CN107131039B - 用于运行机动车的废气后处理系统的方法 - Google Patents

用于运行机动车的废气后处理系统的方法 Download PDF

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CN107131039B
CN107131039B CN201710109006.6A CN201710109006A CN107131039B CN 107131039 B CN107131039 B CN 107131039B CN 201710109006 A CN201710109006 A CN 201710109006A CN 107131039 B CN107131039 B CN 107131039B
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CN107131039A (zh
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C.纳格尔
A.弗兰茨
T.普菲斯特
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Abstract

在用于运行机动车的废气后处理系统的方法中，所述废气后处理系统包括至少一个NOx存储催化器（10）和至少一个SCR催化器（30）。根据本发明，在识别到所述NOx存储催化器（10）的或者所述SCR催化器（30）的功能不足够时，进行会导致减小所述机动车的NOx排放的至少一个辅助措施。

Description

用于运行机动车的废气后处理系统的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于运行机动车的废气后处理系统的方法，其中，所述废气后处理系统包括至少一个NOx存储催化器和至少一个SCR催化器。本发明还涉及一种计算机程序、一种能够机读的存储介质和一种电子的控制器，它们被设置用于执行所述方法。
背景技术
为了减小在机动车的内燃机的废气中的有害物质浓度，采用复杂的废气后处理系统。为了减小氮氧化物排放，已经已知的是，将氮氧化物存储催化器（NSC-NitrogenoxideStorage Catalyst）与SCR催化器（选择性催化还原）进行组合。NSC的减小氮氧化物的效果是基于在马达的惯常的稀燃运行中的NOx（NOx-氮氧化物）的存储。NSC的再生通过间歇性地在废气中提供还原剂来进行，从而能够减小所存储的NOx。这点能够尤其通过马达的浓燃运行（λ < 1）来进行，其中，在这样的再生后，NSC对于NOx再次能够进行容纳。
因为在NSC的再生期间所执行的浓燃运行提高了燃料需求，则一般地由车辆制造商如此适用用于所述NSC的再生功能：使得尽可能少地但是仍然正如所需那样频繁地执行所述再生，以便能够遵循预先给定的NOx极限值。再生的时刻依赖于上级的标准、例如NSC的NOx负载并且因此一般地在预先给定的运行循环中不随着相同的开始条件在时间上可变，因为这点要么会导致经提高的燃料消耗要么会导致较高的NOx排放。
SCR催化器的基本原理在于：氮氧化物分子在催化剂表面上面对着作为还原剂的氨（NH3）被还原为氮单质。在这里，必要的还原剂例如以含水的尿素溶液为形式通过配量设备在所述SCR催化器的上游放置到排气系中。所需的配量率的求取在电子的控制单元中进行，在该控制单元中一般地存放了用于运行和监控SCR系统的策略。
在在废气后处理系统中的NSC和SCR催化器的组合中，所述排放负荷能够依赖于温度而分布到所述NSC和SCR催化器上。在这里，所述NSC首要地在冷起动后接管氮氧化物浓度的减小，因为在冷起动后，所述SCR催化器一般地对于实现较好的NOx转化还过于冷。当所述SCR催化器已经达到了其工作温度且构造了足够大的SCR催化器时，所述SCR催化器能够独自地获得所需的NOx转化率。在该情况中，能够关闭所述NSC的再生，以便由此节省燃料。
在排放相关的构件的诊断的领域中的法律的预设在所谓的车载诊断（OBD）的框架中鉴于遵守用于机动车的NOx排放的所述OBD极限值而要求监控所有的废气后处理组件以及所采用的传感装置。在这里，所述OBDII法规要求单个组件监控，从而对于遵循OBD极限值必须监控每个单个的催化器。因此要求的是，必要时在系统内明确地识别到了有故障的催化器。
发明内容
发明优势
根据本发明的方法被设置用于运行机动车的废气后处理系统，其中，所述废气后处理系统包括至少一个NOx存储催化器和至少一个SCR催化器。本发明的核心是，在两个催化器之一的功能不足够时，进行至少一个辅助措施，该辅助措施导致机动车的NOx排放的减小。当因而识别到了NOx存储催化器（NSC）的或者SCR催化器的不足够的功能时，能够通过进行至少一个辅助措施来获得鉴于氮氧化物排放的经改善的废气后处理，从而在所述行驶路段上从所述故障识别的时刻起直到车间会由机动车释放尽可能少量的NOx排放。
