CN107064761A - The detection method and detecting system of velocity of wave characteristic inside a kind of ac cable - Google Patents
The detection method and detecting system of velocity of wave characteristic inside a kind of ac cable Download PDFInfo
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- CN107064761A CN107064761A CN201710318944.7A CN201710318944A CN107064761A CN 107064761 A CN107064761 A CN 107064761A CN 201710318944 A CN201710318944 A CN 201710318944A CN 107064761 A CN107064761 A CN 107064761A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/12—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing
- G01R31/1227—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials
- G01R31/1263—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials of solid or fluid materials, e.g. insulation films, bulk material; of semiconductors or LV electronic components or parts; of cable, line or wire insulation
- G01R31/1272—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials of solid or fluid materials, e.g. insulation films, bulk material; of semiconductors or LV electronic components or parts; of cable, line or wire insulation of cable, line or wire insulation, e.g. using partial discharge measurements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y04S10/50—Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications
- Y04S10/52—Outage or fault management, e.g. fault detection or location
Abstract
The invention provides velocity of wave characteristic detecting method inside a kind of ac cable and detecting system, the detection method comprises the following steps:According to frequency sweep method, swept-frequency signal is sent to cable to be tested;The detection signal and response signal at cable head and the tail two ends to be tested are gathered respectively, are filtered successively and enhanced processing, are obtained two-way preprocessed signal;Two-way preprocessed signal is carried out to intersect Fourier's change process, two paths of signals phase difference value is obtained, and then obtain velocity of wave characteristic inside cable to be tested.The present invention can realize that the high voltage power cable internal signal transmission speed for certain length is studied with frequency variation characteristics, scheme simple possible, strong interference immunity and sensitivity height.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of electric equipment, and in particular to one kind is special to ac cable inside velocity of wave based on frequency sweep method
The research method and test system of property.
Background technology
With the high speed development of China's economic, all the more substantially, power cable is used as city power distribution to urban modernization trend
The important component of net obtains the development that is exceedingly fast, and its average annual growth rate reaches 35%.Cross-linked polyethylene insulated cable is (referred to as
XLPE cable) oil-filled cable is gradually substituted with its superior electric property and mechanical and physical performance, as what is be most widely used
Type of cable, is widely used in 10~220kV of voltage class power network at present.
It is also more and more important for the progress bulk properties research of ac high-voltage cable, such as high voltage power cable
Partial Discharge Detection and positioning, for system safe and stable operation and maintenance repair maintenance needs.With power cable network
Continuous expansion, internal system power cable equipment local fault happens occasionally, quick by velocity of wave characteristic research inside cable
Accurate realization is most important to fault location.
It has been investigated that, Partial discharge signal spread speed is the function of frequency, the signal wave of different frequency component inside cable
Fast different, frequency is higher, and spread speed is faster(Dispersion phenomenon).Because local discharge signal is wideband letter from low to high
Number, such as it can not ignore using traditional position error caused by experience fixation velocity of wave progress calculating.Therefore, based on cable frequency
Become transmission characteristic, the velocity of wave characteristic for designing different frequency component signal inside a set of high voltage power cable for certain length is ground
Study carefully system, and based on conclusion (of pressure testing) and then complete that cable local discharge is accurately positioned and failure is reliably detected, with important work
Cheng Yiyi.
The content of the invention
The invention aims to solve defect present in prior art there is provided one kind can effectively carry out ac high-voltage
The method of velocity of wave Characteristics Detection inside cable.
In order to achieve the above object, the invention provides a kind of detection method of velocity of wave characteristic inside ac cable, including
Following steps:
(1)According to frequency sweep method, swept-frequency signal is sent to cable to be tested;
(2)The detection signal and response signal at cable head and the tail two ends to be tested are gathered respectively, are filtered successively and enhanced processing,
Obtain two-way preprocessed signal;
(3)Two-way preprocessed signal is carried out to intersect Fourier's change process, two paths of signals phase difference value is obtained, and then treated
Velocity of wave characteristic inside test cable.
Further, detection method comprises the following steps:
(1)According to frequency sweep method, sine sweep signal is sent to cable to be tested;Sine sweep signal is that predeterminated frequency exists with the time
The sinusoidal signal being repeatedly scanned with the range of predeterminated frequency;Predeterminated frequency scope is 100k-20Mhz;
(2)With step(1)In the sine sweep signal that sends of different time it is synchronous, cable head and the tail two ends to be tested are gathered respectively
Detection signal and response signal, be filtered successively and enhanced processing, obtain the sine sweep signal pair of different predeterminated frequencies
The two-way preprocessed signal answered;
(3)According to step(2)In different frequency under sine sweep signal and corresponding two-way preprocessed signal, obtain default
Multiple predeterminated frequencies distinguish corresponding velocity of wave transmission curve in frequency range;Corresponding two-way preprocessed signal is intersected
Fourier's change process, obtains corresponding frequency domain phase difference value under different predeterminated frequencies, and then obtain frequency inside cable to be tested
Become transmission characteristic.
