow field by using the traditional experimental method is very complicated, time and labor are wasted, and the internal conditions of the flow field, such as material distribution, pressure and temperature distribution and the like, are difficult to analyze. The problem can be well solved through a numerical simulation technology, the conditions inside the fuel cell can be well simulated and analyzed by using the fluid simulation software Fluent, the material transmission, the heat transfer, the water management and the like in a flow field can be visually known, and therefore the better cell performance can be obtained. The design and experimental research of the flow field are guided through the numerical simulation result, the design of the bipolar plate flow field is further optimized, the performance of the actual fuel cell is tested through the experiment, and the simulation result is verified. The application of the numerical simulation technology greatly reduces the cost of flow field design, simplifies experimental research and saves a large amount of time and cost. Therefore, the numerical simulation is very important for the research of the fuel cell.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a numerical simulation method for the flow field parameter design of a bipolar plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell aiming at the defects in the prior art.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a numerical simulation method for flow field parameter design of a bipolar plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprises the following steps:
1) establishing a mechanical model of the bipolar plate stamping process, establishing a three-dimensional model by adopting finite element software according to the mechanical model, carrying out numerical simulation on the bipolar plate stamping forming process, predicting and eliminating wrinkling and cracking defects in a forming limit diagram according to the Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) and the sheet thinning condition, and thus obtaining a flow field size range which aims at the optimal forming process and safety;
2) globally defining simulation parameters of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, including the material of the bipolar plate, the flow field form of the bipolar plate, the size of the bipolar plate, physical parameters of each part of the fuel cell and boundary conditions;
the size of the alloy bipolar plate is obtained according to the size range of the flow field in the step 1);
the physical parameters comprise the required conductivity, initial polarization voltage and exchange current density of the anode and the cathode in an electrochemical model, the required density, specific heat and conductivity coefficient of the fuel cell bipolar plate in a heat transfer model, and the required porosity and permeability of the fuel cell bipolar plate in a mass transfer model;
the boundary conditions include the inlet velocity, mass fraction, diffusion coefficient, initial temperature and pressure of the gas;
3) drawing a fuel cell model according to an actual simulation object, comprising: constructing a geometric three-dimensional model of the fuel cell, dividing grids, and specifying a boundary type and a region type;
4) performance simulation of fuel cell output using a PEMFC module in a fluid simulation software Fluent, comprising:
starting a solver, and selecting a three-dimensional model for simulation calculation;
importing the single cell model and the grid drawn by Gambit or other drawing software into Fluent;
setting relevant parameters of the fuel cell model;
the relevant parameters include: open circuit voltage, operating temperature and pressure, battery operating temperature, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, contact resistance;
and specifying the current value or the voltage value of the fuel cell, initializing a flow field, and performing iterative calculation to obtain the bipolar plate flow field design taking the cell performance as an optimization target.
According to the scheme, the flow field in the step 2) is in a direct-current field form.
According to the scheme, when the grid division is carried out in the step 3), firstly the type of the grid is determined, and then the grid division is carried out on the single cell geometric model according to a certain proportion, wherein the grid division density of the flow field part is 1 to 4 times that of other grids.
According to the scheme, the type of the grid is a structural grid.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: the method of the invention performs numerical simulation on the stamping forming process of the alloy bipolar plate, obtains the optimal forming process and the safe flow field size range of the Fe-Cr-Ni alloy bipolar plate, and provides theoretical basis for the performance numerical simulation of the fuel cell. Based on the method, the fuel cell performance numerical simulation is carried out through Fluent, and finally the optimized Fe-Cr-Ni alloy bipolar plate flow field design is obtained, so that the PEMFC has better performance.
