CN107102291B - The relatively prime array Wave arrival direction estimating method of mesh freeization based on virtual array interpolation - Google Patents
The relatively prime array Wave arrival direction estimating method of mesh freeization based on virtual array interpolation Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
- G01S3/14—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S3/782—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/80—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of relatively prime array Wave arrival direction estimating methods of mesh freeization based on virtual array interpolation, mainly solve the problems, such as information loss caused by the heterogeneity of virtual array in the prior art.Implementation step is: the relatively prime array of receiving end framework；Using relatively prime array received incoming signal and model；Calculate virtual signal of equal value corresponding to relatively prime array received signal；Construction interpolation virtual array simultaneously models；Construct the more sampling snap signals and its sample covariance matrix of interpolation virtual array；It constructs projection matrix and defines project relevant to the projection matrix；Design the optimization problem minimized based on interpolation virtual array signal covariance matrix nuclear norm and solution；Mutual coupling is carried out according to the interpolation virtual array covariance matrix of reconstruction.The present invention improves the freedom degree and resolution ratio of Mutual coupling, can be used for passive location and target acquisition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of signal processing, particularly relates to direction of arrival estimation of radar signals, acoustic signals and electromagnetic signals, and particularly relates to a gridless co-prime array direction of arrival estimation method based on virtual array interpolation, which can be used for passive positioning and target detection.
Background
Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation is an important branch of the array signal processing field, and means that an array antenna is used for receiving airspace signals, and effective processing on received signal statistics is achieved through modern signal processing technology and various optimization methods, so that DOA estimation of the signals is achieved, and the DOA estimation method has important application value in the fields of radar, sonar, voice, wireless communication and the like.
The degree of freedom of the DOA estimation method refers to the number of incident signal sources that it can estimate. The existing DOA estimation method generally adopts a uniform linear array to receive and model signals, but the degree of freedom of the uniform linear array-based method is limited by the number of actual antenna elements. Specifically, for a uniform linear array comprising L antenna elements, the degree of freedom is L-1. Therefore, when the number of incident signal sources in a certain airspace range is greater than or equal to the number of antenna array elements in the array, the existing method adopting the uniform linear array cannot carry out effective DOA estimation.
The co-prime array can increase DOA estimation freedom degree under the premise of a certain number of antenna array elements, thereby being widely concerned by academia. As a typical expression form of a co-prime sampling technology in a spatial domain, a systematic sparse array architecture scheme is provided by the co-prime array, the bottleneck that the degree of freedom of the traditional uniform linear array is limited can be broken through, and the degree of freedom performance of the DOA estimation method is improved. The existing DOA estimation method based on the relatively prime array mainly utilizes the property of prime number to deduce the relatively prime array to a virtual domain, and forms equivalent virtual uniform linear array receiving signals to realize DOA estimation. Because the number of virtual array elements contained in the virtual array is greater than the actual number of antenna array elements, the degree of freedom is effectively improved. However, since the virtual array derived from the co-prime array belongs to a non-uniform array, many existing signal processing methods based on a uniform linear array cannot be directly applied to the virtual array equivalent received signal to achieve effective DOA estimation. One solution commonly used in the current DOA estimation method using a relatively prime array is to form a virtual uniform line array by using only continuous array elements in a virtual array to perform DOA estimation, but this causes loss of part of original information and degradation of related estimation performance.
