CN107058136A - One plant of mould Fh5 in ground and its application - Google Patents
One plant of mould Fh5 in ground and its application Download PDFInfo
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- CN107058136A CN107058136A CN201710415505.8A CN201710415505A CN107058136A CN 107058136 A CN107058136 A CN 107058136A CN 201710415505 A CN201710415505 A CN 201710415505A CN 107058136 A CN107058136 A CN 107058136A
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
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Abstract
The present invention discloses mould (Geotrichum) Fh5 in one plant of ground, China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms's common micro-organisms center is preserved on May 4th, 2017, it is referred to as CGMCC, deposit number is CGMCC No.13777, moreover, it relates to the application of geotrichum sp strain.The ammonia that the mould Fh5 bacterial strains in ground of the present invention can effectively degrade in sewage, percolate in the ammonia nitrogen and foul smell of 500mg/L concentration, and in degradation process, there is no nitrite nitrogen and NO3-N accumulation, nitrification and denitrification can synchronously be carried out, the ammonia nitrogen degradation rate in sewage, percolate or foul smell is set to reach 100%, remaining total nitrogen is 10mg/L.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to saprobia ammonia nitrogen removal technical field, the more particularly to one plant mould Fh5 in ground and its application.
Background technology
Traditional ammonia-removal process is completed jointly by nitration reaction and anti-nitration reaction.Although traditional nitration denitrification
Technique serves certain effect in terms of denitrogenation of waste water, but still suffers from some problems, such as nitration reaction process is aerobic
Under the conditions of complete, anti-nitration reaction needs certain organic matter, and whole denitrification process needs to consume substantial amounts of energy etc..Due to
There are some drawbacks in traditional ammonia-removal process, some domestic and international scholars, which are studied it, to be improved, and it is new that Recent study goes out some
Ammonia-removal process, such as Anammox, short-cut nitrification and denitrification, simultaneous nitrification-denitrification, these novel process are substantially reduced
Except the time of ammonia process, and reaction is set briefly to change, energy consumption is also greatly reduced.Wherein this novel process of Anammox can
Significantly to reduce the oxygenation energy consumption of nitration reaction, remove the exogenous electron donor of anti-nitration reaction from, it is in anaerobic environment
In, anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria can be removed mineralized nitrogen contained in sewage for nitrogen by biochemical reaction, to the whole world
Nitrogen cycle has a very big significance, and is played an important role in sewage disposal.
Traditional theory thinks that ammonia-removal process is to include two stages of nitration reaction and anti-nitration reaction, first NH4 +- N is micro-
NO is oxidized under biological agent2 -- N (nitrosification), is further oxidized to NO3 -- N (nitrification), then NO3 -- N is passed through
Microbial action is reduced to N2(denitrification).
Traditional theory and think, nitrification at least needs two kinds of bacterium to complete jointly, the first stage of nitrification is
NH4 +- N is oxidized to NO by nitrococcus2 - - N, second stage is NO2 - - N is NO by oxidation by nitrobacteria3 -- N, this process is desirable
What nitrococcus and nitrifier completed jointly.Traditional theory is also believed that the nitrifying process and denitrification process of whole ammonia-removal process
At least two kinds of bacterium of nitrifier and denitrifying bacterium are needed to complete.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is that, to solve problem above, the present invention provides one plant of mould Fh5 in ground and its application.The skill of the present invention
Art scheme is achieved by the following way.
According to the first aspect of the invention, inventor selects one plant of mould Fh5 in ground by screening, and its Classification And Nomenclature is ground
Mould Geotrichum, has been preserved in China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms's common micro-organisms center, and it is referred to as
CGMCC, deposit number is CGMCC No.13777, and preservation date is on May 4th, 2017, depositary institution address:Chinese Beijing
The institute 3 of city Chaoyang District North Star West Road 1, Institute of Microorganism, Academia Sinica, postcode 100101.
According to the second aspect of the invention there is provided a kind of biodegradation agent, the mould Fh5 bacterial strains in the ground are included.
