CN107100156A - High-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection and its distribution method - Google Patents

High-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection and its distribution method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107100156A
CN107100156A CN201710400884.3A CN201710400884A CN107100156A CN 107100156 A CN107100156 A CN 107100156A CN 201710400884 A CN201710400884 A CN 201710400884A CN 107100156 A CN107100156 A CN 107100156A
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China
Prior art keywords
iron plate
bedding
embankment
compacting
soil layer
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CN201710400884.3A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
郭长慧
王亮
邹卫东
杜世硕
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Sixth Engineering Co Ltd of China Railway 21st Bureau Group Co Ltd
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Sixth Engineering Co Ltd of China Railway 21st Bureau Group Co Ltd
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Application filed by Sixth Engineering Co Ltd of China Railway 21st Bureau Group Co Ltd filed Critical Sixth Engineering Co Ltd of China Railway 21st Bureau Group Co Ltd
Priority to CN201710400884.3A priority Critical patent/CN107100156A/en
Publication of CN107100156A publication Critical patent/CN107100156A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D1/00Investigation of foundation soil in situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D1/00Investigation of foundation soil in situ
    • E02D1/08Investigation of foundation soil in situ after finishing the foundation structure

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection and its distribution method, the problem of existing pipe pile embankment raft plate settlement monitoring is inaccurate reliable is solved.Including pile tube roadbed raft plate(1)Soil layer is filled with the following embankment first layer of bedding(5), in pile tube roadbed raft plate(1)On be provided with sedimentation plate(2)With settlement measurement vertical rod(3), in settlement measurement vertical rod(3)On be socketed with PVC sleeve pipes(4), in PVC sleeve pipes(4)On be socketed with protection steel pipe(8), in compacting iron plate(6)Center be provided with protection pipe connecting hole(7), protect steel pipe(8)Top with compacting iron plate(6)Center set protection pipe connecting hole(7)It is fixed together, protects steel pipe(8)Height be less than the following embankment first layer of bedding and fill soil layer(5)Compacted depth.Improve the precision of raft plate circuit base settlement monitoring, it is ensured that the construction quality of roadbed.

