CN107031169B - 检验粘结的质量的方法 - Google Patents

检验粘结的质量的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107031169B
CN107031169B CN201611101098.5A CN201611101098A CN107031169B CN 107031169 B CN107031169 B CN 107031169B CN 201611101098 A CN201611101098 A CN 201611101098A CN 107031169 B CN107031169 B CN 107031169B
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composite part
bonding
polymer chains
particles
assembly
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CN107031169A (zh
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M·S·威伦斯基
P·J·克罗瑟斯
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Boeing Co
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Boeing Co
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/82Testing the joint
    • B29C65/8253Testing the joint by the use of waves or particle radiation, e.g. visual examination, scanning electron microscopy, or X-rays
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B41/00Arrangements for controlling or monitoring lamination processes; Safety arrangements
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5007Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like characterised by the structure of said adhesive tape, threads or the like
    • B29C65/5021Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like characterised by the structure of said adhesive tape, threads or the like being multi-layered
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C65/50Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5057Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like positioned between the surfaces to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/45Joining of substantially the whole surface of the articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/832Reciprocating joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/8322Joining or pressing tools reciprocating along one axis
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    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B29C66/7214Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the length of the fibres
    • B29C66/72141Fibres of continuous length
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B29C66/7214Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the length of the fibres
    • B29C66/72143Fibres of discontinuous lengths
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/737General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7375General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/737General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
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    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7394General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset
    • B29C66/73941General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset characterised by the materials of both parts being thermosets
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B29C66/91921Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
    • B29C66/91941Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature in explicit relation to Tg, i.e. the glass transition temperature, of the material of one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B41/00Arrangements for controlling or monitoring lamination processes; Safety arrangements
    • B32B2041/04Detecting wrong registration, misalignment, deviation, failure

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及检验粘结的质量的方法。评估第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间粘结的粘结质量的方法可包括将指示膜粘结到第一复合零件。指示膜可包含以图案排列并且键合到位于粒子区域内的聚合物链的NDI‑可检测粒子。在将指示膜粘结到第一复合零件期间,聚合物链和粒子可以是静止的。方法可另外地包括沿着组装粘结层粘结第一复合零件和第二复合零件,在此期间指示膜中的粒子与聚合物链一起迁移。方法还可包括通过沿着与组装粘结层的平面方向局部正交的方向观察粒子的外观,进行对组装粘结层的NDI‑检查,以及基于平面方向上的粒子密度确定组装粘结层的粘结质量。

Description

检验粘结的质量的方法
技术领域
本公开大体涉及结构组件,并且更具体地,涉及检验复合零件之间的粘结的质量的方法。
