CN107067609A - Transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system - Google Patents
Transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system Download PDFInfo
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- CN107067609A CN107067609A CN201710479579.8A CN201710479579A CN107067609A CN 107067609 A CN107067609 A CN 107067609A CN 201710479579 A CN201710479579 A CN 201710479579A CN 107067609 A CN107067609 A CN 107067609A
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/02—Mechanical actuation
- G08B13/12—Mechanical actuation by the breaking or disturbance of stretched cords or wires
- G08B13/122—Mechanical actuation by the breaking or disturbance of stretched cords or wires for a perimeter fence
- G08B13/124—Mechanical actuation by the breaking or disturbance of stretched cords or wires for a perimeter fence with the breaking or disturbance being optically detected, e.g. optical fibers in the perimeter fence
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Alarm Systems (AREA)
- Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system, including defence area unit and central control system, the defence area unit is divided into multiple defence areas, and each defence area includes terminal unit, vibrating sensing optical cable, alert detecting unit and the signal light transmission cable being sequentially connected；Adjacent defence area shares an alert detecting unit, and the signal light transmission cable is connected with central control system；The central control system sends alarm protocol data by network or interface to interlocking equipment, configures alarm linked system.The present invention has wide, monitoring range low to the loss of detectable signal, non-blind area, low unit cost, good concealment, link passive, laid down cost is low, electromagnetic-radiation-free, it is safe, belong to actively monitoring, the advantages of automaticity is high, be particularly suitable for the higher place of the safe classes such as transformer station.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to security monitor field, more particularly to a kind of transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system.
Background technology
Transformer station is not only important but also special place, and its security protection work is extremely important, for anti-illegal-inbreak and respectively
Plant destructive activity, it is necessary in transformer station's circumference laying safety-protection system.Traditional security protection measure is the exterior perimeter in these regions
Place sets barrier or the obstacles such as some iron bars, enclosure wall, steel wire hedge net, and arrangement personnel step up patrols, however, offender
Also utilizing advanced science and technology, means of crime more complicates, intelligent, traditional risk prevention instrumentses oneself be difficult in adapt to safety
The need for security work, often influenceed moreover, manpower is taken precautions against by factors such as time, region, peopleware and energy, also unavoidably
Start a leak and slip up；Later, occur in that infrared emission, video monitoring, microwave to penetrating, fence, power network etc., for solving
Certainly circumference security protection problem, but by being limited by factors such as some objective technique conditions, however it remains some shortcomings, such as：It can monitor
Distance it is shorter, unit distance cost is high, and maintenance cost is higher；Jammer can increase, and rate of false alarm, rate of failing to report rise etc.；For
Large-range monitoring, lacks positioning function, meets intrusive behavior, it is impossible to position, it means that can not determine danger accurately and in time
Place, it is impossible to take measure to stop to prevent intrusive behavior from causing nucleus to give away secrets, be destroyed in time.
The content of the invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention be overcome defect described above to be monitored over long distances there is provided one kind, the energy
Various intrusion events can be recognized by transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system that dependence is low, environmental resistance is high in time
Response.
In order to solve the problems, such as techniques described above, transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system of the present invention, including prevent
Area's unit and central control system, the defence area unit are divided into multiple defence areas, terminal unit that each defence area includes being sequentially connected,
Vibrating sensing optical cable, alert detecting unit and signal light transmission cable；Adjacent defence area shares an alert detecting unit, the letter
Number transmission cable is connected with central control system；
The terminal unit receives and returned the light that alert detecting unit light source is sent, by vibrating sensing optical cable in alert detecting
The loop of unit one closure of formation；
The vibrating sensing optical cable collection invasion signal simultaneously transfers signals to alert detecting unit, and alert detecting unit is responsible for connecing
The signal of live vibrating sensing optical cable is received and analyzed, judges whether to send alarm signal to central control system, and number will be handled
Central control system is sent to according to through communications optical cable；
The central control system sends alarm protocol data, configuration alarm linkage system by network or interface to interlocking equipment
System.