Wherein, step(1)The frequency variation pattern of middle sine sweep signal is linearly increasing defeated in the range of predeterminated frequency
Go out;The way of output of the swept-frequency signal of different predeterminated frequencies is that continuation exports or be spaced preset duration successively output;When default
The long frequency sweep cycle more than sine sweep signal.
Step(2)In treat detection signal that test cable head and the tail two ends collect and response signal is filtered and amplified
During processing, signal corresponding with the frequency of sine sweep signal in detection signal and response signal is only extracted.
Step(3)Detailed process be:According to the corresponding two-way preprocessed signal of different frequency sine sweep signal:
;
Wherein,u 1 、u 2 The two-way preprocessed signal of different frequency is represented, initial phase is, initial phase difference is,
Two-way preprocessed signal finally realizes that double tracks are shown in time domain on digital oscilloscope, by intersecting Fourier's operational formula:
;
Wherein:, so as to realize the numeral conversion of signal time domain and frequency domain;Signal is calculated in cable passage
Propagation time difference Δt, so that according to L/∆tDraw spread speed,LFor the total length of cable to be tested;By to collection
Frequency-dependent signal under the whole predeterminated frequencies arrived carries out mathematical analysis, can obtain and the one-to-one different ripples of different frequency signals
Speed value;Velocity of wave is drawn out with frequency variation characteristics figure, that is, obtains frequency inside cable to be tested and becomes transmission characteristic.
The total length of cable to be tested is 100m-500m.
Present invention also offers a kind of detecting system of velocity of wave characteristic inside ac cable, including:
Swept signal generator, output swept-frequency signal to cable to be tested;
Signal pickup assembly, the two paths of signals at the head and the tail two ends of cable to be tested is gathered by double shield coaxial signal transmission line;
It is filtered and enhanced processing after sig-nal-conditioning unit, the two paths of signals for receiving signal pickup assembly;
Signal processing apparatus, intersection Fourier transformation is carried out to the signal after sig-nal-conditioning unit processing, obtains two paths of signals frequency
Domain phase difference value, and then obtain velocity of wave characteristic inside cable to be tested.
Wherein, sig-nal-conditioning unit includes RL wave filters and signal amplifier;Signal pickup assembly passes sequentially through RL filtering
Device, signal amplifier are connected with signal processing apparatus;Signal pickup assembly includes industrial computer and capture card;The head of cable to be tested
Tail two ends are connected by double shield coaxial signal transmission line with capture card respectively;Capture card is sent out with industrial computer, swept-frequency signal respectively
Raw device is connected;Industrial computer is connected with RL wave filters.
Detecting system also includes two stimulus matching impedances;The head and the tail two ends of cable to be tested connect corresponding respectively
Stimulus matching impedance one end;The other end ground connection of stimulus matching impedance.
Signal processing apparatus includes digital oscilloscope and signal Fourier transform system;Signal amplifier passes through digital oscillography
Device is connected with signal Fourier transform system.
The present invention has advantages below compared with prior art:The present invention is based on frequency sweep method, by being adopted from cable head and the tail two ends
The signal of collection, reflects that cable is responded to the different of sinusoidal scanning signal of interval injection, and then analysis is obtained in test cable
Portion's frequency becomes transmission characteristic.The present invention can realize the high voltage power cable internal signal transmission speed for certain length with frequency
Variation characteristic is studied, scheme simple possible, strong interference immunity and sensitivity height.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is based on frequency sweep method for the present invention(Impulse response method)To the structure of ac cable inside velocity of wave Characteristics Detection system
Block diagram;
Fig. 2 is using double track frequency sweeps letter inside ac cable of the present invention during velocity of wave characteristic detecting method under one group of specific frequency
Number observed result;
Fig. 3 is that the specific frequency obtained using velocity of wave characteristic detecting method inside ac cable of the present invention becomes transmission characteristic figure.
In figure, 1- swept signal generators, 2- high voltage power cables, 3- stimulus matching impedance, 4- signal transmssion lines,
5- signal pickup assemblies, 6- sig-nal-conditioning units, 7-RL wave filters, 8- signal amplifiers, 9- signal processing apparatus.