背景技术
制造结构组件可涉及沿粘结层将两个或更多的复合零件粘结在一起。对于初级结构,制造过程的一部分可包括在将结构组件投入使用之前验证复合零件之间的粘结的质量。验证粘结质量的过程可包括确定粘结是否是能够承载设计载荷的机械坚固的粘结还是非结构性弱粘结(kissing bond),在非结构性弱粘结中复合零件彼此紧密接触,但是不完全粘结到彼此,使得粘结可不适合承载设计载荷。
非破坏性检查是允许在将结构投入使用之前检查结构的技术。遗憾的是,常规的非破坏性检查技术不能够区分机械坚固的粘结和非结构性的弱粘结。如果结构组件中的粘结质量不能通过非破坏性检查来验证,则可需要在粘结层中安装次级机械紧固件,以确保粘结层能够承载设计载荷。遗憾的是,在粘结层中安装机械紧固件增加了结构组件的成本、重量和制造时间。
破坏性测试可提供用于区分机械坚固的粘结和非结构性的弱粘结的手段。然而,破坏性测试不可用在旨在投入使用的结构上。在一些情况下,可与在用版本并行地制造结构的测试版本,并且测试版本可以被测试为出故障,作为确认在用版本中的粘结是机械坚固的手段。还可通过统计分析来保持质量控制,以确认结构中的粘结是机械坚固的。遗憾的是,统计分析或对结构的测试版本的并行制造和破坏性测试的使用增加了生产程序的成本、复杂性和日程。
可以看出,本领域存在对一种非破坏性地检验复合零件之间的粘结质量的方法的需要。
发明内容
通过本公开具体解决和减轻了与检验复合零件之间的粘结质量相关联的上述需求,本公开提供了一种评估结构组件的第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间粘结的粘结质量的方法。方法可包括将指示膜粘结到第一复合零件。指示膜可包含以图案排列并且键合到位于指示膜的粒子区域内的聚合物链的NDI-可检测粒子。在将指示膜粘结到第一复合零件期间,聚合物链和粒子可以是静止的。方法可另外地包括沿着组装粘结层粘结第一复合零件和第二复合零件,在此期间指示膜中的粒子与聚合物链一起迁移。方法还可包括组装粘结层的NDI-检查,以沿着与组装粘结层的平面方向局部正交的方向观察粒子的外观,以及基于平面方向上的粒子密度确定组装粘结层的粘结质量。
在另外的实施例中,公开了评估第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间粘结的粘结质量的方法。方法可包括将指示膜粘结到第一复合零件,以及将指示膜粘结到第二复合零件。指示膜中的每一个指示膜可由聚合物链组成。另外,指示膜中的每一个可包含以粒子区域的图案排列并且键合到位于粒子区域内的聚合物链的NDI-可检测粒子,以限定标记的聚合物链。在将指示膜粘结到第一复合零件和第二复合零件期间,标记的聚合物链和粒子可以是静止的。方法可另外地包括将第一复合零件配合到第二复合零件,使得指示膜沿着组装粘结层处于彼此接触的关系。另外,方法可包括沿着组装粘结层将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件,在此期间指示膜中的粒子与标记的聚合物链一起迁移。方法可还包括通过沿与组装粘结层的平面方向局部正交的方向观察粒子的外观,使用非破坏性检查(NDI)技术来检查组装粘结层。此外,方法可包括基于平面方向上的粒子密度,确定组装粘结层的粘结质量。
在另外的实施例中,公开了评估第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间粘结的粘结质量的方法。方法可包括将多层式指示膜粘结到第一复合零件。多层式指示膜可包括零件(part)粘合剂层和通过不溶性层熔凝在一起的组装粘合剂层。组装粘合剂层由聚合物链组成并且包含以粒子区域的图案排列的粒子。粒子可键合到位于粒子区域内的聚合物链,以限定标记的聚合物链。粒子可通过非破坏性检查来检测。在将零件粘合剂层粘结到第一复合零件期间,标记的聚合物链和粒子可以是静止的(非迁移的)。方法可还包括将第一复合零件施加到第二复合零件,使得第一复合零件的指示膜的组装粘合剂层沿着组装粘结层与第二复合零件处于接触关系。另外,方法可包括沿着组装粘结层将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件,在此期间,组装粘合剂层中的粒子与标记的聚合物链一起迁移。此外,方法可包括通过沿与组装粘结层的平面方向局部正交的方向观察粒子的外观,使用非破坏性检查(NDI)技术来检查组装粘结层。方法还可包括基于平面方向上的粒子密度,确定组装粘结层的粘结质量。
已经讨论的特征、功能和优点能够在本公开的各种实施例中独立地实现或者可以结合在其它实施例中,参考下面的描述和附图可看出其进一步的细节。
附图说明
参考附图时,本公开的这些和其它特征将变得更明显,其中同样的附图标记始终指同样的零件,并且其中:
图1是包括第一复合零件、第二复合零件和指示膜的结构组件的示例的分解图;
图2是具有排列在以图案形式形成的粒子区域中的粒子的指示膜的示例的顶视图;
图3是沿图2的线3截取的指示膜的剖视图,并且示出键合到指示膜的聚合物链的粒子区域中的粒子,并形成标记的聚合物链;
图4是指示膜和第一复合零件的分解图;
图5是在热和压实压力下指示膜与第一复合零件的粘结的侧视图;
图6是具有粘结到一个侧面的指示膜的第一复合零件的透视图;
图7是第一复合零件和第二复合零件的分解图;
图8是沿在指示膜和第二复合零件之间的界面处的组装粘结层将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件的侧视图;
图9是沿组装粘结层粘结到第二复合零件的第一复合零件的透视图;
图10是结构组件的侧视图,并且示出检查组装粘结层的粘结质量的非破坏性检查(NDI)设备。
图11是具有可被包括在评估第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间粘结的粘结质量的方法中的一个或更多个操作的流程图;
图12是结构组件的组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图,其示出在用于将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件的热循环(例如,加热)之前组装粘结层中的粒子的图案的示例;
图13是沿图12的线13截取的结构组件的剖视图,并且示出在将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件之前指示膜中的粒子的图案;
图14是沿图13的线14截取的组装粘结层的一部分的放大视图,并且示出键合到第一复合零件的第一聚合物链(例如,标记的聚合物链)的粒子区域中的粒子,并且示出第二复合零件的第二聚合物链;
图15是在将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件的过程期间的热循环(例如,加热)期间的图12的组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图;
图16是沿图15的线16截取的剖视图,并且示出粘结过程期间的粒子图案和热应用。
图17是沿图16的线17截取的组装粘结层的一部分的放大视图,并且示出聚合物链在平面方向和全厚度方向上的迁移;
图18是在粘结过程的热循环结束时图12的组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图,并且示出贯穿组装粘结层的平面方向上基本均匀的粒子密度,并且表示机械坚固的粘结;
图19是沿图18的线19截取的剖视图,并且示出贯穿组装粘结层的全厚度方向上基本均匀的粒子密度;
图20是沿图19的线20截取的组装粘结层的一部分的放大视图,并且示出具有第一复合零件的标记的聚合物链的粒子到第二复合零件中的迁移和渗透,以及第二复合零件的聚合物链到第一复合零件中的迁移和渗透。
图21是在热循环结束时组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图,并且示出由原始粒子图案的存在表示的平面方向上非均匀的粒子密度;
图22是沿图21的线22截取的剖视图,并且示出全厚度方向上非均匀的粒子密度;
图23是沿图22的线23截取的组装粘结层的一部分的放大视图,并且示出引起第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间非结构性的弱粘结的聚合物链的不充分的迁移;
图24是在粘结第一复合零件和第二复合零件之前的组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图,并且示出第一复合零件的第一指示膜中的圆形粒子区域的第一图案,以及第二复合零件的第二指示膜中菱形粒子区域的第二图案;
图25是沿图24的线25截取的剖视图,并且示出粘结前的处于接触关系的第一复合零件和第二复合零件的相应的第一指示膜和第二指示膜。