Meanwhile, in the design process of the optimization problem, many existing DOA estimation methods need to preset spatial grid points of the assumed direction of arrival of signals. With the improvement of the accuracy requirement on the estimation result of the direction of arrival, the spatial grid points required to be preset by the DOA estimation methods become denser and denser, which leads to a sharp increase in the computational complexity. Furthermore, in practical situations, it is inevitable that the arrival direction of some signals cannot completely fall on the preset grid points, thereby causing inherent model mismatch errors.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a non-grid co-prime array arrival direction estimation method based on virtual array interpolation, which aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, fully utilizes all information provided by a non-uniform virtual array, ensures non-grid arrival direction estimation, improves the degree of freedom and resolution of DOA estimation, and reduces the computational complexity of the DOA estimation to a certain extent.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a gridding-free co-prime array direction of arrival estimation method based on virtual array interpolation comprises the following steps:
(1) the receiving end uses M + N-1 antennae and is constructed according to a co-prime array structure; wherein M and N are relatively prime integers;
(2) suppose there are K from θ1,θ2,…,θKA directional far-field narrow-band incoherent signal source, then the (M + N-1) × 1 dimensional co-prime array received signal x (t) can be modeled as:
wherein s isk(t) is a signal waveform, n (t) is a noise component independent of each signal source, and a (theta)k) Is thetakThe steering vector of the direction is expressed as:
wherein p isid, i-1, 2, …, M + N-1 denotes the actual position of the ith physical antenna element in the co-prime array, and p10; d is half the wavelength λ of the incident narrowband signal, i.e. d ═ λ/2,[·]Trepresenting a transpose operation. Collecting T sampling snapshots to obtain sampling covariance matrix of co-prime array received signal
Here, (.)HRepresents a conjugate transpose operation;
(3) calculating equivalent virtual signals corresponding to the co-prime array receiving signals: sampling covariance matrix of vectorized co-prime array received signalObtaining a virtual array equivalent received signal v:
wherein,is (M + N-1)2A virtual array steering matrix of dimension xK,including the power of K incident signal sources,as the noise power, iv＝vec(IM+N-1). Here, vec (-) denotes a vectorization operation, i.e., stacking columns in a matrix in order to form a new vector (-)*It is meant a conjugate operation of the two,denotes the kronecker product, IM+N-1Represents an (M + N-1) × (M + N-1) -dimensional identity matrix. The position of each virtual array element in the virtual array corresponding to the vector v is
Removing collectionsRepeating virtual array elements at the positions corresponding to the repeating elements to obtain a non-uniform virtual arrayIts corresponding equivalent virtual signal vcCan be obtained by selecting elements at corresponding positions in the vector v;
(4) constructing an interpolation virtual array and a received signal thereof and modeling: first for non-uniform virtual arraysUnder the premise of keeping the original virtual array element position unchanged, a plurality of virtual array elements are inserted into discontinuous positions, so that the non-uniform virtual array is formedConverting into uniform virtual array with d spacing, same array aperture as coprime array and increased number of virtual array elementsThe interpolated uniform virtual array collectively comprisesA virtual array element, where | represents the potential of the set, its corresponding equivalent virtual signal vICan be passed through vector vcWhere 0 is inserted, the position of 0 is inserted andthe positions of the inserted virtual array elements are corresponding;
(5) constructing an interpolated virtual array multi-sampling snapshot signal and a sampling covariance matrix thereof: will be provided withIs cut into LIEach length is LIIn a continuous sub-array of
Accordingly, the virtual array is interpolatedThe multi-sampling snapshot signal can be obtained by intercepting a vector vIThe corresponding elements in (1) are obtained, namely:vI,l,l＝1,2,…,LIby vIMiddle LI+1-L to 2LI-l elemental compositions. Then, VIIs sampled covariance matrix RvCan be obtained by the following method:
wherein,<vI>ithe equivalent received signal corresponding to the virtual array element with the position id is represented;
(6) constructing a projection matrix and defining projection operations: dimension and R of projection matrix PvSame if the matrix RvIf a certain element in the projection matrix P is 0, the value of the element at the same position in the projection matrix P is also 0; whereas the element value of the corresponding position in the projection matrix P is 1. Definition ofThe projection operation is realized by multiplying each element in the variable matrix and an element at a corresponding position in the projection matrix P one by one to obtain a matrix with the same dimension as the matrix P;
(7) and designing an optimization problem based on the minimization of the kernel norm of the covariance matrix of the interpolated virtual array signals and solving the optimization problem. Using the interpolated virtual array covariance matrix R obtained in (5)vAs a reference value, find a Toeplitz matrix with the minimum kernel norm as the covariance matrix of the interpolated virtual array signal, and require that it and R are equalvIs less than a certain threshold, the following optimization problem with vector z as a variable can be constructed:
wherein,to representThe number of the nuclear norms of (c),representing a hermitian symmetric Toeplitz matrix with a vector z as a first column; e is a threshold constant and is used for constraining the reconstruction error of the covariance matrix;the reconstructed covariance matrix is ensured to meet the semi-positive definite condition; II-FRepresenting the Frobenius norm. Solving the convex optimization problem can obtain the optimized valueAccordingly, the reconstructed Toeplitz matrixInterpolating a virtual array covariance matrix;
(8) interpolating virtual array covariance matrix from reconstructedAnd estimating the direction of arrival.