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The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph of the effect of flow field size on the maximum reduction and minimum thickness of an alloy sheet in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a range of sizes of a safety flow field in the stamping of an alloy sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a model diagram of a two-flow field PEM fuel cell;
FIG. 4 is a three-flow field proton exchange membrane fuel cell model diagram;
FIG. 5 is a model diagram of a four-flow-field PEMFC;
FIG. 6 is a graph of output power of a two-flow field fuel cell as a function of channel depth;
FIG. 7 is a plot of three-flow field fuel cell output power as a function of flow channel depth;
fig. 8 is a graph of output power of a four-flow field fuel cell as a function of channel depth.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The embodiment is a numerical simulation method of flow field parameter design and PEMFC performance of a Fe-Cr-Ni alloy bipolar plate based on punch forming, which comprises the following steps:
1) a three-dimensional model is established by adopting Dynaform finite element software, numerical simulation is carried out on the stamping forming process of the bipolar plate, and wrinkling and cracking defects in forming are predicted and eliminated according to a Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) and the sheet material thinning condition, so that the optimal forming process and the safe flow field size range are obtained.
The method comprises the following specific steps:
(1.1) establishing a mechanical model of a stamping process; (1.2) establishing a finite element analysis model on the basis of the mechanical model; (1.3) selecting the type of the shell unit according to the deformation characteristics of the metal sheet and determining related parameters; (1.4) selecting an elastic-plastic constitutive relation and related parameters according to the deformation characteristics of the metal sheet; (1.5) selecting a friction law and parameters according to the surface characteristics and the lubricating states of the metal plate and the die; and (1.6) solving the rigid motion of the stamping die and the elastic-plastic deformation of the metal sheet.
Specifically, the influence of the size of the flow field on the formability of the Fe-Cr-Ni alloy is simulated, and the stamping forming process of the alloy plate is numerically simulated when the ridge width s of the flow channel is 0.75, 1.0 and 1.2, the width w of the flow field is 0.5-1.5, and the depth h of the flow field is 0.4-0.56. The simulation results are shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2.
According to the simulation result, the influence of the flow field sizes w, s and h of the alloy plate on the maximum thinning rate in the stamping and forming of the alloy plate is shown in figure 1, the ordinate represents the depth h of the groove, and the maximum thinning rate is increased along with the increase of h; comparing the curve of the graph of. w is 0.5, the maximum reduction rate decreases with increasing s when the value of h is the same, and the change rule of the maximum reduction rate is the same when w is 0.75 and 1.0 and 1.5, so that the maximum reduction rate decreases with increasing s. In summary, the maximum reduction increases with increasing h and decreases with increasing w and s. The sheet material is easy to break when the sheet material is thinned more in the stamping forming process, the size of the safe flow field formed by stamping the alloy plate can be effectively predicted by the numerical simulation method, and fig. 2 shows the size range of the safe flow field obtained in the flow field size simulation.
As shown in fig. 1, when the material of the bipolar plate of the fuel cell is Fe-Cr-Ni alloy, the dimensions of the flow field of the bipolar plate are as follows: the width w of the flow field is 1.5mm, and the width s of the ridge is 1.5 mm; the width w of the flow field is 1mm, and the width s of the ridge is 0.75 mm; the flow field width w is 0.75mm, the ridge width s is 0.5mm, the flow field depth h is respectively 0.3mm, 0.4mm and 0.5mm, the maximum thinning rate of the material in the stamping forming process is very small, and when the thinning is more, the plate can be broken and deformed. It can be seen that the bipolar plate flow field size can be machined by stamping.
Globally defining simulation parameters of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, including the material of the bipolar plate, the flow field form of the bipolar plate, the size of the bipolar plate, physical parameters of each part of the fuel cell and boundary conditions;
the size of the alloy bipolar plate is obtained according to the size range of the flow field in the step 1);
the physical parameters comprise the required conductivity, initial polarization voltage and exchange current density of the anode and the cathode in an electrochemical model, the required density, specific heat and conductivity coefficient of the fuel cell bipolar plate in a heat transfer model, and the required porosity and permeability of the fuel cell bipolar plate in a mass transfer model;
the boundary conditions include the inlet velocity, mass fraction, diffusion coefficient, initial temperature and pressure of the gas;
3) and then, performing numerical simulation on the performance of the fuel cell, wherein the bipolar plate is made of Fe-Cr-Ni alloy, the activation area is kept unchanged at 50mmX4.5mm, the number of the flow channels is two flow fields, three flow fields and four flow fields respectively, the performance of the direct current field single cell with the flow field depth of 0.3mm, 0.4mm and 0.5mm is simulated respectively, and the influence of the flow field depth on the performance of the fuel cell is kept to a certain extent by the flow field number. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
the method mainly comprises the following steps of drawing the Gambit model:
(3.1) constructing a fuel cell geometric model, respectively drawing two-flow field single cell models, three-flow field single cell models and four-flow field single cell models according to sizes, and drawing the geometric model in Gambit mainly comprises two-dimensional models and three-dimensional models, wherein when the two-dimensional model is drawn, points are firstly drawn, then the points are drawn to lines, and the lines are drawn to surfaces to gradually finish the drawing of the whole geometric model. When the three-dimensional model is drawn, Boolean operation is often used, individual three-dimensional units are drawn firstly, and then the independent units are combined together to finally form a complete three-dimensional model.