图26是在粘结过程的热循环结束时图24的组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图,并且示出在贯穿组装粘结层的平面方向上基本均匀的粒子密度;
图27是沿图26的线27截取的剖视图,并且示出对于在第一指示膜和第二指示膜中的粒子的全厚度方向上基本均匀的粒子密度;
图28是图24的组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图,其示出由第一图案和第二图案的存在表示的平面方向上非均匀的粒子密度;
图29是沿图28的线29截取的剖视图,并且示出全厚度方向上非均匀的粒子密度;
图30是热循环之前的组装粘结层的另外的示例的DNI图像的顶视图,并且示出第一指示膜中圆形粒子区域的第一图案,以及第二指示膜中条纹状粒子区域的第二图案;
图31是沿图30的线31截取的剖视图,并且示出第一指示膜的粒子区域相对于第二指示膜的粒子区域的位置;
图32是图30的组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图,并且示出由于粒子在第一指示膜和第二指示膜中的均匀分散而在平面方向上的基本均匀的粒子密度;
图33是沿图32的线33截取的剖视图,并且示出全厚度方向上基本均匀的粒子密度;
图34是图30的组装粘结层的NDI图像的顶视图,并且示出由第一图案和第二图案的存在表示的平面方向上非均匀的粒子密度;
图35是沿图34的线35截取的剖视图,并且示出全厚度方向上非均匀的粒子密度;
图36是由第一复合零件和第二复合零件组成的结构组件在图37-39中逐渐示出的粘结过程期间在使用多层式指示膜粘结在一起之前的示例的分解侧视图;
图37是图36的结构组件的侧视图,并且示出将多层式指示膜粘结到第一复合零件;
图38是在粘结到第二复合零件之前粘合到第一复合零件的多层式指示膜的分解图;
图39示出将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件,并且示出了沿着组装粘结层的全厚度方向上基本均匀的粒子密度;
图40是待粘结到相应的第一复合零件和第二复合零件的一对多层式指示膜的分解图,其作为在图41-43中逐渐示出的粘结过程的一部分;
图41是图40的结构组件的侧视图,并且示出将多层式指示膜粘结到第一复合零件和第二复合零件中的每一个复合零件;
图42是粘结在一起之前粘结到第一复合零件和第二复合零件中每一个复合零件的多层式指示膜的分解图;
图43示出沿指示膜之间的组装粘结层将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件,并且还示出全厚度方向上基本均匀的粒子密度;
图44是由粘结到第一复合零件和第二复合零件中每一个复合零件的多层式指示膜组成的结构组件的另外的示例的分解图,并且还示出用于促进多层式指示膜中聚合物链的迁移的中间粘合剂层;
图45是示出将第一复合零件粘结到第二复合零件的图44的结构组件的侧视图,并且示出全厚度方向上基本均匀的粒子密度。
具体实施方式
现在参考附图,其中附图中的示出是为了说明本公开的各种实施例的目的,图1中示出结构组件100的示例的分解图,该结构组件100具有第一复合零件102、第二复合零件104以及插置在第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的指示膜126。第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104可由纤维增强的聚合物基质材料形成。基质材料或树脂可以是热固性基质材料和/或热塑性基质材料。如下面更详细描述的,指示膜126可由非纤维聚合物材料形成,并且包含可使用非破坏性检查(NDI)技术检测的物质(species)或粒子132。指示膜126中的NDI-可检测粒子132以粒子区域134的图案142排列。每个粒子区域134可包含多个粒子132。
图2是粒子区域134的图案142(图1)的示例的顶视图。粒子区域134被没有粒子132的空白区域138隔开。在所示的示例中,每个粒子区域134具有菱形形状。另外,粒子区域134通常彼此对准,并且被均匀地间隔开。然而,如下所示,粒子区域134的图案142可以以各种不同尺寸、形状和配置中的任一个不受限制地被提供。
图3是图2的指示膜126的剖视图。在一些示例中,指示膜126可以以最大至约0.30英寸的厚度被提供。更优选地,指示膜126可以以高达约0.10英寸和小至约0.001英寸(1密耳)的厚度被提供。在指示膜126中,粒子区域134中的粒子132键合到构成指示膜126的聚合物链148。在本公开中,一个或更多个粒子132键合到的聚合物链148可被描述为标记的聚合物链150。如上面所指示的,指示膜126中的粒子132最初限于粒子区域134,并且可键合(例如,共价键合)到位于粒子区域134中的聚合物链148,和/或位于粒子区域134中的聚合物链148的部分。虽然图3示出重叠到粒子区域134和空白区域138中的一些聚合物链148,但是指示膜126可被提供在其中粒子区域134中的聚合物链148不重叠到空白区域138中的布置中,并且/或者反之亦然。
在本公开中,NDI-可检测粒子132用来检验第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的组装粘结层116中的粘结114的质量。就这一点而言,指示膜126中的至少一些聚合物链148在将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102期间不迁移。但是,标记的聚合物链150以及因此的粒子132被配置成在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104期间迁移。因为标记的聚合物链150的NDI-可检测粒子132的迁移仅发生在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104期间,在完成粘结过程之后,图案142的外观的NDI-可检测的变化能够用来确认机械坚固的粘结122已经在第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间形成。
例如,组装粘结层116(图10)的NDI-成像可以显示出组装粘结层116的平面方向110(例如,图1中的参考坐标系108的xy-方向)上的基本均匀的粒子密度,其可与跨越第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的界面的全厚度方向112(例如,图1中的参考坐标系108的z-方向)上的聚合物链148的迁移相关。就这一点而言,在组装粘结层116的平面方向110上基本均匀的粒子密度(例如,图18)可指示机械坚固的粘结122(例如,图20)已经在第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间形成。相比之下,显示粒子区域134的原始图案142(例如,图21)的外观的组装粘结层116的NDI-成像可指示聚合物链148的不充分的迁移已经在平面方向110上发生。聚合物链148沿平面方向110的不充分的迁移可对应于聚合物链148在全厚度方向112上的不充分的迁移,并且这可指示低强度或非结构性弱粘结124(例如,图23)已经在第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间形成。
图4是粘结前的指示膜126和第一复合零件102的分解图。图5示出在粘结到第一复合零件102期间指示膜126的侧视图。可施加热176和/或压实压力178以促进粘结过程。如下面更详细描述的,在将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102之前,第一复合零件102可以是未固化的。例如,第一复合零件102可由一个或更多个预浸料复合铺层形成。施加热176和/压实压力178可促进未固化的复合铺层的固结和固化,同时将指示膜126共粘结到第一复合零件102。另选地,第一复合零件102可被提供为指示膜126可粘结到其上的固化的复合零件。图6是具有粘结到一个侧面的指示膜126的第一复合零件102的透视图。
图7示出组装前的第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104。第二复合零件104可由固化的或未固化的复合材料形成。第一复合零件102可沿组装粘结层116与第二复合零件104一起被组装,如图8中所示。在图8中,第一复合零件102可沿在指示膜126和第二复合零件104之间的界面处的组装粘结层116被粘结到第二复合零件104。热176可被施加以引发或促进粘结过程,并且可促进聚合物链148跨越第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的界面迁移。
