CN107034332A - A kind of molten iron pre-desulfurization method - Google Patents
A kind of molten iron pre-desulfurization method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107034332A CN107034332A CN201710351985.6A CN201710351985A CN107034332A CN 107034332 A CN107034332 A CN 107034332A CN 201710351985 A CN201710351985 A CN 201710351985A CN 107034332 A CN107034332 A CN 107034332A
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- molten iron
- sulfur content
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/02—Dephosphorising or desulfurising
- C21C1/025—Agents used for dephosphorising or desulfurising
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/064—Dephosphorising; Desulfurising
- C21C7/0645—Agents used for dephosphorising or desulfurising
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a kind of molten iron pre-desulfurization method, methods described comprises the following steps：According to molten steel sulfur content and smelting kind finished product sulfur content, calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in the molten iron for the process of tapping a blast furnace, the calcareous desulfurizing agent melts after adding, the speed of molten iron discharging is 15 50 tons/min；The composition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：It is calculated in mass percent, 4%~8% CaF2, 0.1 0.3% C powder, remaining is lime；The addition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：In molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060% and when smelting kind finished product sulfur content S≤0.020%, 200 1200Kg calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace.Granular magnesium desulfurization subsequent smelting is consumed and stabilized present invention reduces granular magnesium returns sulphur.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to steelmaking technical field, more particularly to a kind of molten iron pre-desulfurization method.
Background technology
For intensity and toughness reguirements all very production of high high added value steel grade (such as IF steel, pipe line steel), it is necessary to protect
The molten steel sulfur content of card feeding converter is as low as possible, and this requires molten iron to carry out pre- desulfurization before being blended into converter.
Molten iron pre-desulfurization is conducive to improving ironmaking, steel-smelting technology economic indicator, improves the quality of steel.Current steel mill generally adopts
Molten iron pre-desulfurization method includes granular magnesium desulfurization technique.Granular magnesium desulfurization technique so that its process cycle is short, hot metal temperature drop is small,
Iron loss is low, equipment investment is small, it is easy to operate, reduce environmental pollution, beneficial to environmental protection, the good advantage of overall economic efficiency, by more
Carry out the attention of more metallurgy industries；The mechanism of granular magnesium desulfurization technique is：The granular magnesium of molten iron is blown into, through the vaporizer on spray gun
Preheating, is gasified rapidly at lance outlet, and dissolves in molten iron, and the magnesium that gasification rises or dissolved in molten iron is stirred in current-carrying gas
Mix down and sufficiently contacted with the sulphur in molten iron, occur efficient desulphurization reaction, reach most economical desulfurization purpose.
Sulfur content is returned although the desulfuration efficiency of granular magnesium desulfurization is high, during subsequent smelting big and unstable, also to smelting
Enterprise's production of refining variety steel causes certain difficulty such as：Steel grade changes refining, change the original sentence to and disconnected pour happens occasionally.
The content of the invention
For drawbacks described above of the prior art, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a kind of molten iron pre-desulfurization method,
Reduce granular magnesium consumption and stabilize granular magnesium desulfurization subsequent smelting and return sulphur.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is adopted the following technical scheme that：A kind of molten iron pre-desulfurization method, methods described bag
Include following steps：
According to molten steel sulfur content and smelting kind finished product sulfur content, calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in the molten iron for the process of tapping a blast furnace,
The calcareous desulfurizing agent melts after adding, and the speed of molten iron discharging is 15-50 tons/min；The composition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：
It is calculated in mass percent, 4%~8% CaF2, 0.1-0.3% C powder, remaining is lime；
The addition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：In molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060% and smelting kind finished product sulfur content S
When≤0.020%, 200-1200Kg calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace.
As further preferred, molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060%, the ＜ S of kind finished product sulfur content 0.015% are being smelted
When≤0.020%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 200-400Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace；Smelting kind finished product sulfur content
During 0.012% ＜ S≤0.015%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 400-600Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace；Smelting kind finished product
During ＜ S of sulfur content 0.005%≤0.012%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 600-900Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace；Smelting product
During kind of finished product sulfur content S≤0.005%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 900-1200Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace.