In Fig. 2, signal 1 is the first preprocessed signal, and signal 2 is the second preprocessed signal.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
As shown in figure 1, a kind of frequency sweep method that is based on of the present invention is to ac cable inside velocity of wave characteristic test system, including frequency sweep
At signal generator 1, experimental signal matching impedance 3, signal transmssion line 4, signal pickup assembly 5, sig-nal-conditioning unit 6 and signal
Manage device 9.Signal transmssion line 4 uses double shield coaxial signal transmission line.Sig-nal-conditioning unit 6 includes RL wave filters 7 and signal
Amplifier 8.Swept signal generator 1 injects the swept-frequency signal of different electric voltage frequencies to the head end of high voltage power cable 2, via certain
The high voltage power cable 2 of length carries out signal transmission;The two stimulus matching in parallel respectively of the head and the tail two ends of high voltage power cable 2
Impedance 3;Double shield coaxial signal transmission line 4 gathers two-way swept-frequency signal simultaneously, and is stored by signal pickup assembly 5;Two
Road swept-frequency signal is filtered amplification by RL wave filters 7 and signal amplifier 8, obtains two-way preprocessed signal;Signal transacting
9 pairs of two-way preprocessed signals via sig-nal-conditioning unit 6 of device carry out intersection Fourier transformation, obtain the voltage phase under frequency domain
Potential difference φ (ω), and then obtain velocity of wave characteristic inside power cable.
The predeterminated frequency scope of swept signal generator 1 can specifically be set according to actual conditions, for example, in the present embodiment,
Predeterminated frequency scope is 100k-20M hertz.Sine sweep signal refers to the letter that frequency is repeatedly scanned with the specific limits with the time
Number.In the present embodiment, sine sweep signal is the sinusoidal signal that frequency is repeatedly scanned with the time in the range of 100k-20M hertz.
Swept-frequency signal can be by the linearly increasing output of swept signal generator 1.
High voltage power cable 2 be coaxial test cable, based on swept-frequency signal frequency band limitation, test cable length range with
Correspondence test cable length is 450m in 100-500m best results, accompanying drawing of the present invention.
The two ends of high voltage power cable 2 are simultaneously connected to two stimulus matching impedances 3, the other end of stimulus matching impedance 3
Kept with the earth in equipotential, the system, can reduce test signal by stimulus matching impedance occurs to decay and distortion.
Signal pickup assembly is collectively constituted by industrial computer, capture card, is needed in process of the test while gathering and preserving two-way and sweep
Frequency signal.
Sig-nal-conditioning unit is completed to detect the filtering and amplification of signal jointly by RL filter circuits and preamplifier.Experiment
It is required that the preprocessed signal after filtered amplification needs to meet higher resolution ratio and sensitivity simultaneously, it is accurate with guarantee test conclusion
It is really reliable.
Signal processing apparatus is successively realized the ripple of double track voltage swept-frequency signals by digital filter and Fourier transform system
Shape time domain shows and intersected Fourier transformation.Derived in frequency domain according to double track signal phase differences and become speed frequently inside cable
Characteristic.
The sine sweep signal is injected to the head end of high voltage power cable 2, can be that continuation injection identical sine is swept
Frequency signal or the priority injection sine sweep signal by interval of preset duration, for example injection sine sweep is believed for the first time
After number a period of time, same sine sweep signal is re-injected.Wherein, preset duration need to be more than the frequency sweep of sine sweep signal
Cycle.
First detection signal and the second detection signal are respectively collected from the head and the tail two ends of high voltage power cable 2, and it is right respectively
First detection signal and the second detection signal are filtered enhanced processing, obtain the first preprocessed signal and the second pretreatment letter
Number.
Wherein, the collection of first detection signal and the second detection signal and the sine sweep signal that different time injects are same
Step.Specifically, from the detection signal of the head end synchronous acquisition of high voltage power cable 2 first sine sweep signal of correspondence, obtaining the
One detection signal, then the response signal of the resynchronisation collection tail end of high voltage power cable 2, obtains the second detection signal.
Sweep sine injects the time for the cable body transmission for passing through certain length from the head end of high voltage power cable 2 not
Together, the response signal gathered from cable end piece may be different.Therefore, the first detection signal of collection and the second detection signal can be with
Reflect that high-tension cable is responded to the different of sine sweep signal of interval injection.
By being filtered enhanced processing to first detection signal and the second detection signal, the first detection letter can be only extracted
Number and the second detection signal in signal corresponding with the frequency of sine sweep signal, the anti-interference of signal to noise ratio and signal can be improved
Property.