图9示出沿组装粘结层116粘结到第二复合零件104的第一复合零件102。组装粘结层116可以由第一复合零件102的第一粘结层部分118和第二复合零件104的第二粘结层部分120组成。粘结层部分可被描述为复合零件包含在粘结过程期间至少部分地迁移跨越第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的界面的聚合物链148的部分。尽管在相对简单的正交形状的第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104的上下文中描述和示出了当前公开的方法,但是该方法可被实施用于无限制地检验在任何尺寸、形状和配置的两个或更多个复合零件之间的组装粘结层116中的粘结质量。
图10是结构组件100和使用NDI设备168的组装粘结层116的非破坏性检查(NDI)的示例的侧视图。有利地,在本公开中,NDI设备168可被配置成通过产生沿着与组装粘结层116局部正交的方向取得的组装粘结层116的图像来检查组装粘结层116。尽管本公开中的组装粘结层116被示为大体上平面的,但是组装粘结层116可沿组装粘结层116的任何或所有部分在任何方向上成波状外形的。例如,组装粘结层116可具有简单的二维曲率,并且/或者组装粘结层116可具有沿组装粘结层116的任何或所有部分的复杂的或三维曲率。有利地,沿着局部法线方向对组装粘结层116进行成像的能力显著地简化了检查过程。另外,只要NDI设备168可被取向使得成像方向172被取向成与组装粘结层116基本上局部地正交,就能够检查任何尺寸、形状和配置的结构组件。例如,成像方向172可被取向在组装粘结层116的局部法线(未示出)的大约20度内。
如下所述,NDI设备168(图10)可耦接到信号处理器170。信号处理器170可接收来自NDI设备168的信号。该信号可表示在检查(例如,成像)结构组件100的组装粘结层116期间由NDI设备168产生的NDI图像。信号处理器170可被配置成分析NDI图像,并且基于NDI图像的外观来确定第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的粘结质量。例如,通过测量粒子密度在平面方向110上跨越组装粘结层116的变化的程度,并且将平面内粒子密度的变化与预定的变化阈值进行比较,可确定粘结质量。另外,通过将结构组件100的组装粘结层116的面内粒子密度与参考标准(未示出)的组装粘结层116的面内粒子密度进行比较,可确定粘结质量以表示机械坚固的粘结122,对于参考标准,聚合物链148的平面方向110上的迁移已经与已经确定的(例如,通过实验室测试)聚合物链148的全厚度方向112(例如,z-方向)上的迁移的最小水平相关。
现在参考图11,其示出具有可被包括在评估或检验结构组件100的第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的组装粘结层116的粘结质量的方法的示例中的一个或更多个操作的流程图。参考图1-图10和图12-图45描述图11的方法。
方法200的步骤202可包括将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102,如上面参考图4-图6所述。粘结指示膜126的过程可包括将指示膜126定位在第一复合零件102上,第一复合零件102可被配置为未固化的复合铺层的层压片或固化的复合铺层的层压片。在一些示例中,指示膜126可至少部分地由热塑性材料组成。但是,在其它示例中,指示膜126可以是热塑性材料和热固性材料的共混物。在另外的示例中,指示膜126可由热固性材料组成。第一复合零件102可被形成为包含至少一个预浸料复合铺层106的预浸料复合层压片。预浸料复合铺层可包含连续的增强纤维(未示出),其可以以单向排列、双向排列或其它多向排列被提供。在其它示例中,第一复合零件102可被形成为干纤维预成型件(未示出),所述干纤维预成型件被配置成使用多种树脂灌注工艺中的任何一种被灌注树脂,所述多种树脂灌注工艺包括但不限于树脂传递模制(RTM)、树脂膜灌注(RFI)和其它树脂灌注方法。干纤维预成型件可以是具有短的、短切纤维的干纤维毡,或者干纤维预成型件可包含可以是单向的、双向的或其它连续的纤维形式的一个或更多个干纤维铺层。
如上所述,指示膜126可由一种或更多种类型的聚合物链148组成,并且可包含以图12-13所示的粒子区域134的图案142排列的粒子132。粒子132可通过共价键、离子键、氢键和/或其它键合机制被键合到聚合物链148(例如,形成标记的聚合物链150)。在其它示例中,粒子132可以被包埋在热塑性塑料的基质中,并且可以与限定热塑性基质的聚合物链148一起移动或迁移。
在共价键合的一个示例中,粒子132可被提供为纳米粒子,其使用硅烷偶联剂(未示出)共价键合到聚合物链148。例如,硅烷偶联剂可以被配置成与纳米粒子上的氧化物反应并键合,并且硅烷偶联剂的功能化端可以与聚合物链148反应并键合。在其它例示中,硅烷偶联剂可键合到聚合物链148。硅烷偶联剂的硅可用作NDI-可检测的粒子。在这一点而言,硅可用作可由NDI检测的高-Z材料。高-Z材料可被描述为在原子核(nucleus)中具有相对大量的质子(例如,大于20)。硅烷偶联剂的活性端可被诸如用另一种高-Z材料封端。
指示膜126可包含一种或更多种类型的粒子132,粒子132可键合到聚合物链148,并且可提供用于在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104期间或作为其结果来跟踪或确定聚合物链148的迁移的手段。例如,粒子132可被提供为磁性纳米粒子(如上所述的高-Z粒子132),并且可由氧化铁、金、镍、钴和/或硅组成。然而,粒子132可被提供为可与组装粘结层116中的活性物质(例如,聚合物链148)一起迁移的任何类型的可检测组分。如上面所指示的,粒子132可以共价键合到构成指示膜126的粘合剂材料的聚合物链148。另选地,如果粒子132没有共价键合到粘合剂材料的聚合物链148,则粒子132可被配置使得粒子132的迁移率等于或小于指示膜126中聚合物链148的迁移率。
如上面所指示的,粒子区域134可以以各种不同的尺寸、形状和配置中的任一种被提供。例如,指示膜126可包括以类似于图2中所示的排列的棋盘图案被配置的粒子区域134的图案142。单个粒子区域134的形状可包括圆形(例如,图12)、正方形、菱形、矩形、三角形、多边形、星形、月牙形,直条纹(例如,图30)、弯曲条纹或以各种其它形状中的任何一种。在一些示例中,粒子区域132可具有在几纳米(例如,至少三纳米)至高达几百微米(例如,高达800μm或约30密耳)的范围内的面内宽度136。在其它示例中,面内宽度136可以高达几千微米(例如,高达2500μm)。在另外的示例中,面内宽度136可与粘合剂层厚度一样大。在本公开中,粒子区域134的面内宽度136可以被描述为粒子区域134在平面方向110上的最大宽度或最大尺寸。粒子区域134可包含键合到聚合物链的单个粒子,或者粒子区域134可包含键合到一个或更多个聚合物链148的多个粒子132。
指示膜126中的粒子区域134可通过没有粒子132的空白区域138与邻近的粒子区域134分离(例如,在平面方向110上)。相邻近的粒子区域134之间的距离也可以区域间隔140的形式进行描述。在一些示例中,指示膜126可包括粒子区域134的图案142,其具有在几纳米到粘合剂层厚度的范围内的平均区域间隔140。在其它示例中,指示膜126可被提供具有区域间隔140,该区域间隔140不大于在将第一复合零件102(例如,指示膜)粘结到第二复合零件104的过程期间键合到聚合物链148的粒子在平面方向110上移动(例如,迁移)的平均距离的两倍。键合到聚合物链148的粒子在平面方向110上移动的平均距离可通过实验室测试来确定,并且可与聚合物链148在全厚度方向112(例如,z-方向)上最小水平的移动相关,其导致区别于上述的非结构性弱粘结124(图23)的机械坚固的粘结122。
如上面所指示的,指示膜126中的NDI-可检测粒子132可用作用于检测、观察和/或测量粒子132粘结到的聚合物链148的迁移的记号或标记。由于在第一复合零件102的聚合物链148的存在下指示膜126的聚合物链148的不混溶性,聚合物链148和粒子132可在将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102期间保持静止(例如,非迁移)。但是,指示膜126可包含其它类型的聚合物链148,其它类型的聚合物链148可与第一复合零件102的聚合物链148键合,以将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102。