As further preferred, molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060%, the ＜ S of kind finished product sulfur content 0.015% are being smelted
When≤0.020%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 300Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace；Smelting the ＜ of kind finished product sulfur content 0.012%
During S≤0.015%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 500Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace；Smelting kind finished product sulfur content 0.005%
During ＜ S≤0.012%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 800Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace；Smelt kind finished product sulfur content S≤
When 0.005%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 1000Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace.
As further preferred, in molten steel sulfur content S ＞ 0.060%, 600- is added in the molten iron for the process of tapping a blast furnace
The calcareous desulfurizing agents of 900Kg.
As further preferred, in molten steel sulfur content S ＞ 0.060%, 800Kg calcium is added in the molten iron for the process of tapping a blast furnace
Matter desulfurizing agent.
As further preferably, the speed of molten iron discharging is 17.5-30 tons/min.
As further preferably, when the calcareous desulfurizing agent is added, molten iron, which impacts the calcareous desulfurizing agent, melts it.
As further preferably, methods described also includes：Need to re-blow for granular magnesium desulfurization is once miss
Heat, in molten iron add 100-150kg lime, skimmed.
As further preferably, methods described also includes：It is not readily separated for iron, slag, the heat for difficulty of skimming, first
When secondary bright face of skimming reaches 80-90%, 100-150kg lime is added in molten iron, is re-blow, skimmed.
As it is further preferably, it is described re-blow including：Granular magnesium flow is blown 3~5min by about 3Kg/min.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：The present invention during tapping a blast furnace due to adding calcareous desulfurizing agent so that CaO and molten iron
Middle S reactions, produce CaS, CaF2Accelerate calcareous desulfurizing agent burn-off rate；Floated simultaneously in follow-up desulfurization process processing procedure
Desulfurization product MgS etc. more stablizes, and calcareous desulfurizing agent serves sulfur fixation；Due to adding calcareous desulfurizing agent, in identical
Under the molten iron band quantity of slag, the basicity of slag is improved, scum viscosity is reduced, the mobility of desulfurization slag is improved, makes slag iron easily separated,
And then reduce desulphurization and slag skimming amount.By the control of the inventive method, granular magnesium consumption and stable particle magnesium desulfurization can be reduced
Subsequent smelting returns sulphur, it is ensured that variety steel is smelt rate, while reducing molten iron drossing amount.
Embodiment
The present invention solves subsequent smelting mistake in prior art granular magnesium desulfurization by providing a kind of molten iron pre-desulfurization method
Sulfur content is returned in journey big, the defect such as unstable.
In order to solve drawbacks described above, the main thought of the embodiment of the present invention is：
Molten iron pre-desulfurization method of the embodiment of the present invention, methods described comprises the following steps：
According to molten steel sulfur content and smelting kind finished product sulfur content, calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in the molten iron for the process of tapping a blast furnace,
The calcareous desulfurizing agent melts after adding, and the speed of molten iron discharging is 15-50 tons/min；The composition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：
It is calculated in mass percent, 4%~8% CaF2, 0.1-0.3% C powder, remaining is lime；
The addition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：In molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060% and smelting kind finished product sulfur content S
When≤0.020%, 200-1200Kg calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace.
The embodiment of the present invention can be controlled ladle pouring station tapping duration, speed of tapping a blast furnace and flowing molten iron shock zone simultaneously, single torpedo
When tank goes out an iron clad water (about 210-225 tons), control tapping duration is in 8-15min；The process flowing molten iron of tapping a blast furnace at utmost is impacted
The calcareous desulfurizing agent added.
The embodiment of the present invention adds in the case of molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060% according to kind finished product sulfur content in the process of tapping a blast furnace
Enter calcareous desulfurizing agent；In molten steel sulfur content S ＞ 0.060% calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in process of tapping a blast furnace, such as smelting low-sulfur kind S≤
When 0.010%, adjustment kind plan in time；And scum once miss to granular magnesium desulfurization is not readily separated the addition of molten iron heat
Pouch lime, can reduce granular magnesium consumption, be reduced using granular magnesium unit consumption after present invention method, stable particle magnesium takes off
The follow-up converter steelmaking process of sulphur returns sulphur, and converter smelting returns sulfur content reduction, and variety steel is smelt rate and increased substantially, while reducing iron
Water takes off the quantity of slag.