Further, defence area of the present invention is arranged on the fence of transformer station's circumference, and the vibrating sensing optical cable laying exists
The position of high 1.5 meters away from ground of fence, every 50 centimetres with stainless steel band by vibrating sensing optical cable and the close colligation of fence；
Or, defence area of the present invention is arranged on the enclosure wall of transformer station's circumference, and high 1 meter away from ground and 3 meters of position is each on metope
A groove is dug, by vibrating sensing optical cable laying in groove, is fixed on vibrating sensing optical cable with clamp every 50cm
On metope.
Preferably, vibrating sensing optical cable of the present invention is distributed sensing optical cable for detecting vibration.
Monitoring system of the present invention is to realize distributed circumference security monitor by the use of vibrating sensing optical cable as sensor
Warning system.Optical fiber cannot be only used for signal transmission, it may also be used for the sensor in safety precaution application.The present invention, which is used, to shake
Dynamic sensing optic cable is as sensing unit, when the vibrating sensing optical cable being laid in defence area is influenceed by external interference, in optical fiber
The part of properties of transmission light will change, and sensor device is with regard to that can monitor the characteristic of light（Including decay, phase, wavelength, pole
Change, mode distributions and propagation time etc.）Change, by the change for detecting optical signal so that the measurement of many event and states
It is achieved（Including tension force, displacement, damage, destruction, vibration, impact, sound wave, temperature, load etc.）, control system report sentences accordingly
Surely there is external force invasion, realize alarm and positioning function.
In the means of laying, monitoring system of the present invention is employed " main frame+signal light transmission cable+vibration monitoring optical cable "
Link structure, main frame is completed to the jumper connection of vibration monitoring optical cable by signal light transmission cable, realize main frame to vibration supervise
The detectable signal injection of light-metering cable is with collecting.Vibrating sensing optical cable is responsible for detection and the biography of alarm signal as intrusion detector
Defeated, it can be by the Small mechanical vibrations in zone of protection（The microvibration that i.e. effractor brings）Optical signal pass at alarm
Manage unit；Alert detecting unit is responsible for receiving and analyzes the signal from the live vibrating sensing optical cable of the system, and will handle number
According to being sent to central alarm main frame, alert detecting unit it may determine that whether needing to send alarm signal to central control system；
Terminal unit is used in the end of vibrating sensing optical cable, and for defence area termination, terminal unit mainly sends alarm unit light source
Light, by vibrating sensing optical cable end formation one closure loop, be also used for protection vibrations optical cable end interface and
Optical coupling device.Vibration monitoring optical cable is laid in the circumference for treating anti-region, when attempting to start, cut, bypass optical fiber or
Sensor itself, the stress acted on vibration monitoring optical cable causes the macrobending loss and microbending loss of optical fiber, so that main frame
The direct impulse signal that monitors produces change, by the signals revivification is intrusion alarm by algorithm.
Defence area dividing elements are multiple small defence areas by monitoring system of the present invention, and each region is complete and independently can
Adjust, will not because of some region disturbance or cut and influence the monitoring in other defence areas；Defence areas alarm can pass through network
Or interface sends alarm protocol data to other equipment, software systems, video monitoring linkage, control GSM, scene can be freely configured
The alarm linked systems such as recording, light broadcast, when fiber-optic vibration defence area produces alarm, system can be one-to-one, one-to-many or multipair
One cooperative video monitoring, sound and light alarm and associated center monitor supervision platform.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:Monitoring system of the present invention has, monitoring range low to the loss of detectable signal
Extensively, non-blind area, unit cost be low, good concealment, link are passive, laid down cost is low, electromagnetic-radiation-free, it is safe, belong to main
Dynamic monitoring, the advantages of automaticity is high；The Inductive links part of monitoring system of the present invention is employed based on optical cable
Inductive links, unit cost is low, and sensing capabilities are reliable, and strong antijamming capability is particularly suitable for the safe classes such as transformer station higher
Place；Inductive links are integrally passive, lay simple, good operation stability is specifically for use in combustible and explosive area；By defence area unit
Rational small defence area is divided into, positioning precision is enhanced, while defence area information is aggregated into same terminal, is easy to user to operate