图11的方法200的步骤204可包括将第一复合零件102施加(例如,组装,配合)到第二复合零件104,使得第一复合零件102的指示膜126沿组装粘结层116与第二复合零件104处于接触关系,如图7-图8中所示。图12是结构组件100的组装粘结层116的NDI图像的顶视图,其示出在热循环(例如,加热)和将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104之前的圆形粒子区域134的图案142的示例。图13是图14的结构组件100的剖视图,其示出在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104之前指示膜126中的粒子132的图案142。图14是图13的组装粘结层116的一部分的放大视图,其以简化图示方式示出耦接到可构成指示膜126的几条聚合物链148的粒子132。图14中还示出了可构成第二复合零件104的几条聚合物链148。
方法200的步骤206可包括沿组装粘结层116将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104,以形成结构组件100。图15是在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104的过程期间图12的组装粘结层116的NDI图像的顶视图。图16是图15的剖视图,其示出指示膜126中的粒子132的图案142。图15-图16示出了将热176施加到结构组件100以将组装粘结层116的温度升高到粘结温度,其可不同于(例如,高于)指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102(例如,图5)所处的温度。如下面所讨论的,粘结期间的较高温度可促进聚合物链148、150的迁移。
图17是图16的组装粘结层116的一部分的放大视图,其示出聚合物链148在组合的平面方向110和全厚度方向112上的迁移。可以看出,由于指示膜126的聚合物链148、150和第二复合零件104的聚合物链148的混溶性,指示膜126中的粒子132在粘结过程期间与标记的聚合物链150一起迁移。在本公开中,混溶性可描述为由聚合物链148之间的亲和力或吸引力导致的聚合物链148的混合倾向。由于在彼此存在时朝向彼此的亲和力,混溶性可导致聚合物链148、150或聚合物链148、150的部分的移动或迁移。通过至少沿着组装粘结层116增加第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104的温度(例如,高达玻璃化转变温度),可发起、促进或增强聚合物链148的运动。例如,由于第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104内粘度的降低和/或布朗运动的增加,升高组装粘结层116中的温度可促进第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104中的聚合物链148的混合。
方法200的步骤208可包括使用NDI技术检查结构组件100的组装粘结层116。例如,如上面所指示的,并且如图10中所示,NDI设备168可被配置成沿着与组装粘结层116局部正交的方向检查第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的组装粘结层116。NDI设备168可被配置成在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104之后,沿着组装粘结层116的平面方向110对粒子132的分布进行观察和/或成像。如上面所指示的,方法200可包括使用包括但不限于涡流测试的多种NDI检查技术中的任何一种,以及/或者在其中指示膜126中的粒子132是铁、镍、钴和其它合金的情况下使用磁性粒子检查,对组装粘结层116进行成像。另选地,NDI检查技术可包括热成像、彩色x射线、计算机断层扫描和其它检查技术。方法可包括在对组装粘结层116成像时沿与组装粘结层116的局部平面平行的横向方向174移动NDI设备168(图10)。
方法200的步骤210可包括基于当沿着与组装粘结层116正交的方向观察时粒子132的外观,确定第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间粘结的粘结质量。粘结质量的确定可基于在平面方向110上的跨越组装粘结层116的粒子密度的均匀程度。粒子132在平面方向110上的移动可对应于或可指示粒子132在全厚度方向112上的移动。方法可包括使粒子132在平面方向110上的移动与粒子132在全厚度方向112上的移动相关联,诸如在实验室设置中。例如,实验室测试可确定跨越组装粘结层116的面内粒子密度的不大于约20%的变化提供了机械坚固的粘结122。
在另一个示例中,方法可包括将结构组件100的组装粘结层116的图像中的面内粒子密度的均匀性(例如,在平面方向110上)与结构组件100的参考标准(未示出)的组装粘结层116的参考图像(未示出)的面内粒子密度进行比较。这样的参考标准可以与结构组件100的制造并行制造,并且可被验证,用于指示膜126的标记的聚合物链150与第二复合零件104的聚合物链148在全厚度方向112上(例如,z-方向)的迁移和键合。参考标准可表示标记的聚合物链150在全厚度方向112上移动(例如,迁移)的最小距离,这导致标记的聚合物链150与第二复合零件104的聚合物链148的键合,以产生满足对于强度、刚度(例如,模量)和/或韧性的预定标准的高质量的粘结。在一个示例中,通过参考标准的破坏性检查(例如,通过切片和电子显微镜)可执行机械坚固的粘结122(例如,高质量粘结)所需要的聚合物链148的最小的全厚度移动的确定。
图18是在粘结过程的热循环结束时图12的组装粘结层116的NDI图像的顶视图,其示出在平面方向110上(图20)贯穿组装粘结层116的基本均匀的粒子密度,并且表示机械坚固的粘结122。图19是图18的剖视图,其示出贯穿组装粘结层116在全厚度方向112上(图20)基本均匀的粒子密度。组装粘结层116由第一复合零件102的第一粘结层部分118和第二复合零件104的第二粘结层部分120组成。第一粘结层部分118可至少部分地由先前粘结到第一复合零件102的指示膜126组成。第二粘结层部分可以是第二复合零件104的外层或部分。图20示出具有第一复合零件102的标记的聚合物链150的粒子132到第二复合零件104中的迁移。另外,示出了第二复合零件104的聚合物链148到第一复合零件102中的迁移。聚合物链148穿过第一合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的界面的交叉迁移和耦结导致沿着组装粘结层116的机械坚固的粘结122。
图21是组装粘结层116的NDI图像的顶视图,其示出由原始粒子图案142的存在表示的平面方向110上非均匀的粒子密度。非均匀的粒子密度可以是粒子132的非均匀分散的结果,并且可由不充分的热循环、第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104的污染表面和/或其它因素引起。图22是图21的剖视图,并且示出组装粘结层116在全厚度方向112上(图20)非均匀的粒子密度。图23是图22的组装粘结层116的一部分的放大视图,并且示出跨越第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的界面的聚合物链148的不充分的迁移。聚合物链148在全厚度方向112上的充分迁移的缺乏可以通过与平面方向110上的非均匀粒子密度的相关性来确定,并且可表示第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间的非结构性弱粘结124。
图24是在热循环(例如,粘结)之前的第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104的组装粘结层116的另外的示例的NDI图像的顶视图。在所示的示例中,复合零件中的每一个复合零件包括指示膜126。例如,第一复合零件102包括具有圆形粒子区域134的第一图案144的第一指示膜128,并且第二复合零件104包括具有菱形粒子区域134的第二图案146的第二指示膜130。图25是图24的结构组件100的剖视图,其示出粘结前沿第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104的相应的第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130之间的界面的接触。第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130的粒子区域134的形状的差异可在NDI图像中提供附加的对比度,以增强或促进粒子132和粒子132键合到的聚合物链148的迁移的检测。