The initial sulfur content of molten iron by ladle pouring station tap a blast furnace end after sampling quote composition and be defined；Molten iron enters foundation behind desulfurization station and fallen
Sample is terminated at tank station, starts granular magnesium blowing desulfurization, during be sampled or be blown terminate after be sampled, when being once not hit by
Secondary injection is carried out, is sampled after terminating, chemical composition analysis is carried out per sub-sampling, finished product sulfur content is continuous casting casting 80-
130t (ladle is 210t) interval is sampled sample presentation chemical examination.
Granular magnesium desulfurization unit consumption scope is basic in 0.75-1.66Kg/t, is weighed by batch can and obtains every iron clad water addition；
Take off the quantity of slag to weigh for chassis scale, ladle seat stand Chinese herbaceous peony, (chassis weight+slag ladle weight) data can enter trend, collect two
Person's gross weight, after desulfurizing iron terminates, ladle is left after chassis by overhead traveling crane handling, (chassis weight+slag ladle weight) now
What data had this processing takes off the quantity of slag, the data of data now-originally, draws and takes off the quantity of slag.
It is to utilize whether identical steel grade adds calcareous desulfurizing agent in ladle pouring station that sulfur content is returned in converter, what major data comparisons were drawn
Average data.
In order to which above and other purpose, feature and the advantage of the present invention can be become apparent, number cited below particularly is implemented
Example, to illustrate the molten iron pre-desulfurization method described in the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment 1
The molten iron pre-desulfurization method of the embodiment of the present invention 1, methods described comprises the following steps：
According to molten steel sulfur content and smelting kind finished product sulfur content, calcareous desulfurizing agent, the calcium are added during tapping a blast furnace
Matter desulfurizing agent melts after adding；The composition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：CaF2Content 4%, C powder contents 0.1%, remaining is stone
Ash.
List below 1 is given in the case of different molten steel sulfur contents and different finished product sulfur contents, adds not same amount calcium
The specific test example of matter desulfurizing agent, and accordingly give the beneficial effect of each test example.
Table 1
Total amount of being tapped a blast furnace in table 1 is 218 tons, controls the tapping duration of each test example in 8-12min, it is ensured that calcareous desulfurizing agent is fast
Fast thawing.The steel grade may be selected to be non-LF stoves slagging process steel grade.
Embodiment 2
The molten iron pre-desulfurization method of the embodiment of the present invention 2, methods described comprises the following steps：
According to molten steel sulfur content and smelting kind finished product sulfur content, calcareous desulfurizing agent, the calcium are added during tapping a blast furnace
Matter desulfurizing agent melts after adding；The composition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：CaF2Content 6%, C powder contents 0.2%, remaining is stone
Ash.
To granular magnesium desulfurization, once miss heat adds pouch lime.Specifically, for not hitting needs once
The heat re-blow, to prevent desulfurization product from being adsorbed without enough slag charges, it is desirable to it is secondary re-blow before add 30 bags of pulverized limestone (5kg/
Bag), stirred, then skimmed back and forth using slag removal device after addition.
List below 2 is given in the case of different molten steel sulfur contents and different finished product sulfur contents, adds not same amount calcium
The specific test example of matter desulfurizing agent, and accordingly give the beneficial effect of each test example.
Table 2
Total amount of being tapped a blast furnace in table 2 is 210 tons, controls the tapping duration of each test example in 8-10min, process of tapping a blast furnace flowing molten iron is maximum
Degree impacts the calcareous desulfurizing agent of addition；Ensure calcareous desulfurizing agent rapid melting.
Embodiment 3
The molten iron pre-desulfurization method of the embodiment of the present invention 3, methods described comprises the following steps：
According to molten steel sulfur content and smelting kind finished product sulfur content, calcareous desulfurizing agent, the calcium are added during tapping a blast furnace
Matter desulfurizing agent melts after adding；The composition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：CaF2Content 8%, C powder contents 0.3%, remaining is stone
Ash；
Molten iron heat is not readily separated to scum and adds pouch lime.Specifically, iron, slag are not readily separated, the stove for difficulty of skimming
It is secondary, when bright face of skimming for the first time reaches 80%, 20 bags of pulverized limestones (5kg/ bags) are added, then granular magnesium flow presses about 3Kg/min
3min is blown, injection is stirred, then skimmed back and forth after terminating using slag removal device.