Further, the relatively prime array structure in step (1) can be specifically described as follows: firstly, selecting a pair of relatively prime integers M, N; then, a pair of sparse uniform linear sub-arrays is constructed, wherein the first sub-array comprises M antenna elements with the distance Nd and the positions of the M antenna elements are 0, Nd, …, (M-1) Nd, and the second sub-array comprises N antenna elements with the distance Md and the positions of the N antenna elements are 0, Md, …, (N-1) Md; and then, performing sub-array combination on the two sub-arrays according to a mode that the first array element is overlapped to obtain a non-uniform co-prime array structure actually containing M + N-1 antenna array elements.
Further, V constructed in step (5)IIs sampled covariance matrix RvCan also be obtained equivalently by the following method:
further, the convex optimization problem in step (7) can be converted into the following optimization problem with vector z as a variable:
where μ is a regularization parameter, for weighting the matrix during minimizationThe reconstruction error and the nuclear norm of z.
Further, for the direction of arrival estimation in step (8), the following method may be adopted: a multiple signal classification method, a rotation invariant subspace method, a root-finding multiple signal classification method, a covariance matrix sparse reconstruction method, and the like.
Further, in step 8, the direction of arrival estimation is performed by a multiple signal classification method, specifically: drawing a virtual domain space spectrum PMUSIC(θ)：
Wherein d (θ) is LIInterpolating the virtual array steering vector in dimension x 1, corresponding to positions from 0 to (L)I-1) a segment of a virtual uniform array of d; enIs LI×(LI-K) dimensional matrix representing an interpolated virtual array covariance matrixThe noise subspace of (1); θ is the assumed direction of arrival of the signal; finding spatial spectra P by spectral peak searchMUSICAnd (theta) arranging the response values corresponding to the peak values from large to small, and taking the angle directions corresponding to the first K peak values, namely the estimation result of the direction of arrival.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) the invention introduces the idea of array interpolation on the equivalent virtual domain of the co-prime array and fully utilizes all information provided by the virtual array. A uniform linear virtual array is constructed in a mode of interpolating virtual array elements in the non-uniform virtual array, and the constructed virtual domain signal model meets the Nyquist sampling law while all information received by the original non-uniform virtual array is kept;
(2) the optimization problem is designed based on the idea of interpolating the covariance matrix kernel norm minimization of the virtual array signal, a spatial grid point is not required to be defined in advance in the optimization problem design process, non-grid direction-of-arrival estimation is achieved, and meanwhile the resolution and the calculation efficiency of the direction-of-arrival estimation are guaranteed;
(3) the optimization problem based on interpolation virtual array covariance matrix reconstruction provided by the invention ensures that the optimization solution result is a Hermite symmetric Toeplitz matrix, so that the error between the optimal solution and the theoretical covariance matrix is smaller. Because the theoretical covariance matrix of the uniform linear array incoherent receiving signals meets the Toeplitz structure, the Toeplitz characteristic of the uniform linear array incoherent receiving signals is used as a priori constraint condition to reconstruct the covariance matrix, so that the difference between a reconstruction result and a true value is smaller, and the performance of DOA estimation is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the overall flow of the method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a pair of sparse uniform subarrays constituting a co-prime array according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the co-prime array of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the interpolation virtual array in the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the interpolation virtual array partition method of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a spatial power spectrum for embodying the degree of freedom performance of the proposed method.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of normalized spatial spectra for resolution performance of the proposed method.