在其中结构组件100包括两个指示膜的示例中,将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102的上述步骤包括将第一指示膜128粘结到第一复合零件102(例如,图5),以及将第二指示膜130单独地粘结到第二复合零件104。方法可包括将第一复合零件102施加(例如,组装或配合)到第二复合零件104,使得相应的第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130沿着组装粘结层116处于彼此接触的关系。方法可另外地包括沿组装粘结层116将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104,诸如通过将热176施加到结构组件100。在粘结过程期间,由于第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130中聚合物链148的混溶性,在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104期间,第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130中的粒子132可与相应的标记的聚合物链150一起迁移。
图26是在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104之后图24的组装粘结层116的NDI图像的顶视图,其示出贯穿组装粘结层116的平面方向110上基本均匀的粒子密度。图27是图26的结构组件100的剖视图,其示出第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130中的粒子132在全厚度方向112(例如,z-方向)上的对应的基本均匀的粒子密度,并且指示第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104的聚合物链148的充分的迁移和耦接的发生,导致机械坚固的粘结122。相比之下,图28示出由第一图案144和第二图案146的存在表示的平面方向110上非均匀的粒子密度。图29是图28的剖视图,其示出在全厚度方向112上非均匀的粒子密度,并且其可表示如上所述的非结构性弱粘结124(图23)。
图30是在热循环(例如,粘结)之前通过将第一复合零件102的第一指示膜128施加到第二复合零件104的第二指示膜130形成的组装粘结层116的另外的示例的NDI图像的顶视图。第一指示膜128包括圆形粒子区域134的第一图案144,并且第二指示膜130包括条纹粒子区域134的第二图案146。如上面所指示的,相应的第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130中的粒子区域134可以以各种不同的尺寸、形状和配置中的任一种被提供,以提供附加的对比度,从而增强NDI成像。图31是图30剖视图,其示出第一指示膜128的粒子区域134相对于第二指示膜130的粒子区域134的位置。图32示出在第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130中的粒子132在平面方向110上基本均匀的粒子密度,并且其可对应于如图33中所示的全厚度方向112上基本均匀的粒子密度,表示聚合物链148在全厚度方向112上跨越界面的充分迁移,以形成机械坚固的粘结122(例如,高质量粘结)。图34是图30的组装粘结层116的NDI图像的顶视图,其示出由第一图案144和第二图案146的存在表示的平面方向110上的非均匀粒子密度,并且其可与如图35中所示的聚合物链148在全厚度方向112上不充分的迁移相关,并且导致非结构性弱粘结124(图23)。
图36是在图37-39中逐渐示出的粘结过程期间,由待使用多层式指示膜152粘结在一起的第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104组成的结构组件100的示例的分解侧视图。多层式指示膜152可包括通过不溶性层156熔凝在一起的零件粘合剂层154和组装粘合剂层158。组装粘合剂层158可包含排列在包含标记的聚合物链150的粒子区域134中的粒子132。如上面所指示的,标记的聚合物链148包含粒子132所键合到的聚合物链148。对于使用多层式指示膜152的结构组件,将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102的上述步骤202可包括沿着部分粘结层160将零件粘合剂层154粘结到第一复合零件102,如图37中所示。
在一些情况下,第一复合零件102可由未固化的复合材料(例如,绿色复合材料),诸如由未固化的预浸料复合铺层形成的层压片组成。零件粘合剂层154可由可溶解于第一复合零件102中的热塑性材料形成,以促进零件粘合剂层154和第一复合零件102之间的粘结。例如,零件粘合剂层154可以是诸如聚醚砜(PES)或聚苯砜(PPSu)的砜。不溶性层156可以是具有期望的机械和/或环境特性(诸如相对高的模量、强度、韧性和/或耐溶剂性的不溶性热塑性层。用于不溶性层156的示例材料包括但不限于聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酮酮(PEKK)、聚醚酮(PEK),以及PEEK、PEKK或PEK与高性能砜的共混物。在第一复合零件102的固化期间,零件粘合剂层154可扩散到第一复合零件102中,从而形成不溶性层156和第一复合零件102之间强固的粘结。图38示出在将第一复合零件102施加到第二复合零件104用于粘结之前粘结到第一复合零件102的多层式指示膜152。
将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104的上述步骤206可包括将组装粘合剂层158粘结到第二复合零件104,如图39中所示。当第一复合零件102放置成与第二复合零件104接触时,不同层中的材料的混溶性可引起第一粘结层部分118(由组装粘合剂层158组成)和第二复合零件104的第二粘结层部分120中的聚合物链148(例如,热塑性链)的迁移。热循环可被施加到结构组件100以降低材料的粘度,从而促进粘结过程,并且/或者促进第一复合零件102的组装粘合剂层158(包括标记的聚合物链150)的聚合物链148和第二复合零件104的聚合物链148的迁移和分散。虽然未示出,但是由于第一指示膜128和第二指示膜130的粒子132和相关联的聚合物链148的迁移,图39的结构组件100的组装粘接层116的NDI图像(例如,参见图32)可显示平面方向110上基本均匀的粒子密度,并且其可对应于在全厚度方向112上的基本均匀的粒子密度,如图39中所示。
图40是在图41-图43中逐渐示出的粘结过程期间待粘结到相应的第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104的一对多层式指示膜152的分解图。如上面所指示的,多层式指示膜152中的每一个多层式指示膜可包括通过不溶性层156熔凝在一起的零件粘合剂层154和组装粘合剂层158。在图40-图43中多层式指示膜152的一个或两个中,零件粘合剂层154可包括排列在以图案142形成的粒子区域134中的粒子132。粒子132的图案142可促进零件粘合剂层154和第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104之间的粘结质量的确定。如上面所指示的,粒子132键合到聚合物链148,并且限定标记的聚合物链150。
参考图41,当零件粘合剂层154被放置成与第一复合零件102或第二复合零件104接触时,零件粘合剂层154中的聚合物链148(包括标记的聚合物链150)与第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104的聚合物链148之间的混溶性参数促进这种聚合物链148、150的迁移。施加热176还可以促进聚合物链148、150的迁移。图41示出在将多层式指示膜152粘结到第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104中的每一个复合零件之后,部分粘结层160在全厚度方向112(例如,z-方向)上的基本均匀的粒子密度。将零件粘合剂层154粘结到第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104的上述步骤可以包括使用NDI设备168来检查部分粘结层160,以沿着与平面方向110局部正交的方向观察部分粘结层160中的粒子132的外观。该方法可另外地包括以类似于上述组装粘结层116的NDI-检查的方式,基于在平面方向110上贯穿部分粘接层160的粒子密度的均匀性,确定部分粘结层160中每一个中的粘结质量。