Description

High-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection and its distribution method
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring device, more particularly to a kind of high-speed railway subgrade sedimentation prison Survey protection device and its distribution method.
Background technology
At present, China has begun to accelerate the construction of high-speed railway, and Develop Ballastless Track has been considered as China Express Railway and built If the technological change that particularly a field depth is carved in terms of line facility.Ballastless track is right due to being limited by itself adjustment capability The sedimentation and deformation of engineering proposes strict demand under line, therefore to realize that high-speed railway completely lays the target of ballastless track, road The key technical problem that ballastless track has become High Speed Rail Projects construction is laid on base.And how to efficiently control roadbed work Settlement issues are especially prominent afterwards.
High-speed railway proposes higher requirement to the ride comfort of track, and roadbed is one of railway project important Part, is subject to the basis of track structure weight and train load, and it is also most weak least stable in railway engineering Link, the irregularity of roadbed physical dimension can cause the Geometric irregularity of track, it is therefore desirable to which sub-rail foundation has higher naturally Stability and less permanent deformation, to ensure train high speed, safety, even running.Due to the special engineering properties of weak soil and The characteristics of high-speed railway subgrade, in general, the stabilized soil pavement intractability of most section grounds, are all little, not into For governing factor;It is the solidification problem under the conditions of sedimentation and deformation and its various treatment measures, institute to the main bugbear that engineering is brought It is the principal element to be considered in Design of High-speed Railway with subgrade settlement problem on deformation.Railway bed compaction quality is to maintain line Road is stable and smoothes out, it is ensured that train energy high speed, the essential condition of safe operation, and controls and detect the standard of compaction quality, side Method and equipment, then be the important measures for ensureing compaction quality.High-speed railway subgrade is used as Deformation control very strict geotechnological structure Thing is built, sinking deformation monitoring should be used as the important procedure in subgrade construction, through whole subgrade construction all the time.
Before roadbed this body construction, first have to carry out stiffening basic ground, then after treatment on the basis of placement in layers The soil body.In order to monitor the sedimentation of foundation of road bed, it is usually that sedimentation plate is set on foundation of road bed, survey is connect in sedimentation plate centre Vertical rod is measured, the sedimentation of foundation of road bed is determined by monitoring the vertical displacement of measurement vertical rod.Existing foundation of road bed uses sedimentation plate Carry out settlement monitoring process be:The first layer being compacted on foundation of road bed, which is filled, excavates a hole body to basis on the soil body Position, will be placed at design attitude after sedimentation plate and measurement vertical rod connection and 10 centimetres of sand bedding courses of pad is levelling, ensure when embedded Measure vertical rod perpendicular to the ground, put PVC protection pipes, then hole body is backfilled, by baby roller to returning after backfill The body that bankets is compacted, and settlement monitoring is carried out afterwards.In this process, due to vibrations pressure of the road roller to the backfill soil body in hole It is real, the backfill soil body is produced lateral pressure, often result in the phenomenon that the measurement vertical rod being deleveled occurs tilting and shifted, have influence on The accurate measurement of follow-up foundation of road bed sedimentation, and roll the soil body around measurement vertical rod with baby roller and do not ensure that Its compaction quality.In addition, being that will measure vertical rod before the second layer is filled because roadbed filling is compacted by placement in layers After spreading, PVC protection pipes are put, to protect the measurement vertical rod of spreading in roller compaction process to be extruded from the soil body, second layer road are carried out Base is filled, and whole roadbed is then rolled with large roller, due to being only cased with PVC protection pipes outside measurement vertical rod, in big machinery In roller compaction process, PVC protection pipes is produced lateral displacement, cause the measurement vertical rod of spreading to tilt, cause settlement monitoring more Plus it is inaccurate.
The content of the invention
The invention provides a kind of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection and its distribution method, height is solved Fast railroad bed settlement plate monitoring is inaccurate and measures the problem of vertical rod surrounding soil compaction quality can not ensure.
The present invention is to solve above-mentioned technical problem by the following technical programs:
A kind of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection, including foundation of road bed and the following embankment first layer of bedding are filled Soil layer, sedimentation plate and settlement measurement vertical rod are provided with foundation of road bed, PVC sleeve pipes are socketed with outside settlement measurement vertical rod, Steel pillar is socketed with outside PVC sleeve pipes, the centre of compacting iron plate is provided with steel pillar connecting hole, the top of steel pillar and compacting The protection pipe connecting hole that iron plate center is set is fixed together, and the height of steel pillar is less than the following embankment first layer of bedding Fill the compacted depth of soil layer.
The upper and lower surface of compacting iron plate is provided with anti-skid bulge, wedge shape is provided between compacting iron plate and protection steel pipe Floor, wedge-shaped floor is that 90 degree of radians are laid at equal intervals on the lateral wall of steel pillar.
A kind of distribution method of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection, comprises the following steps:
The first step, foundation of road bed is constructed, the following soil layer of embankment first of bedding is filled on the foundation of road bed constructed and is rolled;
Second step, the appropriate sand of preparation, fill in the following embankment first layer of bedding and one square are excavated at the design attitude on soil layer Ready sand is layered on hole body center by the hole body of rice to foundation of road bed, and then sedimentation plate is placed on sand bedding course, Connect settlement measurement vertical rod and levelling, PVC sleeve pipes are inserted in settlement measurement vertical rod, and settlement measurement vertical rod is maintained at PVC The center of sleeve pipe, backfills the soil body of PVC its vicinities;
3rd step, take one piece of square upper and lower surface carry anti-skid bulge compacting iron plate, and compacting iron plate it is cornerwise Two ends respectively process a screwed hole, a protection pipe connecting hole are processed in the center of compacting iron plate, in protection pipe connecting hole Upper welding one is connected bore dia identical steel pillar with protection pipe, and wedge-shaped floor is welded between compacting iron plate and steel pillar, Wedge-shaped floor is that 90 degree of radians are laid at equal intervals along along the lateral wall of steel pillar;The height of steel pillar is less than road below bedding Dike first layer fills the compacted depth of soil layer;
4th step, with steel pillar under, compacting iron plate in upper mode, PVC sleeve pipes are nested into steel pillar, and make compacting iron Plate lies in the following embankment first layer of bedding and filled on the surface of soil layer, roadbed is rolled with large roller, in roller compaction process Compacting iron plate is rolled in the lump;
5th step, jack bolt is installed in screwed hole, and rotated with spanner, iron plate jack-up will be compacted, iron then will be compacted Plate and steel pillar are extracted from the following soil layer of embankment first of the bedding of compacting, note keeping hole complete;