According to the third aspect of the invention we there is provided the mould Fh5 bacterial strains in the ground and/or biodegradation agent in thing to be detected of degrading
Application in ammoniacal nitrogen.
Wherein, thing to be detected is the one or more in sewage, percolate and foul smell.
According to the fourth aspect of the invention there is provided the application method of the mould Fh5 bacterial strains in ground and/or biodegradation agent, including will
The step of 1% ratio that the mould Fh5 in ground and/or biodegradation agent are accounted for the volume of thing to be detected in the mould Fh5 in ground accesses thing to be detected.
According to the fifth aspect of the invention there is provided the preparation method of the biodegradation agent, include the screening of the mould Fh5 single bacteriums in ground
In incubation step and fermentation step, screening and culturing step:Cultivation temperature is 25 DEG C~35 DEG C, pH value 6.5~8.5, rotating speed 150~
200r/min, fermentation time 36~72 hours.In fermentation step:Fermentation temperature is 25~30 DEG C, pH value 6.5~8.5, rotating speed
150~200r/min, fermentation time 36~72 hours.
Wherein, in screening and culturing step, the component of screening and culturing medium is:Brown sugar 9.51g, sodium citrate 4.09g, K2HPO4
14g, KH2PO46g, (NH4)2SO42.36g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, micro- 2mL, water 1000mL.
In fermented and cultured step, the component of fermentation medium is:9.51~19.02g of brown sugar, sodium citrate 4.09~
8.17g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO46g, (NH4)2SO42.36~4.72g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, micro- 2mL, water
1000mL。
Wherein, the carbon of screening and culturing medium and fermentation medium/nitrogen ratio is 9~11:1, it can reach high efficiency degraded.
Wherein, the ratio of the brown sugar and sodium citrate of screening and culturing medium and fermentation medium is 3~5:When 1, ammonia nitrogen drop
Solve best results.The combination of brown sugar and sodium citrate is on the basis of carbon source is provided, and the acid-base value to culture medium also plays a tune
Section is acted on, therefore the pH of screening and culturing medium and fermentation medium is 6.5~8.5.
Wherein, the micro- component in screening and culturing medium and fermentation medium is, 5~57.1g of EDTA2Na,
ZnSO4·7H2O 3.9g, CaCl2·2H2O 7g, MnCl2·4H2O 5.1g, FeSO4·7H2O 5g, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O
1.1g, CuSO4·5H2O 1.6g, CoCl2·6H2O 1.6g, water 1000mL.
The mould Fh5 bacterial strains in ground of the present invention can effectively degrade in sewage, percolate in the ammonia nitrogen and foul smell of 500mg/L concentration
Ammonia, and in degradation process, without nitrite nitrogen and NO3-N accumulation, can synchronously carry out nitrification and denitrification, ammonia
Nitrogen degradation rate reaches 100%, and it is 10mg/L to make the remaining total nitrogen in sewage, percolate or foul smell.
Brief description of the drawings
By reading the detailed description of hereafter preferred embodiment, various other advantages and benefit is common for this area
Technical staff will be clear understanding.Accompanying drawing is only used for showing the purpose of preferred embodiment, and is not considered as to the present invention
Limitation.And in whole accompanying drawing, identical part is denoted by the same reference numerals.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 shows the individual morphology microscope figure of the mould Fh5 bacterial strains in ground according to embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 shows the phylogenetic tree of the mould Fh5 bacterial strains in ground according to embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
The illustrative embodiments of the disclosure are more fully described below with reference to accompanying drawings.Although showing this public affairs in accompanying drawing
The illustrative embodiments opened, it being understood, however, that may be realized in various forms the disclosure without the reality that should be illustrated here
The mode of applying is limited.Conversely it is able to be best understood from the disclosure there is provided these embodiments, and can be by this public affairs
The scope opened completely convey to those skilled in the art.
