CN107061193B - 一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统及其组装方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统及其组装方法。它由双稳态复合材料层及通过耐热胶贴覆于双稳态复合材料层上、下表面的防水层和电热合金层构成;双稳态复合结构层由至少一层环氧树脂层和铺设在环氧树脂层内部的碳纤维构成,防水层包括金属基底和超疏水结构层。本发明通过将防水层、双稳态复合材料层和电热合金层结合成一个整体,从而形成一个多层结构复合功能的、高效的防冰除冰系统,具有防水、防覆冰特性,在通电后可产生电热并发生形变,起到快速除冰、排水的效果,并在短时间内可效预防二次覆冰的发生,可根据不同应用领域而做出相应调整,如飞机螺旋桨、风力发电机和汽车部件等,且使用效果良好、操作简易、方便控制,应用领域广泛。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于防冰除冰系统技术领域,具体涉及一种新型的多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统及其组装方法。
背景技术
虽然覆冰和积雪是一种自然现象,但会对工业生产和交通出行等带来诸多不变,甚至造成巨大危害,比如会导致各类大型电力系统的故障,对飞机和轮船等造成重大安全隐患,压垮房屋等等。尤其是在航天航空领域,在覆冰的情况下,飞行器的重量会大幅度增加,这会加重飞行器的负担,增加能源消耗,甚至严重威胁飞行器的正常使用。
一般来说,物体表面覆冰是由于各种气象原因形成的,其中主要包括温度、湿度、风速和空气对流等环境因素。最直接的覆冰现象就是在低温环境下过冷水凝结成冰,或者是积雪融化后残留在物体表面的过冷水重新结成冰。而像飞机等航天航空飞行器在穿越云层时,有时会遇到过冷的水滴,这种水滴极不稳定,且体积非常小,一旦遇到机体就会浸润机体表面。如果环境温度低于冰点,这些水滴就会在表面结冰,且随着冰面不断地被浸湿,新的冰层又会不断地形成,致使冰层的厚度越来越大,使得飞机整体覆冰量明显增加。
随着气候的变化,极端天气下覆冰影响带来的不良后果日趋明显,一些学者也一直在寻找经济、环保、除冰效果明显或具有多功能的除冰方式。现如今,传统的除冰方法主要有以下几类:
机械除冰法:一种是利用人工敲打、刮擦等方式除冰。这种方法的除冰效率过低,且受地理、环境因素影响较大,除冰效果十分有限;另一种是利用电机或者超声波与物体产生共振,总从达到除冰的效果。但是这一类方法能耗较大,使用的范围也受到很大限制。
电热除冰法:利用电能转化成热能,然后使得冰层融化。这一除冰方法是目前输电线除冰最有效的,不仅效果明显,而且操作简单,可控性强。这种除冰方式能耗过大,且要保证电力充足,线路完好畅通,尽管如此,电热除冰法仍是现在较为常用和有效的除冰方法。
防覆冰涂料:主要包括超疏水型防覆冰涂料、光热型防覆冰涂料和电热型防覆冰涂料等。超疏水型防覆冰涂料主要通过其表面超疏水性质,减少表面水滴残留,同时也减小了冰在其表面的附着结合力,所以防覆冰和除冰时的效果显著;光热型防覆冰涂料主要通过吸收太阳能来提高物体表面温度,从而使物体表面温度在水的冰点以上,从而达到防覆冰的要求。但是这种方式受天气影响过大,实际效果差,故应用前景较小;电热型防覆冰涂料主要是利用涂料中的少量导电物质,使得涂料呈现半导体性能,通过电流传输过程中的微小泄露电流产生电热,从而达到除冰效果。但是这种方式电能的损耗较大且使用效果有限,所以应用受到较大限制。
在上述方法中,机械除冰法、电热除冰法和防覆冰涂料法三种方法都有着各自的防/除冰功能和优缺点,如何将三者的优点结合起来将是未来防冰除冰系统的主要方向之一。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的上述问题,本发明通过结合机械除冰、电热除冰和超疏水材料防覆冰的特点,提出了一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统及其组装方法,它将具有超疏水特性功能的防水层、具有双稳态结构的碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料层和具有通电后产生电热功能的电热合金层结合成一个整体,从而形成一个多层结构复合功能的、高效的防冰除冰系统。