(3.2) dividing grids, wherein when grid division is carried out, firstly, the type of the grids is determined, the grids are divided into structural grids and non-structural grids, the grids are determined according to a model which is mainly simulated according to needs, the structural grids are mainly used, the grids are divided according to a certain proportion on a geometric model of a single cell, and due to the fact that the mass transfer and heat transfer phenomena of a flow field are complex, the grids of a part of the flow field need to be divided more densely, the simulation result is more accurate, and the density of the grids of the part of the flow field in the embodiment is 2-4 times that of the grids of other grids.
(3.3) the boundary type and the region type are specified, each part of the single cell model is specified and named, physical properties of each part are defined, and if the substance in the region is solid or fluid, and the boundary of each region is defined, the boundary and the region are required to be distinguished and divided according to the actual simulation model condition. The model diagrams of the single cell are shown in fig. 3, fig. 4 and fig. 5.
4) Fluent's main solution step:
(4.1) starting a solver, selecting 2D or 3D to simulate calculation, wherein a 3D model is required to be selected; (4.2) introducing the single battery model and the grid drawn by Gambit or other drawing software into Fluent, then checking the battery model, modifying the geometric unit of the geometric model after checking to be normal, checking once, and calling out the fuel cell module in Fluent after checking to be correct; and (4.3) setting relevant parameters of the fuel cell model, wherein the operating temperature and the operating pressure are respectively 338k and one standard atmospheric pressure, and the open-circuit voltage is 0.95V. And (4.4) after the relevant parameters are set, designating the current value or the voltage value of the fuel cell, and initializing the flow field. And selecting the iterative computation times, generally selecting 300 iterative computations, observing an iterative curve chart at any time when performing simulation computation, and finding out reasons for solving whether the computation results are converged, such as divergences. And after the calculation is finished, storing the simulation calculation result, and drawing a battery performance curve. The graphs of fuel cell performance as a function of flow field depth are shown in fig. 6, 7, 8.
As can be seen from fig. 6, 7 and 8, when the active area and the flow field form of the fuel cell are kept constant, the output power density of the single cell has no great relation with the number of the flow field; when the depth of the flow field is particularly shallow, the output power density of the single cell is relatively low, the depth of the flow field is continuously increased after the depth of the flow field reaches a certain depth, and the output power density of the battery is not obviously increased or even slightly reduced. Finally, when the number of the flow fields is 3, the flow fields are in the form of direct-current fields, and the size of the flow fields is as follows: when the flow field width w is 1mm, the ridge width s is 0.75mm, and the flow field depth is 0.4mm or 0.5mm, the fuel cell has better output performance.