According to sine sweep signal and the first preprocessed signal, multiple predeterminated frequencies difference in the range of predeterminated frequency is obtained
Correspondence velocity of wave transmission curve.Shown by the double track passages of the digital oscilloscope, can must be with different amplitudes and phase
Sine wave signal transmission curve(As shown in Figure 2).Signal with certain phase difference value under time domain is carried out to intersect Fourier's change
Change, obtain the frequency domain phase difference value under different frequency, test cable internal signal frequency is finally can obtain by mathematical computations and becomes biography
Defeated characteristic.
Velocity of wave characteristic detecting method concretely comprises the following steps inside ac cable of the present invention:
Step 1:Signal is produced:Required according to frequency sweep method, swept-frequency signal frequency becomes scope control in 100k-20Mhz, process of the test
The swept-frequency signal exported in the range of pre-set frequency band is carried out linearly increasing.
Multiple predeterminated frequencies that swept signal generator 1 is generated can constitute predeterminated frequency sequence, the value of predeterminated frequency
Can specifically it be set according to actual conditions with number.For example, in the present embodiment, predeterminated frequency is from value between 100k-20Mhz
Arithmetic sequence, first predeterminated frequency is 100k hertz, 20M hertz of last predeterminated frequency, between adjacent predeterminated frequency
Difference be 100k, i.e. f=100k, 200k, 300k ... 20M, predeterminated frequency total number be 200.
Step 2:Signal acquisition:Testing crew is first by high voltage power cable 2 by using coaxial double shield signal transmssion line 4
Tail two ends are reliably connected, and this process needs to be reliably connected between should be noted joint, and attenuation losses occur for anti-stop signal.High-tension electricity
The head and the tail two ends of cable 2 are simultaneously connected to two stimulus matching impedances 3, the other end effective grounding of stimulus matching impedance 3.Due to
Cable is damages transmission line, and relaxation phenomenon can occur during cable distribution, cause waveform signal to distort, therefore for transmission signal
Matching impedance can mitigate wave distortion, while protection test system.By cable internal transmission, gathered by industrial computer and capture card
And the detection signal preserved has different amplitudes and phase.This method of testing is focussed in particular on phase difference value parameter.
Step 3:Signal is adjusted:By above-mentioned two-way detection signal according to system optimum resolution and sensitivity requirement, pass through
RL filter circuits are effectively filtered, while its further effectively enhanced processing is obtained two-way and located in advance using preamplifier
Signal is managed, and is passed to follow-up signal processing unit.This process is intended to be modified two-way detection signal, so as to more preferable
Realize subsequent mathematical processing and calculate in ground.
Step 4:Signal transacting:The above-mentioned two-way preprocessed signal through effective filter amplifying processing is passed through into digital filter
Double track passages are shown that double track voltage signal phase delays in time domain are set to φ (ω), and expression formula is as follows:
;
Wherein,u 1 、u 2 The two-way preprocessed signal of different frequency is represented, initial phase is, initial phase difference is,
Two-way preprocessed signal finally realizes that double tracks are shown in time domain on digital oscilloscope, by intersecting Fourier's operational formula:
;
Wherein:, so as to realize the numeral conversion of signal time domain and frequency domain;Signal is calculated in cable passage
Propagation time difference Δt, so that according to L/∆tDraw spread speed,LFor the total length of cable to be tested;
By carrying out mathematical analysis to the whole frequency-dependent signals collected, it can obtain and different frequency signals one-to-one 200
Value of wave speed under individual different frequency.The sample variance point of velocity on frequency change is drawn in approximately the same plane by mapping software
Figure(As shown in Figure 3), by being fitted to each sampled point, can obtain accurate velocity of wave characteristic conclusion.
In the description of the invention, it is to be understood that the side of the instruction such as term " head end " " tail end " " all the way " " two tunnels "
Position or label relation are, with respect to putting position, to be for only for ease of the description present invention based on each main device shown in the drawings,
Rather than indicate or imply that signified device or element must have specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, because
This is not to be construed as limitation of the present invention.
Embodiment described above only expresses certain embodiment of the present invention, and it describes more specific and detailed, but simultaneously
Can not therefore it be construed as limiting the scope of the patent.It should be pointed out that coming for one of ordinary skill in the art
Say, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, be also based on circuit topological structure or means of testing make some changes and
Improve, these belong to protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, the protection domain of patent of the present invention should using appended claims as
It is accurate.
Claims (10)
1. the detection method of velocity of wave characteristic inside a kind of ac cable, it is characterised in that:The detection method comprises the following steps:
(1)According to frequency sweep method, swept-frequency signal is sent to cable to be tested;
(2)The detection signal and response signal at cable head and the tail two ends to be tested are gathered respectively, are filtered successively and enhanced processing,
Obtain two-way preprocessed signal;
(3)Two-way preprocessed signal is carried out to intersect Fourier's change process, two paths of signals phase difference value is obtained, and then treated
Velocity of wave characteristic inside test cable.