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,为三层复合结构,其特征在于由双稳态复合材料层及通过耐热胶贴覆于双稳态复合材料层上、下表面的防水层和电热合金层构成;所述双稳态复合结构层由至少一层环氧树脂层和铺设在环氧树脂层内部的碳纤维构成。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于防水层包括金属基底,金属基底一面通过耐热胶贴覆于环氧树脂层上表面,金属基底另一面上设有超疏水结构层。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于金属基底为铜箔材料基底。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于电热合金层包括贴覆于环氧树脂层下表面的聚酰亚胺膜,聚酰亚胺膜内设有电热合金电路,电热合金电路的两端设有点红胶,两端的点红胶分别通过导线连接电源正、负极。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于碳纤维在环氧树脂层上的铺设方式为0-90o任意角度铺设。
所述的多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统的组装方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
1)用耐高温软胶将金属基底贴覆在双稳态复合材料层上表面,85-95℃固化18-22min;然后通过化学腐蚀法对金属基底另一面进行处理,形成超疏水结构层,得到具有超疏水特性的双稳态复合材料层;
2)用耐高温软胶将电热合金层贴覆在步骤1)得到的双稳态复合材料层下表面,在85-95℃的烘箱中固化18-22min,取出后自然冷却到室温,得到产品多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统的组装方法,其特征在于防水层与双稳态复合结构层复合后,进行反应前依次用稀硫酸、水进行洗涤。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统的组装方法,其特征在于化学腐蚀法具体如下:防水层另一表面先在碱性条件下,与氧化剂反应,反应结束后再得低表面能物质进行反应,得到超疏水结构层,实现防水、防覆冰功能。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统的组装方法,其特征在于碱性条件所用的碱为氨水、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、乙酸钠或次氯酸钠,氧化剂为过硫酸钾,反应温度为68-72℃,反应时间为0.9-1.1h,反应结束后用去离子水反复清洗。
所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统的组装方法,其特征在于低表面能物质为硬脂酸的乙醇溶液,反应温度为55-70℃,反应时间为18-23min,取出后再放入100℃的烘箱中烘干。
通过采用上述技术,与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果如下:
1)本发明通过结合机械除冰、电热除冰和超疏水材料防覆冰的特点,提出了一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,它将具有超疏水特性功能的防水层、具有双稳态结构的碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料层和具有通电后产生电热功能的电热合金层结合成一个整体,从而形成一个多层结构复合功能的、高效的防冰除冰系统,它将具有防水、防覆冰、电热除冰和机械除冰的功能,能起到有效防覆冰、快速除冰的效果,可应用于多种不同的场合,可根据不同应用领域而做出相应调整,如飞机螺旋桨、风力发电机和汽车部件等,且使用效果良好、操作简易、方便控制,应用领域广泛。
附图说明
图1是本发明的结构示意图;
图2是本发明的防水层表面示意图;
图3是本发明实施例中的双稳态复合材料层的碳纤维的铺设方式示意图;
图4是本发明的电热合金层的结构示意图;
图5是本发明的双稳态复合材料层结构变形图。