如果在废气后处理系统中，至少一个NSC和至少一个SCR催化器彼此组合，则这两个组件之一不再能够足够地作出其对于减小所述NOx排放的贡献，在所述系统的传统的运行中不再能够遵循所述NOx排放的允许的极限值。传统地，有误的组件一般仅在工作软件中以故障代码的形式示出。这种故障代码相应地被进一步处理并且必要时给驾驶员显示。只要未修复有误的组件，则再次导致所述机动车的经提高的NOx排放。本发明解决该问题，办法是：在识别到NSC的或SCR催化器的功能不足够时，进行用于减小所述NOx排放的辅助措施，从而在两个废气后处理组件之一失效的情况下依然能够进一步减小由于所述有误的催化器而被不足够地补偿的NOx排放。在这里，如此地构造了根据本发明所进行的辅助措施：使得两个催化器中的各一个能够至少部分地接管相应其它的有误的催化器的任务。因此在故障情况中，根据本发明能够将排放负荷转移到还能够采用的废气后处理组件上。在此，在原则上要区分两个情况。要么SCR催化器要么NSC被识别作为有误。相应所进行的辅助措施依赖于：哪个催化器是有故障的。
在所述SCR催化器的功能不足够时，优选地执行相比于普通运行更加频繁的NSC的再生。经此，能够卸载NSC的所存储的NOx质量，从而用于存储NOx的所述NSC的容量再次被提高，并且经此能够经过所述有误的SCR催化器来平衡缺少的或者经降低的NOx转化。所述NSC的再生优选地以公知的方式通过机动车的内燃机的浓燃运行来执行。按照所述根据本发明的方法的NSC的更加频繁的再生在这里能够有利地通过改变用于运行条件的阈来进行，在该运行条件中应该执行再生。例如，能够降低所述NOx质量阈，该NOx质量阈被设置用于进行所述再生。此外可行的是，改变对于所述NOx存储催化器的温度或者对于废气质量流量或者对于马达运行点或者对于经预测的燃料更多消耗的阈。这点导致的是，NOx存储催化器的再生比在普通运行中更加频繁地执行。
如果出现了其它情况并且确定了NSC的不足够的功能，则在根据本发明的方法的框架中，优选地进行至少一个辅助措施，该辅助措施改善了对于SCR催化器的运行条件。经此，能够如此地设定用于所述SCR催化器的运行条件：使得在SCR催化器中的最佳的NOx转化率是可能的。在这里尤其优选的是，作为辅助措施进行了用于加热所述废气后处理系统的措施，从而能够提高SCR催化器的温度并且由此能够优化所述NOx转化。传统地，在带有NSC和SCR催化器的废气后处理系统中，温度水平通常低于在不带有NSC的废气后处理系统中的温度水平。因此，传统地，在组合式的系统中较少或者较迟地达到了对于运行所述SCR催化器的最佳的温度。这点根据本发明被用于：在NSC的功能有故障时，该NSC在必要时调用所述SCR催化器的被不完全使用的容量。因此，按照根据本发明的方法，在必要时，相应地加热所述废气后处理系统并且足够长地保持所需的温度水平，从而能够设定较好的SCR工作温度并且能够将NOx排放负荷传输到所述SCR催化器上。所述SCR催化器能够由此作出对于NOx转化的较大的贡献并且总体上减小所述机动车的NOx排放。
就此而论作为作为备选或附加的辅助措施，能够进行SCR催化器的至少一个运行参量的匹配，从而同样能够在SCR催化器中实现经提高的NOx转化率。例如，只要在被预控制的运行中运行了所述SCR催化器，则能够从经预控制的运行切换到所述SCR催化器的经调节的运行上，从而在所有的运行点中实现了较高的NOx转化率。在这样的情况中（在其中，在所述SCR催化器的运行中，分别按照实时的环境条件在经调节的运行和经控制的运行之间往复转换），作为替代措施能够在根据本发明的方法的过程中截止或阻止从经调节的运行转换到经控制的运行，从而同样在这里也保证了在所有的运行点中的较高的NOx转化。如果所述SCR催化器鉴于NH3填充程度以被填充程度调节的方式运行，则还能够作为替代措施使得转换到较高的NH3额定填充程度上，从而准备好对于可能出现的NOx峰值的较大的缓冲，并且能够通过有误的NSC来平衡所述NOx排放的有故障的减小。
所进行的辅助措施也许能够与经提高的燃料消耗（尤其在废气后处理系统的加热措施中）或者与还原剂（例如AdBlue®）的经提高的消耗，在SCR催化器、尤其在作为辅助措施进行的SCR催化器的经调节的运行中相联系。但是，所述根据本发明的方法的这些以某种方式不利的效果通过以下方式来平衡，即总体上所述机动车的NOx排放在NSC的或SCR催化器的故障情况中在根据本发明的方法的框架中得以平衡和补偿。