Management；It is lower than raster pattern cost due to using optical cable as sensing unit；Compared with camera, which is low by dressing up,
Initiative Defense, artificial dependency degree is low；Compared with infrared emission, it is difficult by the common weather phenomenon interference such as smog wind and rain.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is monitoring system connection signal block diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is defence area connection diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the vibrating sensing optical cable laying schematic diagram of embodiment 1；
Fig. 4 is the vibrating sensing optical cable laying schematic diagram of embodiment 2.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system of the present invention, including defence area unit and central control system, it is described
Defence area unit is divided into multiple defence areas, and each defence area includes terminal unit 1, vibrating sensing optical cable 2, the alert detecting list being sequentially connected
Member 3 and signal light transmission cable 4；Adjacent defence area shares an alert detecting unit 3, and the signal light transmission cable 4 is controlled with center
System 5 processed is connected；
The terminal unit 1 receives and returned the light that the light source of alert detecting unit 3 is sent, by vibrating sensing optical cable 2 in alarm
The loop of one closure of formation of monitoring unit 3；
The collection of the vibrating sensing optical cable 2 invasion signal simultaneously transfers signals to alert detecting unit 3, and alert detecting unit 3 is negative
Duty receives and analyzes the signal of live vibrating sensing optical cable, judges whether to send alarm signal to central control system, and will place
Reason data are sent to central control system through communications optical cable；
The central control system sends alarm protocol data, configuration alarm linkage system by network or interface to interlocking equipment
System.
Further, defence area of the present invention is arranged on the fence 7 of transformer station's circumference, and the vibrating sensing optical cable 2 is laid
In fence position of high 1.5 meters away from ground, vibrating sensing optical cable 2 is closely tied up with fence 7 with stainless steel band every 50 centimetres
Prick；Or, defence area of the present invention is arranged on the enclosure wall 9 of transformer station's circumference, high 1 meter away from ground and 3 meters of the position on metope
One groove 10 of each cutting is put, vibrating sensing optical cable 2 is laid in groove 10, every 50cm with clamp 6 by vibrating sensing
Optical cable 2 is fixed on metope.
Preferably, vibrating sensing optical cable of the present invention is distributed sensing optical cable for detecting vibration.
Embodiment one：Vibrating sensing optical cable linked network mounting means（On fence）
The vibrating sensing optical cable 2 is layed in and enclosed using the distributed sensing optical cable for detecting vibration of the patent No. 2011201346653
On column（See accompanying drawing 3）, laid using linear pattern：Vibrating sensing optical cable 2 is laid on the position of 1.5 meters away from ground or so of iron net height
Put, by vibrating sensing optical cable 2 and the close colligation of fence 7, every 50 centimetres with the colligation of stainless steel band once, colligation intensity with
Optical cable is indeformable to be advisable；Terminal unit 1 and alert detecting unit 3 are separately fixed on the pillar 8 of fence, and single defence area is used by oneself
One alert detecting unit（Collector）, it is believed that defence area shares a collector.
After the vibrating sensing optical cable is except the laying of above linear pattern, different choice parallel line type that can also be according to fence, S
The forms such as type are laid.
The composition of monitoring system：Vibrating sensing optical cable, vibrations optical cable detector (the alert detecting unit of front end）, defence area it is whole
Unit（Terminal unit）, the alarm host machine of rear end and software administrative center（Central control system）.
1st, Signal Processing Element（APU）：The vibrating sensing optical cable distribution of one Signal Processing Element can press whole circumference
Demand assignment, defence area unit is divided into multiple defence areas, and each defence area is a standalone module, and each independent defence area can independently be supervised
The vibration signal of invasion is measured, simultaneously return signal gives device end to carry out Treatment Analysis in continuous monitoring each defence area, judges whether
There is intrusion event.User can individually modulate each independent anti-sound zone system, to determine that it is operated in optimum state.The system
Using serial ports, the interface such as Ethernet interface transmission alarm and system status information.And independent prevention at radio-frequency port is carried, user can be facilitated
Calibrated by the special-purpose software of system.
2nd, vibrating sensing optical cable：Vibrating sensing optical cable laying is on fence, and protecting pipe is waterproof, can be to sensing optic cable
Play a protective role.