For be illustrated more clearly that the present invention the mould Fh5 in ground and its application, below by by way of specific embodiment seat enter
Illustrate to one step.
Embodiment 1:The mould Fh5's in ground isolates and purifies
Beijing's Nangong garbage compost percolate 10ml is taken, the enrichment culture after being sterilized equipped with 100ml is inoculated in
In the 250ml triangular flasks of base, fully shake up, the shaken cultivation under conditions of 28 DEG C of temperature, rotating speed 160r/min, enrichment 7 days, often
(NH was supplemented every 1 day4)2SO4, NH can not be utilized to eliminate4 +- N microorganism.1ml is taken to be coated on the bacterium solution in enriched medium
On isolation medium flat board, the single bacterium colony grown on carton upside down culture, picking flat board is cultivated in 28 DEG C and carries out repeated isolation purifying,
One plant of single bacterial strain is obtained, Fh5 is named as.
Wherein, the composition of enriched medium is:Brown sugar 11.9~19.02g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO46g, (NH4)2SO4
2.36~4.72g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, micro- 2mL (EDTA2Na 5~57.1g, ZnSO4·7H2O 3.9g,
CaCl2·2H2O 7g, MnCl2·4H2O 5.1g, FeSO4·7H2O 5g, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 1.1g, CuSO4·5H2O
1.6g, CoCl2·6H2O 1.6g, water 1000mL), water 1000mL;The composition of isolation and purification culture base is:Brown sugar 11.9~
19.02g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO46g, (NH4)2SO42.36~4.72g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, micro- 2mL
(EDTA2Na 5~57.1g, ZnSO4·7H2O 3.9g, CaCl2·2H2O 7g, MnCl2·4H2O 5.1g, FeSO4·7H2O
5g, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 1.1g, CuSO4·5H2O 1.6g, CoCl2·6H2O 1.6g, water 1000mL), agar 20g,
Water 1000mL.
Bacterial strain is identified:
1. colony characteristicses:Milky lint shape, the speed of growth is very fast on flat board, and bacterium colony is in planar diffusion, flat, surrounding
Mycelia emission lines are grown, and thalline moistening is smooth, and positive and negative color is identical, is easier to choose, and very fast, culture is grown in liquid medium within
Base is muddy.
2. individual morphology feature:As shown in figure 1, Fh5 mycelia is the fungal filament for having tabula, fragmented into after mycelia is ripe single
Or chaining, the arthrospore of long tubular.
3. bacterial strain Phylogenetic Analysis:The Fh5 single bacterium colonies of picking purifying are inoculated in screening and culturing medium, are 30 in temperature
DEG C, shaken cultivation 24 hours under conditions of shaking table 180r/min, the ITS sequences that PCR expands bacterial strain are then done by masterplate of its bacterium solution
Row, are sequenced, and sequencing result is made into its development tree of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics analysis software, specific as shown in Fig. 2 finding
Fh5 gene order and the sequence homology highest of mould Geotrichum registeredly, reach 99%, thus determine that this is combined
The Fh5 of microbial inoculum is mould Geotrichum.
4. Molecular Identification:The Fh5 of measure ITS sequence such as SED ID NO:Shown in 1, by it in http://archive-
Sequence alignment is carried out on dtd.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ websites, based on homogeneous angular analysis, the mould Fh5 in ground is Geotrichum
Newcomer, is named as mould Geotrichum Fh5.
Embodiment 2:Biodegradation agent X1 preparation
Comprise the following steps:
Screening and culturing:The Fh5 single bacterium colonies of picking after purification are inoculated into screening and culturing medium, control temperature DEG C, adjust pH
6.5, rotating speed, fermentation time 72 hours is prepared into biological bacteria degradation agent mother liquor M1.
The composition of wherein screening and culturing medium is, brown sugar 9.51g, sodium citrate 4.09g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO46g,
(NH4)2SO42.36g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, trace element (EDTA2Na 57.1g, ZnSO4·7H2O 3.9g,
CaCl2·2H2O 7g, MnCl2·4H2O 5.1g, FeSO4·7H2O 5g, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 1.1g, CuSO4·5H2O
1.6g, CoCl2·6H2O 1.6g, water 1000mL) 2mL, water 1000mL.