图中:1-防水层,11-超疏水结构层,12-金属基底,13-水滴,2-双稳态复合材料层,21-碳纤维,211-0o铺设的碳纤维,212-90o铺设的碳纤维,22-环氧树脂层,3-电热合金层,31-聚酰亚胺膜,32-电热合金电路,33-点红胶,34-导线。
具体实施方式
本发明通过以下非限制的实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明,但需要了解所述实施例仅用以对本发明技术方案的解释说明,而不是对本发明加以限定。
如图1-5所示,本发明的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,为三层复合结构:上层为防水层1,中间层为双稳态复合材料层2,下层为电热合金层3,防水层1和电热合金层3通过耐热胶贴覆于双稳态复合材料层2上、下表面;所述双稳态复合结构层2由至少一层环氧树脂层22和铺设在环氧树脂层22内部的碳纤维21构成,碳纤维21在环氧树脂层22上的铺设方式为0-90o任意角度铺设,如图5所示,本发明实施例中的双稳态复合结构层2由两层环氧树脂层22和铺设在每层环氧树脂层22内的碳纤维21构成,下层环氧树脂层22的碳纤维21为90o铺设的碳纤维212,上层环氧树脂层22的碳纤维21为0o铺设的碳纤维211。
本发明的多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统的组装方法,包括如下步骤:
1)用耐高温软胶将金属基底12贴覆在双稳态复合材料层2上表面,85-95℃固化18-22min,依次用稀硫酸、水进行洗涤;然后通过化学腐蚀法对金属基底12另一面进行处理,形成超疏水结构层11,得到具有超疏水特性的双稳态复合材料层,化学腐蚀法具体如下:防水层另一表面先在碱性条件下,与氧化剂反应,反应结束后再得低表面能物质进行反应,得到超疏水结构层,实现防水、防覆冰功能,所述的碱性条件所用的碱为氨水、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、乙酸钠或次氯酸钠,氧化剂为过硫酸钾,反应温度为68-72℃,反应时间为0.9-1.1h,反应结束后用去离子水反复清洗;所述的低表面能物质为硬脂酸的乙醇溶液,反应温度为55-70℃,反应时间为18-23min,取出后再放入100℃的烘箱中烘干;
2)用耐高温软胶将电热合金层3贴覆在步骤1)得到的双稳态复合材料层2下表面,在85-95℃的烘箱中固化18-22min,取出后自然冷却到室温,得到产品多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统。
如图2所示,本发明的防水层1包括金属基底12,金属基底12一面通过耐热胶贴覆于环氧树脂层22上表面,金属基底12另一面上设有超疏水结构层11,本发明实施例中的金属基底12为铜箔基底,具有防水层1的双稳态复合材料层2的制备如下:将铜箔分别用丙酮、去离子水、无水乙醇在超声环境中清洗5min并快速烘干;用耐高温软胶将铜箔贴覆在双稳态复合材料层2的上表面,并加热固化,取出后用1mol/L稀硫酸酸洗2min,再用去离子水清洗,将处理过的铜箔倾斜放置于0.06mol/L的过硫酸钾和2mol/L的氢氧化钠的混合溶液中,并用水浴加热,恒温70℃反应1h,反应后将取出,用去离子水反复清洗,取出后倾斜放置于0.1mol/L的硬脂酸的乙醇溶液中并用水浴加热,恒温70℃反应20min,取出后再放入100℃的烘箱中烘干,铜箔基底的另一表面得到超疏水结构层11,即可得具有超疏水特性表面的双稳态复合材料层2。
如图4所示,本发明的电热合金层3包括贴覆于环氧树脂层22下表面的聚酰亚胺膜31,聚酰亚胺膜31内设有电热合金电路32,电热合金电路32的两端设有点红胶33,两端的点红胶33分别通过导线34连接电源正、负极;本发明利用耐高温软胶将电热合金层3贴覆于环氧树脂层22下表面的下表面;双稳态复合材料层2利用电热合金层3产生的电热发生形态的转变,并且所述防水层1和所述电热合金层3随着所述双稳态复合材料层2的形态变化而变化;通过所述电热合金层3通电产生电热融化冰层和所述双稳态复合材料层2形态变化使冰和水快速脱离,从而实现快速除冰以及预防短时间内二次覆冰的功能。
本发明防水层1的超疏水结构层11具有较高的疏水性能和自清洁功能,能有效防止灰尘、水滴13和冰在表面的附着,且效果显著;本发明工作过程如下:产品通过给电热合金层3的聚酰亚胺膜31通电后可产生电热,其除冰原理如下:驱动双稳态复合材料层发生稳态转变,从而产生机械力使冰层脱离;同时,系统间传递的热量可以使系统表面的冰层融化,起到快速除冰的效果,配合系统表面超疏水特性和双稳态复合材料层的机械力作用,可以使冰和水脱离系统表面,起到除冰和防止二次覆冰的效果;