3rd, signal light transmission cable：Transmission cable uses common communications optical fiber cable, primarily serves the effect in connection defence area, many
For 2 to 48 core optical cables, specific core number is customized according to system requirements.Transmission cable is directly embedded to underground.System is in single point failure
Or when damaging, can only cause corresponding single defence area to break down, and remaining each defence area will continue normal work.
4 terminal boxes:Terminal box is used to protect each optical fiber fusion welding point, uses the standard interface of international norm.
During installation, sensing optic cable and communications optical cable, followed by light path connection work are installed first, connection uses welding side
Formula, system host, termination box etc. are placed in rack.
The present invention is based on bending loss of optical fiber principle, by the comparison to detecting light signal strength in sensor fibre, understands
The stress situation of intrusion detection optical fiber, so as to be detected in real time to invasion.Time division multiplexing principle is utilized simultaneously, makes a set of system
System can realize multiple defence areas while the ability monitored, in actual applications, and to treat that anti-region is split as several smaller by one big
Defence area, each defence area is independently monitored.By the subdivision to defence area, the practicality of system is substantially increased.
It can set according to actual requirement and multiple safety-protection systems realize linkage, basic handling process is as follows：
After entity strick precaution fence is invaded, detect and simultaneously alarm；
Receive after warning message, system, which shoots automatic linkage video camera, monitors and make light linkage and siren alarm；
The electronic map of administrative center will show the geography information such as image alarm information and the position of synthesis.
Embodiment two：Anti- chisel wall vibrating sensing optical cable laying mode
Vibrating sensing optical cable is laid along metope, per pass vibrating sensing optical cable can take precautions against above and below 50cm wall, on wall 9 away from
A groove 10 is respectively dug in the position that high 1 meter and 3 meters of ground, vibrating sensing optical cable 2 is laid in groove 10, every 50cm
Vibrating sensing optical cable 2 is fixed on metope with clamp 6, to prevent personnel from digging wall invasion.
Vibration cable system is the warning system of a kind of " tangible ", really gives people a kind of deterrence and feels, makes invasion
Person increases a kind of psychological pressure, potential intrusion behavior can be prevented and be warned, so that warning system and warning system
Organically combine, reach and rely mainly on prevention, the purpose that anti-report is combined.Using in circumference safety-security area, can accomplishing to deter in advance,
Stop during incident and alarm, moreover it is possible to delay the invasion time in the external world, with stronger security reliability.After installation system, quite
In the ELECTRONIC COVER for forming " tangible " together, enclosure wall height is added, stranger is not invaded, also make people in enclosure wall can not be from
Metope, which is climbed up and over, flees from.
It is several that the paving mode of vibration monitoring optical cable of the present invention is not limited to the above, for anti-illegal-inbreak personnel
Wall entrance is crossed, net can will be detained at the top of enclosure wall, by the way of button net is installed to increase intensity and the sense of vibration
Area is answered, sense vibration optical cable is fixed on to the top that net is buckled on the outside of enclosure wall；To can be spread when needing to improve alert level optical cable more
If several roads.
Claims (4)
1. transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system, including defence area unit and central control system, it is characterised in that described anti-
Area's unit is divided into multiple defence areas, terminal unit that each defence area includes being sequentially connected, vibrating sensing optical cable, alert detecting unit and
Signal light transmission cable；Adjacent defence area shares an alert detecting unit, and the signal light transmission cable connects with central control system
Connect；
The terminal unit receives and returned the light that alert detecting unit light source is sent, by vibrating sensing optical cable in alert detecting
The loop of unit one closure of formation；
The vibrating sensing optical cable collection invasion signal simultaneously transfers signals to alert detecting unit, and alert detecting unit is responsible for connecing
The signal of live vibrating sensing optical cable is received and analyzed, judges whether to send alarm signal to central control system, and number will be handled
Central control system is sent to according to through communications optical cable；
The central control system sends alarm protocol data, configuration alarm linkage system by network or interface to interlocking equipment
System.
2. transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the defence area is arranged on change
On the fence of power station circumference, the vibrating sensing optical cable laying in the position of high 1.5 meters away from ground of fence, every 50 centimetres with
Stainless steel band is by vibrating sensing optical cable and the close colligation of fence.
3. transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the defence area is arranged on change
On the enclosure wall of power station circumference, a groove is respectively dug in high 1 meter away from ground and 3 meters of position on metope, by vibrating sensing optical cable
It is laid in groove, vibrating sensing optical cable is fixed on metope with clamp every 50cm.
4. transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system according to claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterised in that the vibration is passed
Sensing optical cable is distributed sensing optical cable for detecting vibration.
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| CN201710479579.8A CN107067609A (en) | 2017-06-22 | 2017-06-22 | Transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system |
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| CN201710479579.8A CN107067609A (en) | 2017-06-22 | 2017-06-22 | Transformer station's optical fiber perimeter security protection monitoring system |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107730805A (en) * | 2017-09-13 | 2018-02-23 | 浙江大学 | Obstruction towards museum exhibits touches device and method |
| CN108734907A (en) * | 2018-08-23 | 2018-11-02 | 中山光蓝信息技术有限公司 | A kind of Along Railway safeguard alarm system and alarm method based on Fibre Optical Sensor |
| CN108917830A (en) * | 2018-06-19 | 2018-11-30 | 杭州市质量技术监督检测院 | A kind of intelligent wall with self-induction function |
| CN109118689A (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2019-01-01 | 北京航天控制仪器研究所 | A kind of Intelligent optical fiber circumference intrusion alarm system |
| CN110501109A (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2019-11-26 | 江苏卓然智能重工有限公司 | Hydraulic pressure based on distributed optical fiber vibration technology detects safety control system |
| CN111862506A (en) * | 2020-07-29 | 2020-10-30 | 杭州巨骐信息科技股份有限公司 | Holographic sensing external force damage monitoring method |
| CN111862505A (en) * | 2020-07-29 | 2020-10-30 | 杭州巨骐信息科技股份有限公司 | Holographic perception external damage monitoring system |
| CN112349054A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2021-02-09 | 王一川 | Intelligent fence alarm system capable of realizing vibration detection |
| CN114783165A (en) * | 2022-06-22 | 2022-07-22 | 山东科华电力技术有限公司 | Cable channel external damage prevention online monitoring system based on distributed optical fiber vibration sensing |
| CN115497240A (en) * | 2022-09-19 | 2022-12-20 | 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Edge protection optical fiber monitoring device and method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107730805A (en) * | 2017-09-13 | 2018-02-23 | 浙江大学 | Obstruction towards museum exhibits touches device and method |
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| CN108917830A (en) * | 2018-06-19 | 2018-11-30 | 杭州市质量技术监督检测院 | A kind of intelligent wall with self-induction function |
| CN108734907A (en) * | 2018-08-23 | 2018-11-02 | 中山光蓝信息技术有限公司 | A kind of Along Railway safeguard alarm system and alarm method based on Fibre Optical Sensor |
| CN109118689A (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2019-01-01 | 北京航天控制仪器研究所 | A kind of Intelligent optical fiber circumference intrusion alarm system |
| CN110501109A (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2019-11-26 | 江苏卓然智能重工有限公司 | Hydraulic pressure based on distributed optical fiber vibration technology detects safety control system |
| CN111862506A (en) * | 2020-07-29 | 2020-10-30 | 杭州巨骐信息科技股份有限公司 | Holographic sensing external force damage monitoring method |
| CN111862505A (en) * | 2020-07-29 | 2020-10-30 | 杭州巨骐信息科技股份有限公司 | Holographic perception external damage monitoring system |
| CN112349054A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2021-02-09 | 王一川 | Intelligent fence alarm system capable of realizing vibration detection |
| CN114783165A (en) * | 2022-06-22 | 2022-07-22 | 山东科华电力技术有限公司 | Cable channel external damage prevention online monitoring system based on distributed optical fiber vibration sensing |
| CN114783165B (en) * | 2022-06-22 | 2022-08-23 | 山东科华电力技术有限公司 | Cable channel external damage prevention online monitoring system based on distributed optical fiber vibration sensing |
| CN115497240A (en) * | 2022-09-19 | 2022-12-20 | 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Edge protection optical fiber monitoring device and method |
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Application publication date: 20170818 |