Detailed Description
The technical means and effects of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
For the application of DOA estimation in practical systems, the co-prime array is concerned by breaking through the limitation of the number of physical array elements to the degree of freedom through the calculation of equivalent virtual array signals and statistical signal processing. However, due to the non-uniformity of the virtual array, many methods choose to use the continuous virtual array element part for DOA estimation, thereby causing information loss. Meanwhile, many methods preset spatial grid points assuming the direction of the arriving signal before DOA estimation, which causes inherent mismatch errors and contradiction between computational complexity and estimation accuracy. In order to fully utilize all information contained in a non-uniform virtual array and avoid the problem of limited estimation resolution caused by predefined spatial grid points, the invention provides a non-grid co-prime array arrival direction estimation method based on virtual array interpolation, and referring to fig. 1, the implementation steps of the invention are as follows:
the method comprises the following steps: m + N-1 antenna array elements are used at a receiving end to construct a co-prime array; firstly, selecting a group of relatively prime integers M, N; then, referring to fig. 2, a pair of sparse uniform linear sub-arrays is constructed, wherein the first sub-array comprises M antenna elements with a spacing Nd, and the positions thereof are 0, Nd, …, (M-1) Nd; the second sub-array comprises N antenna array elements with the distance Md, and the positions of the N antenna array elements are 0, Md, …, (N-1) Md; the unit distance d is half of the wavelength of the incident narrow-band signal, namely d is lambda/2; then, regarding the first antenna array element of the two sub-arrays as a reference array element, referring to fig. 3, overlapping the reference array elements of the two sub-arrays to realize sub-array combination, and obtaining a non-uniform co-prime array structure actually containing M + N-1 antenna array elements.
Step two: and receiving signals by adopting a relatively prime array and modeling. Suppose there are K from θ1,θ2,…,θKThe directional far-field narrow-band incoherent signal source receives an incident signal by adopting a non-uniform co-prime array constructed in the step one to obtain a (M + N-1) x 1-dimensional co-prime array receiving signal x (t), and can be modeled as follows:
wherein s isk(t) is a signal waveform, n (t) is a noise component independent of each signal source, and a (theta)k) Is thetakA co-prime array of steering vectors of directions, denoted as
Wherein p isid, i-1, 2, …, M + N-1 tableShowing the actual position of the ith physical antenna element in the co-prime array, and p10; d is half the wavelength λ of the incident narrowband signal, i.e. d ═ λ/2,[·]Trepresenting a transpose operation. Collecting T sampling snapshots to obtain sampling covariance matrix of co-prime array received signal
Wherein, (.)HRepresenting a conjugate transpose operation.
Step three: and calculating equivalent virtual signals corresponding to the co-prime array receiving signals. Sampling covariance matrix of vectorized co-prime array received signalObtaining a virtual array equivalent received signal v:
wherein,is (M + N-1)2A virtual array steering matrix of dimension xK,including the power of K incident signal sources,as the noise power, iv＝vec(IM+N-1). Here, vec (·) denotes a vectoring operationBy stacking the columns in the matrix in sequence to form a new vector, (-)*It is meant a conjugate operation of the two,denotes the kronecker product, IM+N-1Represents an (M + N-1) × (M + N-1) -dimensional identity matrix. The position of each virtual array element in the virtual array corresponding to the vector v isWherein
Removing collectionsRepeating virtual array elements at the positions corresponding to the repeating elements to obtain a non-uniform virtual arrayIts corresponding equivalent virtual signal vcThis can be achieved by selecting the elements at the corresponding positions in the vector v.
Step four: an interpolated virtual array is constructed and its received signal is modeled. Referring to FIG. 4, for non-uniform virtual arraysUnder the premise of keeping the original virtual array element position unchanged, inserting a plurality of virtual array elements (as shown by hollow circles in figure 4) into the positions where the holes exist, thereby forming the non-uniform virtual arrayConverting into uniform virtual array with d spacing, same array aperture as coprime array and increased number of virtual array elementsThe interpolated virtual array comprisesA virtual array element, where | represents the potential of the collection. Interpolating equivalent virtual signals v corresponding to a virtual arrayICan be passed through vector vcThe corresponding position of the middle hole is filled with 0.