It will be understood that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings and all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. A numerical simulation method for flow field parameter design of a bipolar plate of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) establishing a mechanical model of the bipolar plate stamping process, establishing a three-dimensional model by adopting finite element software according to the mechanical model, carrying out numerical simulation on the bipolar plate stamping forming process, predicting and eliminating wrinkling and cracking defects in a forming limit diagram according to the forming limit diagram and the sheet material thinning condition, and thus obtaining a flow field size range which takes the optimal forming process and safety as targets;
2) globally defining simulation parameters of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, including the material of the bipolar plate, the flow field form of the bipolar plate, the size of the bipolar plate, physical parameters of each part of the fuel cell and boundary conditions;
the size of the bipolar plate is obtained according to the size range of the flow field in the step 1);
the physical parameters comprise the required conductivity, initial polarization voltage and exchange current density of the anode and the cathode in an electrochemical model, the required density, specific heat and conductivity coefficient of the fuel cell bipolar plate in a heat transfer model, and the required porosity and permeability of the fuel cell bipolar plate in a mass transfer model;
the boundary conditions include the inlet velocity, mass fraction, diffusion coefficient, initial temperature and pressure of the gas;
3) drawing a fuel cell model according to an actual simulation object, comprising: constructing a geometric three-dimensional model of the fuel cell, dividing grids, and specifying a boundary type and a region type;
3.1) constructing a geometric model of the fuel cell, respectively drawing single cell models of two flow fields, three flow fields and four flow fields according to the sizes, and combining the independent cells together to finally form a complete three-dimensional model;
3.2) dividing grids, wherein when the grids are divided, the types of the grids are determined firstly, and the grids are divided into structural grids and non-structural grids;
3.3) specifying a boundary type and a region type, specifying and naming each part of the single cell model, and defining physical properties of each part;
4) performance simulation of fuel cell output using a PEMFC module in a fluid simulation software Fluent, comprising:
starting a solver, and selecting a three-dimensional model for simulation calculation;
importing the single cell model and the grid drawn by Gambit or other drawing software into Fluent;
setting relevant parameters of the fuel cell model;
the relevant parameters include: open circuit voltage, battery operating temperature, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, contact resistance;
and (3) specifying the current value or the voltage value of the fuel cell, initializing a flow field, performing iterative calculation, and designing the bipolar plate flow field by taking the cell performance as an optimization target.
2. A numerical simulation method according to claim 1, wherein the flow field in step 2) is in the form of a dc flow field.
3. A numerical simulation method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3), when performing grid division, firstly, the type of the grid is determined, and then the grid division is performed on the geometric model of the single cell according to a certain proportion, wherein the grid division density of the flow field part is 1 to 4 times that of other grids.
4. A numerical simulation method according to claim 3, characterized in that the type of the grid is a structural grid.
5. The numerical simulation method according to claim 1, wherein the number of iterative calculations in step 4) is equal to or greater than 300.
6. The numerical simulation method according to claim 1, wherein the operating temperature at which the pem fuel cell is operated is 338K, and the operating pressure is 1 atm.
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| CN107944072B (en) * | 2017-10-11 | 2019-11-05 | 天津大学 | The determination method of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells sensitivity to parameter |
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| CN111079337B (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2023-09-01 | 畔星科技(浙江)有限公司 | Multi-physical field coupling simulation method for proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
| CN111507033B (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2022-06-24 | 东北大学 | Finite element simulation analysis method for cracking process of UO2/Zr monolithic nuclear fuel |
| CN112582635B (en) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-04-29 | 南京航空航天大学 | Method for optimizing PEMFC bipolar plate flow channel section and three-dimensional proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
| CN112666462B (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2024-08-20 | 上海电气集团股份有限公司 | Method and device for evaluating PEMFC performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
| CN113420474B (en) * | 2021-06-17 | 2022-03-15 | 湘潭大学 | Simulation analysis method for current density distribution of lead-acid battery pole plate |
| CN115621484B (en) * | 2022-08-29 | 2024-02-06 | 深圳氢时代新能源科技有限公司 | Optimization method of flow field of polymer membrane fuel cell and fuel cell |
| CN116029179B (en) * | 2023-03-29 | 2023-06-20 | 上海治臻新能源股份有限公司 | Numerical simulation method and device for fuel cell flow channel structure and computer equipment |
| CN117117248B (en) * | 2023-10-23 | 2024-01-23 | 佛山市清极能源科技有限公司 | Method for optimizing bipolar plate flow channel structure |
| CN117709287B (en) * | 2024-02-06 | 2024-05-07 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Dimension optimization design method for flexible bipolar plate of high-efficiency solid oxide fuel cell |
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| CN102306805A (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2012-01-04 | 新源动力股份有限公司 | PEMFC (proton exchange membrane fuel cell) metal bipolar plate conducive to improving fluid distribution |
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