图42示出在将第一复合零件102与第二复合零件104组装之前粘结到第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104中的每一个的多层式指示膜152。将第一复合零件102施加到第二复合零件104的上述步骤204可包括将第一复合零件102的多层式指示膜152的组装粘合剂层158放置成与第二复合零件104的多层式指示膜152的组装粘合剂层158处于接触关系。沿着组装粘结层116将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104的上述步骤206可涉及由于溶混性参数和/或可在粘结过程期间施加到组件的热176而在组装粘合剂层158的每一个中的标记的聚合物链150的移动(例如,迁移)。图43示出了沿着指示膜126之间的组装粘结层116粘结到第二复合零件104的第一复合零件102,并且进一步示出由于相邻的组装粘合剂层158的聚合物链148的充分的交叉迁移而在全厚度方向112上的基本均匀的粒子密度。
在另外的实施例中,第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104的多层式指示膜152可被配置为双组分粘合剂(two-part adhesive)系统。例如,第一复合零件102的多层式指示膜152的组装粘合剂层158可具有第一粘合剂组分162(图42),并且第二复合零件104的多层式指示膜152的组装粘合剂层158可具有第二粘合剂组分164(图42)。当第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104的组装粘合剂层158彼此接触时,第一粘合剂组分162可与第二粘合剂组分164反应,促进聚合物链148、150跨越组装粘合剂层158之间的界面的迁移,并且促进机械坚固的粘结122(例如,高质量的粘结)的形成。第一粘合剂组分162和/或第二粘合剂组分164可包括含有标记的聚合物链150的粒子区域134的图案142。将第一复合零件102组装和粘结到第二复合零件104的上述步骤可引起第一粘合剂组分162和第二粘合剂组分164的混合,并且导致标记的聚合物链150和NDI-可检测粒子132的移动或迁移,以促进组装粘合层116的NDI-成像,从而检验粘结质量。
图44是结构组件100的另外的示例的分解图,该结构组件100包括以上面参照图40-图43描述的方式粘结到第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104中每一个的多层式指示膜152。图44中所示的示例还包括被定位在第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104的多层式指示膜152之间的中间粘合剂层166。在图11的目前公开的方法200中,将第一复合零件102施加到第二复合零件104的上述步骤204可包括将中间粘合剂层166放置在第一复合零件102的指示膜126和第二复合零件104的指示膜126之间,如图44中所示。沿着组装粘结层116将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104的上述步骤206可包括使用中间粘合剂层166,以促进第一复合零件102的指示膜126的组装粘合剂层158中的聚合物链148和第二复合零件104的指示膜126的组装粘合剂层158中的聚合物链148的迁移,这是由于中间粘合剂层166的聚合物链148的溶混性。
图45是图44的结构组件100的侧视图,并且示出了在用于将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104的适当的热循环期间热176的施加。另外示出了由于聚合物链148的迁移引起的全厚度方向112上的基本均匀的粒子密度,其可通过组装粘结层116的NDI-检查(例如参见图18)确定,以显示粒子132在平面方向110上基本均匀的分布,并且其可指示第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104之间机械坚固的粘结122。在一些示例中,中间粘合剂层166可具有改善使第一复合零件102与第二复合零件104接合的组装粘结层116的特性的材料成分。例如,中间粘合剂层166可被配置成增加或改善组装粘结层116的强度、模量、韧性和/或耐溶剂性特性。
在本文公开的方法的示例中的任何一个中,第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104可以以热固性塑料和热塑性塑料的不同材料组合被提供。例如,第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104可都是热固性塑料。另选地,第一复合零件102和第二复合零件104可都由热塑性塑料制成。在另外的示例中,第一复合零件102可以是热固性塑料,而第二复合零件104可以是热塑性塑料,或者反之亦然。另外,如上面所指示的,在将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件之前,第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104可被提供为未固化的复合材料。例如,第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104可被提供为预浸料复合层压片或被提供为干纤维预成型件,该干纤维预成型件被配置成在将指示膜126粘合到第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104之前或期间被灌注树脂。
在其中第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104是未固化复合材料的布置中,将指示膜126粘结到第一复合零件102或第二复合零件104的步骤202可包括固化第一复合零件102或第二复合零件104。另选地,第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104可在将指示膜126粘结到其之前被固化。在另外的示例中,在将第一复合零件102粘结到第二复合零件104之前,第一复合零件102和/或第二复合零件104可以是未固化的。
本公开的另外的修改和改进对于本领域普通技术人员来说可以是显而易见的。因此,本文描述和示出的零件的特定组合旨在仅仅表示本公开的某些实施例,并且不旨在用作在本公开的精神和范围内的替代实施例或设备的限制。

Claims (24)

1.一种评估结构组件的第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间粘结的粘结质量的方法,其包括以下步骤:
将指示膜粘结到第一复合零件,所述指示膜由聚合物链组成并且包含以粒子区域的图案排列的粒子,所述粒子键合到位于所述粒子区域内的所述聚合物链以限定标记的聚合物链,并且可通过非破坏性检查来检测,所述标记的聚合物链和粒子在将所述指示膜粘结到所述第一复合零件期间是静止的;
沿着组装粘结层将所述第一复合零件施加到第二复合零件;
沿着所述组装粘结层将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件,在此期间所述指示膜中的所述粒子与所述标记的聚合物链一起迁移;
使用非破坏性检查(NDI)技术通过沿与所述组装粘结层的平面方向基本上局部正交的方向观察所述粒子的外观来检查所述组装粘结层;以及
基于所述平面方向上的粒子密度,确定所述组装粘结层的粘结质量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中确定所述组装粘结层中的所述粘结质量的步骤包括:
测量所述组装粘结层的粒子密度在平面方向上的变化。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中确定所述组装粘结层中的所述粘结质量的步骤包括:
将所述结构组件的所述组装粘结层的NDI图像与所述结构组件的参考标准的组装粘结层的参考图像进行比较。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中使用NDI技术检查所述组装粘结层的步骤包括:
使用涡流测试、磁粉检查、热成像、彩色x射线和计算机断层摄影术中的至少一种对所述组装粘结层进行成像。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中将所述指示膜粘结到所述第一复合零件的步骤包括将第一指示膜粘结到所述第一复合零件,所述第一指示膜包含以第一图案排列的粒子,所述方法还包括:
将第二指示膜粘结到所述第二复合零件,所述第二指示膜具有与所述第一指示膜中的所述第一图案不同的第二图案;