Step five: and constructing an interpolated virtual array multi-sampling snapshot signal and a sampling covariance matrix thereof. Referring to FIG. 5, a virtual array will be interpolatedIs cut into LIEach length is LIIn a continuous sub-array of
Due to the fact thatThe virtual array elements in (1) are symmetrically distributed at zero positions,is always odd, so LIAre integers. Accordingly, the virtual array is interpolatedThe multi-sampling snapshot signal can be obtained by intercepting a vector vIThe corresponding elements in (1) are obtained, namely: vI＝[vI,1,vI,2,…,vI,LI]Wherein v isI,l,l＝1,2,…,LIBy vIMiddle LI+1-L to 2LI-l elemental compositions. Then, VIIs sampled covariance matrix RvCan be obtained by the following method:
wherein, < v >I〉iAnd the equivalent received signals corresponding to the virtual array elements with the positions id are represented. Since the virtual array elements in the interpolated virtual array are symmetrically distributed about the zero position, and therefore the equivalent virtual received signals thereon are in a conjugate relation with respect to the zero position, the sampling covariance matrix can also be equivalently obtained by:
step six: a projection matrix is constructed and projection operations are defined. Covariance matrix R obtained due to step fivevIncluding the 0 inserted in step four, so the elements on the diagonal of their corresponding positions are all 0. According to such structure define one and RvProjection matrix P of the same dimension if RvIf the element at a certain position is 0, the value of the element at the same position in the projection matrix P is also 0; otherwise, the element value of the corresponding position in the projection matrix P is 1. Definition ofThe projection operation is realized by multiplying each element of the variable matrix and the element at the corresponding position in the projection matrix P one by one to obtain a matrix with the same dimension as the matrix P.
Step seven: and designing an optimization problem based on the minimization of the kernel norm of the covariance matrix of the interpolated virtual array signals and solving the optimization problem. Utilizing the interpolation virtual array covariance matrix R obtained in the fifth stepvAs a reference value, find a Toeplitz matrix with the minimum kernel norm as the covariance matrix of the interpolated virtual array signal, and require that it and R are equalvIs less than a certain threshold, the following optimization problem with vector z as a variable can be constructed:
wherein,to representThe number of the nuclear norms of (c),representing a hermitian symmetric Toeplitz matrix with a vector z as a first column; e is a threshold constant and is used for constraining the reconstruction error of the covariance matrix;the reconstructed covariance matrix is ensured to meet the semi-positive definite condition; II-FRepresenting the Frobenius norm. Solving the convex optimization problem can obtain the optimized valueThe above convex optimization problem can be converted into the following optimization problem with vector z as a variable:
where μ is a regularization parameter, for weighting the matrix during minimizationThe reconstruction error and the nuclear norm of z. Solving the convex optimization problem can obtain the optimized valueAccordingly, the reconstructed Toeplitz matrixTo interpolate the virtual array covariance matrix.
Step eight: interpolating virtual array covariance matrix from reconstructedAnd estimating the direction of arrival. Interpolating virtual array covariance matrix for reconstruction by introducing classical methods such as multiple signal classification method, rotation invariant subspace method, root-finding multiple signal classification method, covariance matrix sparse reconstruction method, etcAnd operating to obtain the estimation result of the direction of arrival. For example, a multi-signal classification method is used to draw a virtual domain space spectrum PMUSIC(θ)：
Wherein d (θ) is LIInterpolating the virtual array steering vector in dimension x 1, corresponding to positions from 0 to (L)I-1) a segment of a virtual uniform array of d; enIs LI×(LI-K) dimensional matrix representing an interpolated virtual array covariance matrixThe noise subspace of (1); θ is the assumed direction of arrival of the signal; finding spatial spectra P by spectral peak searchMUSICAnd the response values corresponding to the peak values are changed from large to largeAnd small arrangement, namely taking the angle directions corresponding to the first K peak values, namely the estimation result of the direction of arrival.
On one hand, the method introduces the idea of virtual array interpolation, inserts virtual array elements on the basis of the deduced original virtual array, thereby converting the original non-uniform virtual array into a virtual uniform array, simultaneously retaining all information on the original non-uniform virtual array, and avoiding the problems of statistical signal processing model mismatch caused by the non-uniformity of the original virtual array and information loss caused by intercepting a virtual uniform subarray by a traditional method; on the other hand, the optimization problem is designed by introducing the idea of minimizing the kernel norm of the covariance matrix of the virtual array signal so as to reconstruct the covariance matrix of the interpolated virtual array, thereby realizing the non-gridding direction of arrival estimation on the virtual domain.
The effect of the present invention will be further described with reference to the simulation example.
Simulation example 1: the incident signal is received by a co-prime array, and the parameters are selected to be M + N-1-7 physical array elements. The number of incident narrow-band signals is assumed to be 9, and the incident directions are uniformly distributed in a space angle domain range of-50 degrees to 50 degrees; the signal-to-noise ratio is set to be 30dB, and the sampling fast beat number T is 500; the regularization parameter μ is set to 0.25.