List below 3 is given in the case of different molten steel sulfur contents and different finished product sulfur contents, adds not same amount calcium
The specific test example of matter desulfurizing agent, and accordingly give the beneficial effect of each test example.
Table 3
Total amount of being tapped a blast furnace in table 3 is 215 tons, controls the tapping duration of each test example in 10-12min, the process flowing molten iron of tapping a blast furnace is most
Big degree impacts the calcareous desulfurizing agent of addition；Ensure calcareous desulfurizing agent rapid melting.
Embodiment 4
The molten iron pre-desulfurization method of the embodiment of the present invention 4, methods described comprises the following steps：
According to molten steel sulfur content and smelting kind finished product sulfur content, calcareous desulfurizing agent, the calcium are added during tapping a blast furnace
Matter desulfurizing agent melts after adding；The composition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：CaF2Content 8%, C powder contents 0.3%, remaining is stone
Ash；
To granular magnesium desulfurization, once miss heat adds pouch lime.Specifically, for not hitting needs once
The heat re-blow, to prevent desulfurization product from being adsorbed without enough slag charges, it is desirable to it is secondary re-blow before add 20 bags of pulverized limestone (5kg/
Bag), stirred, then skimmed back and forth using slag removal device after addition.
Molten iron heat is not readily separated to scum and adds pouch lime.Specifically, iron, slag are not readily separated, the stove for difficulty of skimming
It is secondary, when bright face of skimming for the first time reaches 90%, 30 bags of pulverized limestones (5kg/ bags) are added, then granular magnesium flow presses about 3Kg/min
5min is blown, injection is stirred, then skimmed back and forth after terminating using slag removal device.
List below 4 is given in the case of different molten steel sulfur contents and different finished product sulfur contents, adds not same amount calcium
The specific test example of matter desulfurizing agent, and accordingly give the beneficial effect of each test example.
Table 4
Total amount of being tapped a blast furnace in table 4 is 225 tons, controls the tapping duration of each test example in 12-15min, the process flowing molten iron of tapping a blast furnace is most
Big degree impacts the calcareous desulfurizing agent of addition；Ensure calcareous desulfurizing agent rapid melting.
Technical scheme in above-mentioned the embodiment of the present application, at least has the following technical effect that or advantage：
The embodiment of the present invention during tapping a blast furnace due to adding calcareous desulfurizing agent so that CaO reacts with S in molten iron, production
CaS, CaF2Accelerate calcareous desulfurizing agent burn-off rate；The desulfurization product MgS floated simultaneously in follow-up desulfurization process processing procedure
Deng more stablize, calcareous desulfurizing agent serves sulfur fixation；Due to adding calcareous desulfurizing agent, in the identical molten iron band quantity of slag
Under, the basicity of slag is improved, scum viscosity is reduced, the mobility of desulfurization slag is improved, makes slag iron easily separated, and then reduce
Desulphurization and slag skimming amount.By the control of the inventive method, granular magnesium consumption can be reduced and stable particle magnesium desulfurization subsequent smelting is returned
Sulphur, it is ensured that variety steel is smelt rate, while reducing molten iron drossing amount.
, but those skilled in the art once know basic creation although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described
Property concept, then can make other change and modification to these embodiments.So, appended claims are intended to be construed to include excellent
Select embodiment and fall into having altered and changing for the scope of the invention.Obviously, those skilled in the art can be to the present invention
Carry out various changes and modification without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.So, if these modifications and variations of the present invention
Belong within the scope of the claims in the present invention and its equivalent technologies, then the present invention is also intended to exist comprising these changes and modification
It is interior.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of molten iron pre-desulfurization method, it is characterised in that：Methods described comprises the following steps：
According to molten steel sulfur content and smelting kind finished product sulfur content, calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in the molten iron for the process of tapping a blast furnace, it is described
Calcareous desulfurizing agent melts after adding, and the speed of molten iron discharging is 15-50 tons/min；The composition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：With matter
Measure percentage meter, 4%~8% CaF2, 0.1-0.3% C powder, remaining is lime；
The addition of the calcareous desulfurizing agent includes：Molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060% and smelt kind finished product sulfur content S≤
When 0.020%, 200-1200Kg calcareous desulfurizing agent is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace.
2. molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060%；In smelting
When refining ＜ S of kind finished product sulfur content 0.015%≤0.020%, the calcareous desulfurization of 200-400Kg is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace
Agent；When smelting ＜ S of kind finished product sulfur content 0.012%≤0.015%, 400-600Kg calcium is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace
Matter desulfurizing agent；When smelting ＜ S of kind finished product sulfur content 0.005%≤0.012%, 600- is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace
The calcareous desulfurizing agents of 900Kg；When smelting kind finished product sulfur content S≤0.005%, 900- is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace
The calcareous desulfurizing agents of 1200Kg.
3. molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Molten steel sulfur content S≤0.060%；In smelting
When refining ＜ S of kind finished product sulfur content 0.015%≤0.020%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 300Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace；
When smelting ＜ S of kind finished product sulfur content 0.012%≤0.015%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 500Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace；
When smelting ＜ S of kind finished product sulfur content 0.005%≤0.012%, the calcareous desulfurization of 800Kg is added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace
Agent；When smelting kind finished product sulfur content S≤0.005%, the calcareous desulfurizing agents of 1000Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace.
4. molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In molten steel sulfur content S ＞ 0.060%,
The calcareous desulfurizing agents of 600-900Kg are added in the molten iron for the process of tapping a blast furnace.
5. molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：In molten steel sulfur content S ＞ 0.060%,
The calcareous desulfurizing agents of 800Kg are added in the molten iron for process of tapping a blast furnace.
6. the molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 2 or 4, it is characterised in that：The speed of molten iron discharging is 17.5-30
Ton/min.
7. molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：When the calcareous desulfurizing agent is added, molten iron
Impacting the calcareous desulfurizing agent melts it.
8. molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Methods described also includes：For granular magnesium
The desulfurization heat that once miss needs are re-blow, 100-150kg lime is added in molten iron, is skimmed.
9. molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Methods described also includes：For iron, slag not
Easily separated, the heat for difficulty of skimming when bright face of skimming for the first time reaches 80-90%, adds 100-150kg lime in molten iron,
Re-blow, skimmed.
10. molten iron pre-desulfurization method according to claim 9, it is characterised in that：It is described re-blow including：Granular magnesium flow is pressed
About 3Kg/min is blown 3~5min.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115386682A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-11-25 | 江苏沙钢集团有限公司 | Two-step deep iron desulphurization device and process method |
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| CN1294200A (en) * | 1999-11-02 | 2001-05-09 | 北京科技大学 | Technology for pretreating molten iron inshallow smelting bath by blowing Mg-base desulfurizing agent |
| CN102094108A (en) * | 2011-03-18 | 2011-06-15 | 通化市通关达环保技术设备有限公司 | Method for realizing deep desulfurization during converter steelmaking through singly-blowing magnesium grain molten iron pretreatment |
| CN102108428A (en) * | 2011-01-17 | 2011-06-29 | 中国恩菲工程技术有限公司 | Refining process of crude nickel iron |
| CN103993118A (en) * | 2014-05-29 | 2014-08-20 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Smelting method of vanadium-containing ilmenite |
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2017
- 2017-05-18 CN CN201710351985.6A patent/CN107034332A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1294200A (en) * | 1999-11-02 | 2001-05-09 | 北京科技大学 | Technology for pretreating molten iron inshallow smelting bath by blowing Mg-base desulfurizing agent |
| CN102108428A (en) * | 2011-01-17 | 2011-06-29 | 中国恩菲工程技术有限公司 | Refining process of crude nickel iron |
| CN102094108A (en) * | 2011-03-18 | 2011-06-15 | 通化市通关达环保技术设备有限公司 | Method for realizing deep desulfurization during converter steelmaking through singly-blowing magnesium grain molten iron pretreatment |
| CN103993118A (en) * | 2014-05-29 | 2014-08-20 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Smelting method of vanadium-containing ilmenite |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115386682A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-11-25 | 江苏沙钢集团有限公司 | Two-step deep iron desulphurization device and process method |
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Application publication date: 20170811 |