6th step, by settlement measurement vertical rod spreading, and be higher by the following embankment first layer of bedding fill 50 centimetres of the surface of soil layer with On, while spreading PVC sleeve pipes, the mouth of pipe of PVC sleeve pipes will be slightly less than settlement measurement vertical rod, to measure, then outside PVC sleeve pipes Extensive protection pipe is put, and the lower end of extensive protection pipe is embedded in the following soil layer of embankment first of bedding of compacting 2-5 centimetres, so After fill the following soil layer of embankment second of bedding and strike off;
The steel pillar that 7th step, the band for making the 3rd step are compacted iron plate is nested into outside extensive protection pipe, keeps flat compacting iron plate In the following embankment second layer constructing soil layer surface of bedding, then in the top clamping ring cap of extensive protection pipe, with large-scale pressure road Machine is rolled on the compacting iron plate on the outside of extensive protection pipe, and iron plate and steel pillar are compacted in roller compaction process relative to extensive protection Pipe sinks;
8th step, iron plate will be compacted from jack-up on the surface of the following soil layer of embankment second of bedding by jack bolt, then will pressure Real iron plate is extracted from the following soil layer of embankment second of the bedding of compacting, keeps hole complete;
9th step, the process for repeating the 6th step to the 8th step, are sequentially completed the compacting of remaining roadbed soil layer.
When the present invention solves high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring, the measuring staff surrounding soil on sedimentation plate is in roller compaction process In, soil body extruding measuring staff is easily caused the problem of subgrade settlement measurement is inaccurate, the measurement also solved in addition on sedimentation plate is stood Bar surrounding soil rolls leakiness, the problem of compaction quality can not ensure.Scene of the present invention is realized simple to operate, substantially increases The accuracy of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring, it is ensured that the construction quality of roadbed.
The present invention is suitable for use with settling plate and measurement bar carries out the roadbed of the Settlement Observation.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the invention being laid in when the following embankment first layer of bedding fills soil layer 5.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
A kind of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection, including foundation of road bed 1 and the following embankment first layer of bedding are filled out Soil layer 5 is built, sedimentation plate 2 and settlement measurement vertical rod 3 are provided with foundation of road bed 1, PVC is socketed with outside settlement measurement vertical rod 3 Sleeve pipe 4, is socketed with steel pillar 8 outside PVC sleeve pipes 4, and the center of compacting iron plate 6 is provided with steel pillar connecting hole 7, steel pillar 8 Top and the protection pipe connecting hole 7 that sets of compacting iron plate 6 center be fixed together, the height of steel pillar 8 is less than base The following embankment first layer of bed fills the compacted depth of soil layer 5.
The upper and lower surface of compacting iron plate 6 is provided with anti-skid bulge 10, is provided between compacting iron plate 6 and steel pillar 8 Wedge-shaped floor 9, wedge-shaped floor 9 is that 90 degree of radians are laid at equal intervals on the lateral wall of steel pillar 8.
A kind of distribution method of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection, comprises the following steps:
The first step, foundation of road bed 1 is constructed, following the first soil layer of embankment 5 of bedding is filled on the foundation of road bed 1 constructed and is rolled;
Second step, the appropriate sand of preparation, fill in the following embankment first layer of bedding and one square are excavated at the design attitude on soil layer 5 Ready sand is layered on hole body center by the hole body of rice to foundation of road bed 1, and sedimentation plate 2 then is placed on into sand bedding course On, connection settlement measurement vertical rod 3 is simultaneously levelling, PVC sleeve pipes 4 is inserted in settlement measurement vertical rod 3, and protect settlement measurement vertical rod 3 Hold in the center of PVC sleeve pipes 4, the soil body around backfill PVC sleeve pipes 4;
3rd step, take one piece of square upper and lower surface carry anti-skid bulge 10 compacting iron plate 6, and compacting iron plate 6 it is diagonal The two ends of line respectively process a screwed hole 11, a protection pipe connecting hole 7 are processed in the center of compacting iron plate 6, in protection One and the diameter identical steel pillar 8 of protection pipe connecting hole 7 are welded on pipe connecting hole 7, between compacting iron plate 6 and steel pillar 8 The wedge-shaped floor 9 of welding, wedge-shaped floor 9 is that 90 degree of radians are laid at equal intervals along along the lateral wall of steel pillar 8;The height of steel pillar 8 Degree is less than the compacted depth that the following embankment first layer of bedding fills soil layer 5;
4th step, with steel pillar 8 under, compacting iron plate 6 in upper mode, PVC sleeve pipes 4 are nested into steel pillar 8, and make pressure Real iron plate 6 lies in the following embankment first layer of bedding and filled on the surface of soil layer 5, rolls roadbed with large roller, is rolling During roll in the lump compacting iron plate 6, now the anti-skid bulge 10 on surface then serve increase compacting iron plate 6 with vibrations wheel and soil The frictional force of body, prevents compacting iron plate 6 from producing horizontal displacement because of soil body extruding steel pillar 8 and wedge-shaped floor 9, roadbed has been rolled After without rolling the soil body around settlement measurement vertical rod 3 with baby roller again;
5th step, jack bolt 12 is installed in screwed hole 11, and rotated with spanner, the jack-up of iron plate 6 will be compacted, then will pressure Real iron plate 6 and steel pillar 8 are extracted from following the first soil layer of embankment 5 of bedding of compacting, note keeping hole complete;
6th step, by the spreading of settlement measurement vertical rod 3, and be higher by 50 centimetres of the surface that the following embankment first layer of bedding fills soil layer 5 More than, while spreading PVC sleeve pipes 4, the mouth of pipe of PVC sleeve pipes 4 will be slightly less than settlement measurement vertical rod 3, to measure, then in PVC Extensive protection pipe 14 is put outside sleeve pipe 4, and the lower end of extensive protection pipe 14 is embedded in following the first soil layer of embankment 5 of bedding of compacting Interior 2-5 centimetres, it can so prevent the lower end of extensive protection pipe 14 from producing horizontal shift, and extensive protection pipe 14 also plays benefit The effect of the length of steel pillar 8 is filled, following the second soil layer of embankment 15 of bedding is then filled and strikes off;
The steel pillar 8 that 7th step, the band for making the 3rd step are compacted iron plate 6 is nested into outside extensive protection pipe 14, makes compacting iron plate 6 The surface that the following embankment second layer of bedding fills soil layer 15 is lain in, then in the top clamping ring cap of extensive protection pipe 14 13, rolled with large roller on the compacting iron plate 6 in the outside of extensive protection pipe 14, iron plate 6 and steel are compacted in roller compaction process Pillar 8 sinks relative to extensive protection pipe 14, during the compacting following embankment second layer of bedding fills soil layer 15, due to prolonging Stretch protection pipe 14 bottom be embedded into compacting the following embankment first layer of bedding fill in soil layer 5, protect extensive protection pipe 14 Plumbness is held, so as to ensure that settlement measurement vertical rod 3 is unaffected in soil layer compacting process;
8th step, iron plate 6 will be compacted from jack-up on the surface of following the second soil layer of embankment 15 of bedding by jack bolt 12, then Compacting iron plate 6 is extracted from following the second soil layer of embankment 15 of bedding of compacting, keeps hole complete;
9th step, the process for repeating the 6th step to the 8th step, are sequentially completed the compacting of remaining roadbed soil layer.