The spatial power spectrum of the gridless co-prime array direction of arrival estimation method based on virtual array interpolation provided by the invention is shown in fig. 6, wherein a vertical dotted line represents the actual direction of an incident signal source. It can be seen that the method provided by the present invention can effectively distinguish the 9 incident signal sources. Compared with the traditional method adopting a uniform linear array, the method can only distinguish 6 incident signals at most by utilizing 7 physical antenna array elements, and the result shows that the method provided by the invention realizes the increase of the degree of freedom.
Simulation example 2: adopting a co-prime array to receive an incident signal, wherein the parameters are also selected to be M + N-1-7 physical antenna elements; assuming that the number of incident narrowband signals is 2 and the incident direction is-0.5 ° to 0.5 °, the remaining parameter settings are consistent with those of simulation example 1. As can be seen from the normalized spatial spectrum shown in fig. 7, the method provided by the present invention can effectively distinguish the directions of arrival of the two close-range signals, which illustrates the good resolution performance of the method.
In summary, the method provided by the present invention fully utilizes all information on the non-uniform virtual array, can implement non-grid estimation of the incident signal under the condition that the number of signal sources is greater than or equal to the number of physical antennas, and increases the degree of freedom and resolution of DOA estimation. In addition, compared with the traditional method adopting a uniform linear array, the method provided by the invention has the advantages that the physical antenna array elements and the radio frequency modules required in practical application can be correspondingly reduced, and the economy and the high efficiency are reflected.
Claims (6)
1. A gridding-free co-prime array direction of arrival estimation method based on virtual array interpolation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the receiving end uses M + N-1 antennae and is constructed according to a co-prime array structure; wherein M and N are relatively prime integers;
(2) suppose there are K from θ1，θ2，…，θKA directional far-field narrow-band incoherent signal source, then the (M + N-1) × 1 dimensional co-prime array received signal x (t) can be modeled as:
wherein s isk(t) is a signal waveform, n (t) is a noise component independent of each signal source, and a (theta)k) Is thetakThe steering vector of the direction is expressed as:
wherein p isid, i-1, 2, …, M + N-1 denotes the actual position of the ith physical antenna element in the co-prime array, and p10; d is half the wavelength λ of the incident narrowband signal, i.e. d ═ λ/2,[·]Trepresenting a transpose operation; collecting T sampling snapshots to obtain sampling covariance matrix of co-prime array received signal
Here, (.)HRepresents a conjugate transpose operation;
(3) calculating equivalent virtual signals corresponding to the co-prime array receiving signals: sampling covariance matrix of vectorized co-prime array received signalObtaining a virtual array equivalent received signal v:
wherein,is (M + N-1)2A virtual array steering matrix of dimension xK,including the power of K incident signal sources,as the noise power, iv＝vec(IM+N-1) (ii) a Here, vec (-) denotes a vectorization operation, i.e., stacking columns in a matrix in order to form a new vector (-)*It is meant a conjugate operation of the two,denotes the kronecker product, IM+N-1Represents an (M + N-1) × (M + N-1) -dimensional identity matrix; the position of each virtual array element in the virtual array corresponding to the vector v is
Removing collectionsRepeating virtual array elements at the positions corresponding to the repeating elements to obtain a non-uniform virtual arrayIts corresponding equivalent virtual signal vcCan be obtained by selecting elements at corresponding positions in the vector v;
(4) constructing an interpolation virtual array and a received signal thereof and modeling: first for non-uniform virtual arraysUnder the premise of keeping the original virtual array element position unchanged, a plurality of virtual array elements are inserted into discontinuous positions, so that the non-uniform virtual array is formedConverting into an interpolated uniform virtual array with a spacing of d, the same array aperture as the co-prime array, and an increased number of virtual array elementsThe interpolated uniform virtual array comprisesA virtual array element, where | represents the potential of the set, its corresponding equivalent virtual signal vICan be passed through vector vcWhere 0 is inserted, the position of 0 is inserted andthe positions of the inserted virtual array elements are corresponding;
(5) constructing an interpolated uniform virtual array multi-sampling snapshot signal and a sampling covariance matrix thereof: will be provided withIs cut into LIEach length is LIIn a continuous sub-array of