2. detection method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The detection method comprises the following steps:
(1)According to frequency sweep method, sine sweep signal is sent to cable to be tested;The sine sweep signal be predeterminated frequency at any time
Between the sinusoidal signal that is repeatedly scanned with the range of predeterminated frequency;The predeterminated frequency scope is 100k-20Mhz;
(2)With step(1)In the sine sweep signal that sends of different time it is synchronous, cable head and the tail two ends to be tested are gathered respectively
Detection signal and response signal, be filtered successively and enhanced processing, obtain the sine sweep signal pair of different predeterminated frequencies
The two-way preprocessed signal answered;
(3)According to step(2)In different frequency under sine sweep signal and corresponding two-way preprocessed signal, obtain default
Multiple predeterminated frequencies distinguish corresponding velocity of wave transmission curve in frequency range;Corresponding two-way preprocessed signal is intersected
Fourier's change process, obtains corresponding frequency domain phase difference value under different predeterminated frequencies, and then obtain frequency inside cable to be tested
Become transmission characteristic.
3. detection method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:The step(1)The frequency of middle sine sweep signal
Variation pattern is the linearly increasing output in the range of predeterminated frequency;The way of output of the swept-frequency signal of different predeterminated frequencies is lasting
Property output or interval preset duration successively export;The preset duration is more than the frequency sweep cycle of the sine sweep signal.
4. detection method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:The step(2)In treat test cable head and the tail two
When holding the detection signal that collects and the response signal to be filtered with enhanced processing, only extract in detection signal and response signal with
The corresponding signal of frequency of sine sweep signal.
5. detection method according to claim 4, it is characterised in that:The step(3)Detailed process be:According to difference
The corresponding two-way preprocessed signal of frequency sine swept-frequency signal:
;
Wherein,u 1 、u 2 The two-way preprocessed signal of different frequency is represented, initial phase is, initial phase difference is,
Two-way preprocessed signal finally realizes that double tracks are shown in time domain on digital oscilloscope, by intersecting Fourier's operational formula:
;
Wherein:, so as to realize the numeral conversion of signal time domain and frequency domain;Signal is calculated in cable passage
Propagation time difference Δt, so that according to L/∆tDraw spread speed,LFor the total length of cable to be tested;By to collection
Frequency-dependent signal under the whole predeterminated frequencies arrived carries out mathematical analysis, can obtain and the one-to-one different ripples of different frequency signals
Speed value;Velocity of wave is drawn out with frequency variation characteristics figure, that is, obtains frequency inside cable to be tested and becomes transmission characteristic.
6. detection method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that:The total length of cable to be tested is 100m-500m.
7. the detecting system of velocity of wave characteristic inside a kind of ac cable, it is characterised in that including:
Swept signal generator, output swept-frequency signal to cable to be tested;
Signal pickup assembly, the two paths of signals at the head and the tail two ends of cable to be tested is gathered by double shield coaxial signal transmission line;
It is filtered and enhanced processing after sig-nal-conditioning unit, the two paths of signals for receiving signal pickup assembly;
Signal processing apparatus, intersection Fourier transformation is carried out to the signal after sig-nal-conditioning unit processing, obtains two paths of signals frequency
Domain phase difference value, and then obtain velocity of wave characteristic inside cable to be tested.
8. detecting system according to claim 7, it is characterised in that:The sig-nal-conditioning unit includes RL wave filters and letter
Number amplifier;The signal pickup assembly passes sequentially through RL wave filters, signal amplifier and is connected with signal processing apparatus;The letter
Number harvester includes industrial computer and capture card;The head and the tail two ends of the cable to be tested are passed by double shield coaxial signal respectively
Defeated line is connected with capture card;The capture card is connected with industrial computer, swept signal generator respectively;The industrial computer is filtered with RL
Device is connected.
9. detecting system according to claim 8, it is characterised in that:The detecting system also includes two stimulus
With impedance;The head and the tail two ends of the cable to be tested connect corresponding stimulus matching impedance one end respectively;Stimulus
Other end ground connection with impedance.
10. detecting system according to claim 9, it is characterised in that:The signal processing apparatus includes digital oscilloscope
With signal Fourier transform system;The signal amplifier is connected by digital oscilloscope with signal Fourier transform system.
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CN109406903A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-03-01 | 国网江苏省电力有限公司无锡供电分公司 | A kind of cable connector water inlet defects detection and diagnostic method |
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