Claims (3)

1. a kind of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection, including foundation of road bed(1)With the following embankment of bedding first Layer fills soil layer(5), in foundation of road bed(1)On be provided with sedimentation plate(2)With settlement measurement vertical rod(3), in settlement measurement vertical rod (3)On be socketed with PVC sleeve pipes(4), it is characterised in that in PVC sleeve pipes(4)On be socketed with steel pillar(8), in compacting iron plate(6) Centre be provided with steel pillar connecting hole(7), steel pillar(8)Top with compacting iron plate(6)The protection pipe that center is set connects Connect hole(7)It is fixed together, steel pillar(8)Height be less than the following embankment first layer of bedding and fill soil layer(5)Pressure Real thickness.
2. a kind of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in pressure Real iron plate(6)Upper and lower surface be provided with anti-skid bulge(10), in compacting iron plate(6)With steel pillar(8)Between be provided with wedge shape Floor(9), wedge-shaped floor(9)It is in steel pillar(8)Lateral wall at equal intervals 90 degree of radians lay.
3. a kind of distribution method of high-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection, comprises the following steps:
The first step, construct foundation of road bed(1), in the foundation of road bed constructed(1)On fill the following soil layer of embankment first of bedding(5), And roll;
Second step, the appropriate sand of preparation, soil layer is filled in the following embankment first layer of bedding(5)On design attitude at, excavate one Square metre hole body to foundation of road bed(1), ready sand is layered on hole body center, then, plate will be settled(2)Place On sand bedding course, settlement measurement vertical rod is connected(3)And it is levelling, in settlement measurement vertical rod(3)On be inserted in PVC sleeve pipes(4), and make to sink Drop measurement vertical rod(3)It is maintained at PVC sleeve pipes(4)Center, backfill PVC sleeve pipes(4)The soil body of surrounding;
3rd step, take one piece of square upper and lower surface carry anti-skid bulge(10)Compacting iron plate(6), in compacting iron plate(6) Cornerwise two ends, respectively process a screwed hole(11), in compacting iron plate(6)Centre process protection pipe company Connect hole(7), in protection pipe connecting hole(7)It is upper to weld one and protection pipe connecting hole(7)Diameter identical steel pillar(8), in pressure Real iron plate(6)With steel pillar(8)Between weld wedge-shaped floor(9), wedge-shaped floor(9)It is along steel pillar(8)Lateral wall it is first-class 90 degree of interval radian is laid;Steel pillar(8)Height be less than the following embankment first layer of bedding and fill soil layer(5)Compacting it is thick Degree;
4th step, with steel pillar(8)Under, iron plate is compacted(6)In upper mode, by PVC sleeve pipes(4)It is nested into steel pillar(8) In, and make compacting iron plate(6)Lie in the following embankment first layer of bedding and fill soil layer(5)Surface on, ground with large roller Roadbed is pressed, compacting iron plate is rolled in the lump in roller compaction process(6);
5th step, by jack bolt(12)It is installed to screwed hole(11)In, and rotated with spanner, iron plate will be compacted(6)Jack-up, so Afterwards, iron plate will be compacted(6)And steel pillar(8)From the following soil layer of embankment first of the bedding of compacting(5)It is middle to extract, keep hole complete It is whole;
6th step, by settlement measurement vertical rod(3)Spreading, and be higher by the following embankment first layer of bedding and fill soil layer(5)Surface 50 More than centimetre, while spreading PVC sleeve pipes(4), PVC sleeve pipes(4)The top mouth of pipe to be slightly less than settlement measurement vertical rod(3), PVC sleeve pipes(4)Put extensive protection pipe outside(14), and make extensive protection pipe(14)Lower end insertion compacting the following embankment of bedding First soil layer(5)Interior 2-5 centimetres, fill the following soil layer of embankment second of bedding(15)And strike off;
7th step, the band for making the 3rd step are compacted iron plate(6)Steel pillar(8)It is nested into extensive protection pipe(14)Outside, pressure is made Real iron plate(6)Lie in the following embankment second layer of bedding and fill soil layer(15)Surface, in extensive protection pipe(14)Top card Connect ring cap(13), with large roller in extensive protection pipe(14)The compacting iron plate in outside(6)On roll;
8th step, pass through jack bolt(12)Iron plate will be compacted(6)From the following soil layer of embankment second of bedding(15)Surface on push up Rise, iron plate will be compacted(6)From the following soil layer of embankment second of the bedding of compacting(15)It is middle to extract, keep hole complete.
CN201710400884.3A 2017-05-31 2017-05-31 High-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection and its distribution method Pending CN107100156A (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107462211A (en) * 2017-09-13 2017-12-12 大连理工大学 A kind of road foundation settlement monitoring sensor for being suitable for having half/rigid structural layer
CN114812498A (en) * 2022-04-20 2022-07-29 中铁一局集团有限公司 Roadbed filling settlement observation rod height-connection anti-rolling structure and method