本发明还包括一种计算机程序，该计算机程序被设定用于执行根据本发明的方法的步骤，以用于在废气后处理组件之一的故障情况中运行废气后处理系统和尤其用于补偿经提高的NOx排放。本发明此外包括一种能够机读的存储介质，在该存储介质上储存有这样的计算机程序；以及包括一种电子的控制器，其被设置用于执行根据本发明的运行方法。根据本发明的方法作为计算机程序或作为能够机读的存储介质或者作为电子的控制器的实现方案具有的特别的优点是，所述根据本发明的方法于是也能够例如用于现有的机动车中，该机动车拥有相应的废气后处理系统。
本发明的其它的特征和优势从接下来结合附图对实施例的说明中得出。在此，单个的特征分别可以单独地或相互组合地被实现。
附图说明
在附图中：
图1是现有技术中的废气后处理系统的示例的构造方案的示意图，在其中，能够采用根据本发明的运行方法；并且
图2是根据本发明的方法的示例的实施方案的示意的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1以示意的方式示出了现有技术中的废气后处理系统的示例的结构，在其中，能够采用根据本发明的方法。所示的是机动车的未具体示出的内燃机的排气系。
所述排气系在箭头方向上被内燃机的废气穿流。所述废气后处理系统包括NOx存储催化器（NSC）10、柴油颗粒过滤器（cDPF）20和SCR催化器（SCR）30。在SCR 30的上游，存在用于所需的液态的还原剂溶液（例如AdBlue®）的配量位置40。在所述NSC 10的上游和下游存在各一个拉姆达探测器11、12。在所述SCR 30的上游和下游存在各一个NOx传感器31、32。位于所述SCR 30的上游的所述NOx传感器31能够作为任选方案被经计算的模型值取代。在这样的组合式的带有NSC 10和SCR 30的废气后处理系统中，两个催化器贡献了其用于遵循NOx极限值的份额。如果两个催化器10、30之一不再正确地功能优良，则产生的NOx排放不再能够足够地被补偿。一般，虽然所述有误的组件被带到至显示，但是，在传统的情况中，出现机动车的NOx排放的提高，直到修复有误的组件。这些经提高的NOx排放随着根据本发明的运行方法被避免或者至少减小，因为按照根据本发明的方法，在两个催化器10或30之一的故障情况中，采取合适的替代措施（辅助措施），以便把相应其它的、还起作用的废气后处理组件考虑用于补偿有故障的废气后处理。传统地，如此地设计用于这样的组合式的系统的运行条件：使得在运行循环中运行所述NSC 10以及SCR 30。根据本发明，在NSC 10或SCR 30的故障情况中（升级情况），如此地选择和影响对于相应其它的催化器的运行条件：使得起作用的组件被增多地考虑用于减小所述NOx排放。
在图2中展示了按照根据本发明的方法的用于在故障情况中的实现方式和此时有待进行的辅助措施的示例的流程图表。在这里，在运行循环期间，所述OBD监控功能对于NSC以及对于SCR催化器是活跃的。在所述方法启动200后，相应于此在步骤201中检查所述NSC和所述SCR催化器的功能。在此，在步骤202中首先询问的是，是否所述NSC的功能正常。如果是这种情况，则在步骤203中询问的是，是否所述SCR催化器的功能正常。如果是这种情况，则在步骤204中进行输出：所述废气后处理系统在氮氧化物的消减方面是正常的。但是如果在步骤203中的询问得到的是，SCR催化器的功能不正常，则在步骤205中进行请求一个或多个辅助措施，该辅助措施导致经过NSC的在SCR催化器中的有故障的NOx转化的补偿。尤其，在这里，请求所述NSC的更加频繁的或额外的再生。经此，能够消减所述NSC的NOx负载，从而所述NSC对于NOx的增多的存储是就绪的。在步骤205中的请求因而导致辅助措施206，其中，该NSC通过增多的再生而更加频繁地排空，从而所述NSC的NOx负载能够减小并且所述NSC能够作出对消减所述氮氧化物的更大的贡献。
如果在步骤202中的询问得到的是，NSC的功能不正常，则在步骤207中询问：是否所述SCR催化器的功能正常。如果是这种情况，则在步骤208中请求对于SCR催化器的其它的运行方式，从而改善了对于所述SCR催化器的运行条件，从而所述SCR催化器能够平衡通过有误的NSC进行的所述氮氧化物的有故障的减小。尤其，在这里能够请求用于所述废气后处理系统的热运行，从而作为辅助措施在步骤209中提高在SCR催化器中的温度。经此，设定了用于所述SCR催化器的合适的和最佳的温度水平，从而所述SCR催化器能够作出对于消减所述氮氧化物的较大的贡献。如果在步骤207中的询问得到的是，SCR催化器的功能也不正常，则在步骤210中进行输出：NSC以及SCR催化器是有故障的。在该情况中，另外的辅助措施没有意义。
依赖于监控功能的结果，因而能够原则上产生四个场景：