Accordingly, the uniform virtual array S is interpolatedIThe multi-sampling snapshot signal can be obtained by intercepting a vector vIThe corresponding elements in (1) are obtained, namely:vI，l，l＝1，2，...，LIby vIMiddle LI+1-L to 2LI-l elemental compositions; then, VIIs sampled covariance matrix RvCan be obtained by the following method:
wherein,the equivalent received signal corresponding to the virtual array element with the position id is represented;
(6) constructing a projection matrix and defining projection operations: dimension and R of projection matrix PvSame if the matrix RvIf a certain element in the projection matrix P is 0, the value of the element at the same position in the projection matrix P is also 0; otherwise, the element value of the corresponding position in the projection matrix P is 1; definition ofThe projection operation is realized by multiplying each element in the variable matrix and an element at a corresponding position in the projection matrix P one by one to obtain a matrix with the same dimension as the matrix P;
(7) designing an optimization problem based on interpolation virtual array signal covariance matrix kernel norm minimization and solving the optimization problem; using the interpolated virtual array covariance matrix R obtained in (5)vAs a reference value, find a Toeplitz matrix with the minimum kernel norm as the covariance matrix of the interpolated virtual array signal, and require that it and R are equalvIs less than a certain threshold, the following optimization problem with vector z as a variable can be constructed:
wherein,to representThe number of the nuclear norms of (c),representing a hermitian symmetric Toeplitz matrix with a vector z as a first column; e is a threshold constant and is used for constraining the reconstruction error of the covariance matrix;the reconstructed covariance matrix is ensured to meet the semi-positive definite condition; i | · | purple windFRepresents the Frobenius norm; solving the optimization problem can obtain the optimized valueAccordingly, the reconstructed Toeplitz matrixInterpolating a virtual array covariance matrix;
(8) interpolating virtual array covariance matrix from reconstructedAnd estimating the direction of arrival.
2. The method of estimating direction of arrival of latticeless co-prime array based on virtual array interpolation of claim 1, wherein: the coprime array structure in the step (1) can be specifically described as follows: firstly, selecting a pair of relatively prime integers M, N; then, constructing a pair of sparse uniform linear sub-arrays, wherein the first sub-array comprises M antenna array elements with the spacing Nd and the positions of the M antenna array elements are 0, Nd,. and (M-1) Nd, and the second sub-array comprises N antenna array elements with the spacing Md and the positions of the N antenna array elements are 0, Md,. and (N-1) Md; and then, performing sub-array combination on the two sub-arrays according to a mode that the first array element is overlapped to obtain a non-uniform co-prime array structure actually containing M + N-1 antenna array elements.
3. The method of estimating direction of arrival of latticeless co-prime array based on virtual array interpolation of claim 1, wherein: v constructed in step (5)IIs sampled covariance matrix RvCan also be obtained equivalently by the following method:
4. the method of estimating direction of arrival of latticeless co-prime array based on virtual array interpolation of claim 1, wherein: the convex optimization problem in step (7) can be converted into the following optimization problem with vector z as a variable:
where μ is a regularization parameter, for weighting the matrix during minimizationThe reconstruction error and the nuclear norm of z.
5. The method of estimating direction of arrival of latticeless co-prime array based on virtual array interpolation of claim 1, wherein: the direction of arrival estimation in step (8) may adopt one of the following methods: a multiple signal classification method, a rotation invariant subspace method, a root-finding multiple signal classification method, and a covariance matrix sparse reconstruction method.
6. The method of estimating direction of arrival of latticeless co-prime array based on virtual array interpolation of claim 1, wherein: in step (8), estimating the direction of arrival by a multiple signal classification method, specifically: drawing a virtual domain space spectrum PMUSIC(θ)：
Wherein d (θ) is LIInterpolating the virtual array steering vector in dimension x 1, corresponding to positions from 0 to (L)I-1) a segment of a virtual uniform array of d; enIs LI×(LI-K) dimensional matrix representing a reconstructed interpolated virtual array covariance matrixThe noise subspace of (1); θ is the assumed direction of arrival of the signal; finding spatial spectra P by spectral peak searchMUSICAnd (theta) arranging the response values corresponding to the peak values from large to small, and taking the angle directions corresponding to the first K peak values, namely the estimation result of the direction of arrival.
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