Fermented and cultured:Biological bacteria degradation agent mother liquor M1 is added in fermentation medium according to 1% ratio, temperature is controlled
DEG C, pH 6.5, rotating speed 150rpm, fermentation time 72 hours are prepared into biological bacteria degradation agent X1.
The composition of wherein fermentation medium is, brown sugar 9.51g, sodium citrate 4.09g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO46g,
(NH4)2SO42.36g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, trace element (EDTA2Na 57.1g, ZnSO4·7H2O 3.9g,
CaCl2·2H2O 7g, MnCl2·4H2O 5.1g, FeSO4·7H2O 5g, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 1.1g, CuSO4·5H2O
1.6g, CoCl2·6H2O 1.6g, water 1000mL) 2mL, water 1000mL.
Embodiment 3:Biodegradation agent X2 preparation
Comprise the following steps:
Screening and culturing:The Fh5 single bacterium colonies of picking after purification are inoculated into screening and culturing medium, control 30 DEG C of temperature, adjust pH
8.5, rotating speed 200rpm, fermentation time 36 hours are prepared into biological bacteria degradation agent mother liquor M2.
The composition of wherein screening and culturing medium is, brown sugar 9.51g, sodium citrate 4.09g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO46g,
(NH4)2SO42.36g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, trace element (EDTA2Na 5g, ZnSO4·7H2O 3.9g, CaCl2·
2H2O 7g, MnCl2·4H2O 5.1g, FeSO4·7H2O 5g, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 1.1g, CuSO4·5H2O 1.6g,
CoCl2·6H2O 1.6g, water 1000mL) 2mL, water 1000mL.
Fermented and cultured:Biological bacteria degradation agent mother liquor M2 is added in fermentation medium according to 1% ratio, temperature is controlled
35 DEG C, pH 8.5, rotating speed 200rpm, fermentation time 36 hours are prepared into biological bacteria degradation agent X2.
The composition of wherein fermentation medium is, brown sugar 19.02g, sodium citrate 8.17g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO46g,
(NH4)2SO44.72g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, trace element (EDTA2Na 5g, ZnSO4·7H2O 3.9g, CaCl2·
2H2O 7g, MnCl2·4H2O 5.1g, FeSO4·7H2O 5g, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 1.1g, CuSO4·5H2O 1.6g,
CoCl2·6H2O 1.6g, water 1000mL) 2mL, water 1000mL.
Experimental example 1:The mould Fh5 in ground application
The sample that the big tower of Beijing's Ma Jialou biological deodorizing towers is fetched carries out ammonia nitrogen index determining:Big tower foul smell washing
Liquefied ammonia nitrogen content is 504mg/L, pH value 5.36, and ammonia level is 2.34mg/m at gas outlet3;By the mould Fh5 in the ground of embodiment 1 with
Sewage is added under Nan Gong great Ta, 32 DEG C of aeration environment in 1% ratio and cultivates ammonia nitrogen degradation in 3d, big tower foul smell cleaning solution in tower
To 0, pH value 6.43, ammonia level is 0 at gas outlet.