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008007317A1 (en) * 2008-02-02 2009-08-06 Enotec Gmbh, Prozess- Und Umweltmesstechnik Protection device for measuring probe for measurement of oxygen concentration in flue gas channel of combustion system, has deviation plate fixed at protective pipe and extending over section of pipe, where section is present in gas flow
CN101684632A (en) * 2009-08-21 2010-03-31 刘汉龙 Settlement test method for embankment filling construction
CN205077528U (en) * 2015-09-09 2016-03-09 广州市住宅建设发展有限公司 A combination formula settlement plate simply install for ground monitoring
CN207079558U (en) * 2017-05-31 2018-03-09 中铁二十一局集团第六工程有限公司 High-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008007317A1 (en) * 2008-02-02 2009-08-06 Enotec Gmbh, Prozess- Und Umweltmesstechnik Protection device for measuring probe for measurement of oxygen concentration in flue gas channel of combustion system, has deviation plate fixed at protective pipe and extending over section of pipe, where section is present in gas flow
CN101684632A (en) * 2009-08-21 2010-03-31 刘汉龙 Settlement test method for embankment filling construction
CN205077528U (en) * 2015-09-09 2016-03-09 广州市住宅建设发展有限公司 A combination formula settlement plate simply install for ground monitoring
CN207079558U (en) * 2017-05-31 2018-03-09 中铁二十一局集团第六工程有限公司 High-speed railway subgrade settlement monitoring element protection

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107462211A (en) * 2017-09-13 2017-12-12 大连理工大学 A kind of road foundation settlement monitoring sensor for being suitable for having half/rigid structural layer
CN107462211B (en) * 2017-09-13 2023-05-05 大连理工大学 Road subgrade settlement monitoring sensor suitable for semi/rigid structural layer
CN114812498A (en) * 2022-04-20 2022-07-29 中铁一局集团有限公司 Roadbed filling settlement observation rod height-connection anti-rolling structure and method

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Application publication date: 20170829