场景1（步骤206）：SCR催化器不再完全功能有效，并且所述NSC无损并且能够根据本发明贡献于所述NOx排放的进一步的减小。在此所述NSC在整个运行循环期间被加强地考虑用于NOx减小。为此，干预到普通运行中并且对于不足够的SCR运行采取相应的辅助措施。为了使得所述NSC能够作出对于减小所述氮氧化物排放的较大的贡献，被存储在NSC中的NOx通过所述NSC的增多的和更加频繁的再生而减小，从而在NSC中的进一步的NOx容纳是可行的。在此，相比于普通运行，增多地执行NSC再生。这种干预能够例如通过NOx质量阈的降低（在其中，进行NSC再生）来进行。此外可行的是，通过马达以及NSC的经改变的运行条件来执行所述再生。例如，能够改变用于NSC温度的、用于废气质量流量的、用于马达运行点或者用于被预测的燃料更多消耗的阈，以便将NSC再生的频次匹配到经改变的条件处。
场景2（步骤204）：在该情况中，NSC以及SCR催化器正常。也就是说，所述NOx排放能够正如所设置的那样进行减小。不需要替代措施。
场景3（步骤209）：所述NSC不再完全功能有效。但是，SCR催化器无损并且能够贡献于NOx排放的进一步的减小。为此，所述SCR催化器在整个运行循环期间被加强地用于NOx转化。为此，干预到普通运行中并且对于不足够的NSC运行采取相应的辅助措施。尤其，能够相应地加热所述排气系统，并且对于更好的SCR运行足够长地保持经提高的温度水平，由此所述SCR催化器的运行能够作出对于减小所述NOx排放的更大的贡献。除了提高所述SCR温度，所述SCR的运行参量也能够匹配到经提高的NOx转化处。例如，能够从SCR催化器的被预控制的运行切换到被调节的运行上，或者能够阻止从经调节的到经控制的运行的、必要时所设置的符合标准的转变。此外可能的是，作为替代措施，转换到所述SCR催化器的较高的NH3额定填充程度上。
场景4（步骤210）：在该情况中，NSC以及SCR催化器具有故障。也就是说，所述NOx排放不能够正如所设置的那样进行减小。在该情况中，按照根据本发明的方法的替代措施不是有意义的。
在对于NSC和SCR催化器的传统的诊断功能中，常常执行两个单个的故障检查，其结果能够推断出NSC或SCR催化器的可能存在的损坏。从而例如存在用于完全失效或组件拆卸的第一故障代码以及第二故障代码，该第二故障代码告知关于所述功能有效性的特定的老化和减小。在对相应的应用的匹配的情况中，能够挑选：在这两个或这四个故障情况中的哪个中，按照根据本发明的方法来进行哪个辅助措施。例如，当仅确定到所述两个废气后处理组件之一的功能有效性的特定的老化和降低时，能够运行所说明的辅助措施。在其它的应用中，能够将辅助措施的运行限定到这样的情况中：在其中，所述两个废气后处理组件之一完全失效。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于运行机动车的废气后处理系统的方法，其中，所述废气后处理系统包括至少一个NOx存储催化器（10）和至少一个SCR催化器（30），在识别到所述NOx存储催化器（10）的或者所述SCR催化器（30）的功能不足够时，运行用于减小所述机动车的NOx排放的至少一个辅助措施，其特征在于，在SCR催化器（30）的功能不足够时，执行所述NOx存储催化器（10）的相比于普通运行更加频繁的再生。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，NOx存储催化器（10）的更加频繁的再生通过改变对于运行条件的阈来进行，在该运行条件中应该执行再生。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述NOx存储催化器（10）的功能不足够时，运行至少一个辅助措施，该辅助措施改善了对于所述SCR催化器（30）的运行条件。
4.按照权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，作为辅助措施来运行用于加热所述废气后处理系统的措施。
5.按照权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述辅助措施是对所述SCR催化器（30）的至少一个运行参量进行匹配。
6.按照权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，作为辅助措施，从所述SCR催化器（30）的被预控制的运行切换到被调节的运行上，和/或截止从SCR催化器（30）的被调节的运行到被预控制的运行上的切换。
7.按照权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述SCR催化器（30）的NH3填充程度受到调节的运行中，作为辅助措施来设定所述SCR催化器（30）的较高的NH3额定填充程度。
8.一种能够机读的存储介质，在该存储介质上储存了计算机程序，其被设置用于执行按权利要求1至7任一项所述的方法。
9.一种电子的控制器，其设定用于执行按权利要求1至7任一项所述的方法的步骤。
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