Experimental example 2:The application of biodegradation agent
The sample that the trourelle of Beijing's Ma Jialou biological deodorizing towers is fetched carries out ammonia nitrogen index determining:Trourelle foul smell is washed
Liquefied ammonia nitrogen content is 471mg/L, pH value 6.24, and ammonia level is 3.13mg/m at gas outlet3;By the biodegradation of embodiment 2
Agent X1 with containing the mould Fh5 in ground and tower in sewage add and cultivated under Nan Gong little Ta, 32 DEG C of aeration environment by 1% volume ratio
3d, trourelle foul smell cleaning solution ammonia nitrogen degradation efficiency reaches 100%, pH value 7.07, and ammonia level is 0.25mg/m at gas outlet3。
Experimental example 3:The application of biodegradation agent
The water sample and the air inlet of biological deodorizing tower collection fetched to Beijing's A Suwei garbage composts bacterium solution pond and
Ammonia carries out index determining at gas outlet:Ammonia-nitrogen content is 521mg/L, pH value 7.45, ammonia at the air inlet of biological deodorizing tower
Content is 10.13mg/m3, ammonia level is 8.66mg/m at gas outlet3;Will be dirty in the biodegradation agent X2 of embodiment 3 and bacterium solution
Water is added by 1% mass ratio cultivates 3d under A Suwei bacterium solutions pond, 30 DEG C of aeration environment, ammonia nitrogen degradation to 0, and degradation efficiency reaches
To 100%, pH value 7.26, ammonia level is 10.13mg/m at air inlet3, but ammonia level is 0 at gas outlet.
To sum up, the mould Fh5 in ground of the invention, degradable 500mg/L ammonia-nitrogen content, and reach its degradation efficiency
100%, total nitrogen surplus only has 10mg/L.Effectively alleviate the pollution of sewage stench and foul smell caused by ammoniacal nitrogen, in production
The upper improvement time is shorter, but application effect is particularly evident.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but protection scope of the present invention be not limited thereto,
Any one skilled in the art the invention discloses technical scope in, the change or replacement that can be readily occurred in,
It should all be included within the scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be with the protection model of the claim
Enclose and be defined.
SEQUENCE LISTING
<110>The environmentally friendly development in science and technology Co., Ltd of Beijing epoxy
<120>One plant of mould Fh5 in ground and its application
<160> 1
<170> PatentIn version 3.5
<210> 1
<211> 374
<212> DNA
<213>Ground is mould(Geotrichum)
<400> 1
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tagtgttgtt tttcaaacga atttgattcg aaattttaga agagcaaagc aattccaaga 120
gagaaacaac gctcaaacaa gtatactttg ggggataccc caaagtgcaa tgtgcgttca 180
aaaactgatg attcacttct gcaattcaca agaaatatcg cgtttcgctg cgttcttcat 240
cgatacgaga accaagagat ccattgttaa aagttttaat tatttttgtt ttgattgtat 300
gatttttgtt tgctgtggta aattcacaaa tatttataat tcataatgat ccttccgcag 360
gttcacctac ggaa 374
Claims (10)
1. mould (Geotrichum) Fh5 in one plant of ground, it is characterised in that be preserved in Chinese microorganism strain on May 4th, 2017
Preservation administration committee common micro-organisms center, it is referred to as CGMCC, and deposit number is CGMCC No.13777.
2. a kind of biodegradation agent, it is characterised in that include mould Fh5 as claimed in claim 1.
3. mould Fh5 and/or biodegradation agent as claimed in claim 2 are in thing to be detected of degrading as claimed in claim 1
The application of middle ammoniacal nitrogen.
4. the application of mould Fh5 and/or the biodegradation agent ammoniacal nitrogen in thing to be detected of degrading as claimed in claim 3, its
It is characterised by,
Thing to be detected is the one or more in sewage, percolate and foul smell.
5. the application method of mould Fh5 and/or biodegradation agent as claimed in claim 2 as claimed in claim 1, it is special
Levy and be, comprise the following steps:
1% ratio that the mould Fh5 in ground and/or biodegradation agent are accounted for the volume of thing to be detected in the mould Fh5 in ground accesses thing to be detected.
6. a kind of preparation method of biodegradation agent as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that mono- including the mould Fh5 in ground successively
The screening and culturing step and fermentation step of bacterium,
In the screening and culturing step:
Cultivation temperature is 25~35 DEG C, pH value 6.5~8.5,150~200r/min of rotating speed, fermentation time 36~72 hours;
In the fermentation step:
Fermentation temperature is 25~30 DEG C, pH value 6.5~8.5,150~200r/min of rotating speed, fermentation time 36~72 hours.