将所述第一复合零件施加到所述第二复合零件,使得所述相应的第一指示膜和所述第二指示膜沿着所述组装粘结层处于彼此接触的关系;以及
沿着所述组装粘结层将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件,由于所述第一指示膜和所述第二指示膜中的所述聚合物链的混溶性,在将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件期间,所述第一指示膜和所述第二指示膜中的所述粒子与所述标记的聚合物链一起迁移。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括:
在将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件期间,加热所述组装粘结层。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
所述第一复合零件在粘结到所述指示膜之前是未固化的;并且
将所述指示膜粘结到所述第一复合零件的步骤包括在将所述指示膜粘结到所述第一复合零件的同时固化所述第一复合零件。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
在将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件之前,所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件中的至少一个是未固化的。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在粘结到指示膜之前和粘结到彼此之前,所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件中的至少一个具有以下初始配置中的一个:
预浸料复合层压片,其包含至少一个预浸料复合铺层;以及
干纤维预成型件,其被配置成被灌注树脂。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件具有以下材料组合中的一个:
所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件都是热固性塑料;
所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件都是热塑性塑料;以及
所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件中的一个是热固性塑料,并且所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件中的剩余的一个是热塑性塑料。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
所述指示膜至少部分地由热塑性材料组成。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
通过共价键、离子键和氢键中的至少一个,所述粒子键合到所述聚合物链。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
所述粒子是使用硅烷偶联剂而共价键合到所述聚合物链的纳米粒子。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
所述粒子是下列项中的至少一个:磁性纳米粒子,由包含氧化铁、金、镍、钴和硅中的至少一种的高-Z材料形成的粒子。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
所述图案中的所述粒子被排列在具有下列形状中的至少一个形状的粒子区域中:圆形、多边形、星形、月牙形、直条纹和弯曲条纹。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述多边形包括正方形、矩形、三角形。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
粒子区域具有高达所述指示膜的厚度的几纳米的面内宽度。
18.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中:
所述粒子区域与邻近的粒子区域以高达所述指示膜的厚度的几纳米的范围内的区域间隔隔开。
19.一种评估结构组件的第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间粘结的粘结质量的方法,其包括以下步骤:
将指示膜粘结到第一复合零件和第二复合零件中的每一个复合零件,每个指示膜由聚合物链组成并且包含以粒子区域的图案排列的粒子,所述粒子键合到位于所述粒子区域内的所述聚合物链以限定标记的聚合物链,并且可通过非破坏性检查来检测,所述标记的聚合物链和粒子在将所述指示膜粘结到相应的所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件期间是静止的;
将所述第一复合零件施加到所述第二复合零件,使得所述指示膜沿着组装粘结层处于彼此接触的关系;
沿着所述组装粘结层将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件,在此期间所述指示膜中的所述粒子与所述标记的聚合物链一起迁移;
使用非破坏性检查(NDI)技术通过沿与所述组装粘结层的平面方向基本上局部正交的方向观察所述粒子的外观来检查所述组装粘结层;以及
基于所述平面方向上的粒子密度,确定所述组装粘结层的所述粘结质量。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中:
所述第一复合零件的所述指示膜具有第一粘合剂组分;
所述第二复合零件的所述指示膜具有第二粘合剂组分,使得所述指示膜形成双组分粘合剂;并且
将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件的所述步骤导致所述第一粘合剂组分和所述第二粘合剂组分的混合,并且导致所述标记的聚合物链和随其的粒子移动。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中:
将所述第一复合零件施加到所述第二复合零件的步骤包括在所述第一复合零件的所述指示膜和所述第二复合零件的所述指示膜之间放置中间粘合剂层;并且
沿着所述组装粘结层将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件的步骤包括使用所述中间粘合剂层促进所述第一复合零件和所述第二复合零件的所述指示膜的所述聚合物链的移动,这是由于所述中间粘合剂层的所述聚合物链与所述指示膜的所述标记的聚合物链的混溶性。
22.一种评估结构组件的第一复合零件和第二复合零件之间粘结的粘结质量的方法,其包括以下步骤:
将多层式指示膜粘结到第一复合零件,所述多层式指示膜具有通过不溶性层熔凝在一起的零件粘合剂层和组装粘合剂层,所述组装粘合剂层由聚合物链组成并且包含以粒子区域的图案排列的粒子,所述粒子键合到位于所述粒子区域内的所述聚合物链以限定标记的聚合物链,并且可通过非破坏性检查来检测,所述标记的聚合物链和粒子在将所述零件粘合剂层粘结到所述第一复合零件期间是静止的;
将所述第一复合零件施加到第二复合零件,使得所述第一复合零件的所述指示膜的所述组装粘合剂层沿着组装粘结层与所述第二复合零件处于接触关系;
沿着所述组装粘结层将所述第一复合零件粘结到所述第二复合零件,在此期间所述组装粘合剂层中的所述粒子与所述标记的聚合物链一起迁移;
使用非破坏性检查(NDI)技术通过沿与所述组装粘结层的平面方向基本上局部正交的方向观察所述粒子的外观来检查所述组装粘结层;以及
基于所述平面方向上的粒子密度,确定所述组装粘结层的所述粘结质量。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中:
所述第一复合零件由未固化的复合材料组成;并且
所述零件粘合剂层由可溶于所述第一复合零件中的热塑性材料形成。
24.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述零件粘合剂层包含排列在粒子区域中的粒子,所述粒子区域以图案形式形成,并且限定与所述第一复合零件的所述聚合物链可溶混的标记的聚合物链,将所述零件粘合剂层粘结到所述第一复合零件的步骤包括:
在将所述零件粘合剂层粘结到所述第一复合零件之后,使用NDI技术检查部分粘结层,以观察所述粒子的外观;以及
基于在平面方向上的贯穿所述部分粘结层的粒子密度,确定所述部分粘结层中的所述粘结质量。
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