其防冰原理如下:通过超疏水结构层11的超疏水特性达到高效防水的效果,从而降低结冰风险,当发生覆冰现象时可以减少冰层的粘附力,起到防覆冰的作用。
本发明的三个部分不同的功能相互协同,具有防水、防覆冰、电热除冰和机械除冰的功能,能起到有效防覆冰、快速除冰的效果。本发明可应用于多种不同的场合,可根据不同应用领域而做出相应调整,如飞机螺旋桨、风力发电机和汽车部件等,且使用效果良好、操作简易、方便控制,应用领域广泛。
实施例1:如图所示,本发明作为试验,其防水层1的规格设置为20mm×40mm,双稳态复合材料层2规格为140mm×140mm。由于防水层1在制备时已经与双稳态复合材料层2整合,所以在双稳态复合材料层2下表面施加耐高温软胶,将电热合金层3贴在其下表面,并在80℃的烘箱中固化,取出后自然冷却到室温即可,防水、防覆冰功能是所制防水层1的固有特性,在非极端环境下,防覆冰效果突出,而通过导线34与稳压电源相连,调节电流大小即可使用电热除冰功能,融化冰层;同时,双稳态复合材料层2在电热驱动下,能够发生稳态转变,即可产生较大的形变,如图5所示,图5中A点的位置随着双稳态复合材料层2形态的变化而产生变动,从而发挥机械除冰功能。
Claims (7)
1.一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,为三层复合结构,其特征在于由双稳态复合材料层(2)及通过耐热胶贴覆于双稳态复合材料层(2)上、下表面的防水层(1)和电热合金层(3)构成;所述双稳态复合材料层(2)由至少一层环氧树脂层(22)和铺设在环氧树脂层(22)内部的碳纤维(21)构成,防水层(1)包括金属基底(12),金属基底(12)一面通过耐热胶贴覆于环氧树脂层(22)上表面,金属基底(12)另一面上设有超疏水结构层(11),电热合金层(3)包括贴覆于环氧树脂层(22)下表面的聚酰亚胺膜(31),聚酰亚胺膜(31)内设有电热合金电路(32),电热合金电路(32)的两端设有点红胶(33),两端的点红胶(33)分别通过导线(34)连接电源正、负极,其的组装方法包括如下步骤:
1)用耐高温软胶将金属基底(12)贴覆在双稳态复合材料层(2)上表面,85-95℃固化18-22min;然后通过化学腐蚀法对金属基底(12)另一面进行处理,形成超疏水结构层(11),得到具有超疏水特性的双稳态复合材料层(2);
2)用耐高温软胶将电热合金层(3)贴覆在步骤1)得到的双稳态复合材料层(2)下表面,在85-95℃的烘箱中固化18-22min,取出后自然冷却到室温,得到产品多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于金属基底(12)为铜箔材料基底。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于碳纤维(21)在环氧树脂层(22)上的铺设方式为0-90o任意角度铺设。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于防水层(1)与双稳态复合结构层(2)复合后,进行反应前依次用稀硫酸、水进行洗涤。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于化学腐蚀法具体如下:防水层(1)另一表面先在碱性条件下,与氧化剂反应,反应结束后再得低表面能物质进行反应,得到超疏水结构层(11),实现防水、防覆冰功能。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于碱性条件所用的碱为氨水、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、乙酸钠或次氯酸钠,氧化剂为过硫酸钾,反应温度为68-72℃,反应时间为0.9-1.1h,反应结束后用去离子水反复清洗。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种多层结构复合的防冰除冰系统,其特征在于低表面能物质为硬脂酸的乙醇溶液,反应温度为55-70℃,反应时间为18-23min,取出后再放入100℃的烘箱中烘干。
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