7. the preparation method of biodegradation agent as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that in the screening and culturing step:
The component of screening and culturing medium is, brown sugar 9.51g, sodium citrate 4.09g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO46g, (NH4)2SO4
2.36g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, micro- 2mL, water 1000mL;
In the fermented and cultured step:
The component of fermentation medium is, 9.51~19.02g of brown sugar, sodium citrate 4.09~8.17g, K2HPO414g, KH2PO4
6g, (NH4)2SO42.36~4.72g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g, micro- 2mL, water 1000mL.
8. the preparation method of biodegradation agent as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that
The carbon of screening and culturing medium and fermentation medium/nitrogen ratio is 9~11:1.
9. the preparation method of biodegradation agent as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that
The ratio of the brown sugar and sodium citrate of screening and culturing medium and fermentation medium is 3~5:1, screening and culturing medium and fermentation are trained
The pH for supporting base is 6.5~8.5.
10. the preparation method of biodegradation agent as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that
The micro- component of screening and culturing medium and fermentation medium is:EDTA2Na 5~57.1g, ZnSO4·7H2O
3.9g, CaCl2·2H2O 7g, MnCl2·4H2O 5.1g, FeSO4·7H2O 5g, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 1.1g,
CuSO4·5H2O 1.6g, CoCl2·6H2O 1.6g, water 1000mL.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201710415505.8A CN107058136B (en) | 2017-06-05 | 2017-06-05 | Geotrichum strain Fh5 and application thereof |
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CN201710415505.8A CN107058136B (en) | 2017-06-05 | 2017-06-05 | Geotrichum strain Fh5 and application thereof |
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CN107058136A true CN107058136A (en) | 2017-08-18 |
CN107058136B CN107058136B (en) | 2020-08-25 |
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ID=59615832
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CN201710415505.8A Active CN107058136B (en) | 2017-06-05 | 2017-06-05 | Geotrichum strain Fh5 and application thereof |
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Cited By (3)
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CN107603907A (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2018-01-19 | 北京农学院 | One plant of A Shi bacillus GH 9 and its application |
CN110272834A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-09-24 | 浙江工业大学 | The odorless type microbial bacterial agent and its preparation method and application of kitchen garbage processing |
US20210024390A1 (en) * | 2019-07-23 | 2021-01-28 | Nanjing Institute Of Geography And Limnology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Method for enhancing nitrogen removal by denitrification in horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland |
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WO1999028244A1 (en) * | 1997-12-01 | 1999-06-10 | Fungi-Gulp Pty. Ltd. | Curtain assembly for waste treatment |
CN101434907A (en) * | 2008-12-18 | 2009-05-20 | 天津大学 | Microbial preparation for processing refuse leachate and preparation |
CN102250769A (en) * | 2011-06-15 | 2011-11-23 | 江苏新琦环保有限公司 | Biological agent for organic waste composting and preparation method thereof |
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WO1999028244A1 (en) * | 1997-12-01 | 1999-06-10 | Fungi-Gulp Pty. Ltd. | Curtain assembly for waste treatment |
CN101434907A (en) * | 2008-12-18 | 2009-05-20 | 天津大学 | Microbial preparation for processing refuse leachate and preparation |
CN102250769A (en) * | 2011-06-15 | 2011-11-23 | 江苏新琦环保有限公司 | Biological agent for organic waste composting and preparation method thereof |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN107603907A (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2018-01-19 | 北京农学院 | One plant of A Shi bacillus GH 9 and its application |
CN107603907B (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2020-10-16 | 北京农学院 | Bacillus aryabhattai GH-9 and application thereof |
CN110272834A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-09-24 | 浙江工业大学 | The odorless type microbial bacterial agent and its preparation method and application of kitchen garbage processing |
US20210024390A1 (en) * | 2019-07-23 | 2021-01-28 | Nanjing Institute Of Geography And Limnology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Method for enhancing nitrogen removal by denitrification in horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland |
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