CN106993630A - 一种土传类病虫害防治试剂及应用 - Google Patents
一种土传类病虫害防治试剂及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种土传类病虫害防治试剂及应用。本发明试剂包括杀虫剂、玉米秸秆粉、细沙以及水,所述杀虫剂包括巴雅尔‑根无线颗粒剂以及1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂;其中,若所述杀虫剂为巴雅尔‑根无线颗粒剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:0.8~2.0份巴雅尔‑根无线颗粒剂、0.8~2.0份玉米秸秆粉、14.0~34.0份细沙、1.7~4.0份水;若所述杀虫剂为1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:0.8~2.0份1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂、12.0~30.0份玉米秸秆粉、220.0~500.0份细沙、27.0~60.0份水。本发明用于番茄根线虫病防治,具有环保、无污染、无副作用、药效持久等特点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业技术领域,尤其涉及一种土传类病虫害防治试剂及应用。
背景技术
土传类病虫害是一类最难防治的病虫害,土壤既是它们的生活场所,也是它们的繁殖场所,更是它们的越冬场所,它们以土壤为保护介质,隐蔽性发生、潜藏性活动、钻蛀性为害,给防治带来极大困难,再加传统药剂防治法降效快,持效期短,使防治效果较低。
根结线虫是土传类病虫害的典型代表,它既具有病害的性质,也具有虫害的某些特性。土壤既是根结线虫病初侵染的主要来源,又是根结线虫病再侵染的主要阵地,也是越冬、繁殖、生长发育、危害的主要场所。
传统农药使用法,由于药物易挥发、易降解,作用点的有效农药浓度迅速降低、含量迅速减少,只在短期内起到较好的防治效果。农药刚刚使用时,药物浓度和含量处于最高期,作用效果处于最佳期,随着时间的延长,药物浓度便开始迅速分解、快速降解,作用效果也随之快速降低。
根结线虫由于发生代数较多、为害时间较长,短时间的高效不能满足长时间的作用效果,需要持效期较长的缓释处理法才能有效抑制根结线虫的发生为害。另外,当药物浓度处于高峰期,超过了最适宜的治疗浓度和含量,便引起较多副反应,如加速有害生物产生抗药性,在高温条件下易产生作物药害等;反之,药物浓度快速降低到低谷时,又远在防治所需浓度和含量之下,难以发挥作用,起不到应有的防治效果,根结线虫病的复发率和反弹率也较高,不能从根本上控制根结线虫病的危害。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种土传类病虫害防治试剂及其在根结线虫病防治方面的应用,旨在解决现有传统药剂防治方法降效较快、作用时间较短,短期防效虽高但长期持效性较差,根结线虫病,尤其是根结线虫病的复发率和反弹率也较高,不能从根本上控制根结线虫的问题。
本发明是这样实现的,一种土传类病虫害防治试剂,该试剂包括杀虫剂、玉米秸秆粉、细沙以及水,所述杀虫剂包括巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂以及1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂;其中,
若所述杀虫剂为巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
若所述杀虫剂为1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
优选地,若所述杀虫剂为巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
优选地,若所述杀虫剂为1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
本发明进一步提供了上述防治试剂在番茄根线虫病防治方面的应用,该试剂包括杀虫剂、玉米秸秆粉、细沙以及水,所述杀虫剂包括巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂以及1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂;其中,
若所述杀虫剂为巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
若所述杀虫剂为1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
本发明克服现有技术的不足,提供一种根结线虫病防治试剂及其应用。本发明适用于为害期较长、土传类和作物根部类为害的病虫害防治,以及需要作土壤处理防治的病虫害,如作物根腐病、枯萎病、疫病、根结线虫病、地老虎、金针虫、蛴螬、根蛆类等病虫害的防治。在这些病虫害的防治过程中,缓释剂能及时把药物吸附并贮存起来,起着快速吸附、均衡释放的作用,均能控制药物释放速度,均衡提供药物有效成分和含量,有效抑制有效浓度、有效含量快速分解、快速降解的速度,使有效成分较高浓度和较大含量维持较长时间,从而提高了作用点作用效果维持更长时间,达到持效、高效地防治有害生物的目的。
在本发明中,玉米秸秆粉主要起缓释剂的作用。其中,玉米秸杆含有30%以上的碳水化合物,2%~4%的蛋白质和0.5%~1%的脂肪。玉米秸杆所含有生物炭,具有成为优质吸附材料的独特表面物理化学性质。从微观结构看,生物炭具有疏松多孔,比表面积大的特点,且生物炭官能团包括羧基、酚羟基、酸酐等多种基团,这些特征使生物炭具有良好的吸附特性,是理想的缓释剂。
本发明技术核心在于:有效浓度、作用速度、作用时间三要素之间的协调相适以达到最大效果。
相比于现有技术的缺点和不足,本发明具有以下有益效果:
(1)本发明为长期为害、持续为害的土传类病虫害和作物根部类发生的病虫害提供了一条新的防治理念和新的防治方法;
(2)本发明通过增加玉米秸秆粉缓释剂土壤周围的湿度,可以使玉米秸秆粉缓释剂中的有效药物逐渐溶解为液态形式,缓慢释放并通过作物根部吸收,输送到地上部作物茎、叶等各部位组织,也可持久、有效地防治气传性病害和作物地上部病虫害,在农业生产中具有广泛应用领域;
(3)本发明发明可进一步延伸加工技术,即利用饲料颗粒机加工技术,将农药、沙、水与玉米秸杆粉按比例混配,制成毒沙玉米秸杆粉缓释颗粒剂,可实现工厂化生产,产业化运作,从而大大地节约劳力和降低劳动强度,提高作业效率,满足生产上的防治需要,具有广阔的应用前景;
(4)本发明玉米秸杆由农户自产,不需要购买,成本低,量大、原料充足易得,制备方法简单,使本发明在推广中具有广泛的原料来源和持久的生命力;
(5)本发明具有环保、无污染,无副作用,随着玉米秸杆粉用作缓释剂施入土壤后,在持续作用的同时,一方面缓慢释放农药的有效成分,另一方面在土壤中通过微生物作用,缓慢分解自身,放出其中的矿物质养分,供作物吸收利用,达到药肥一体化同用之功效;分解时形成有机质。腐殖质又可为土壤中有益微生物及土壤有益生物提供原料,从而使土壤结构得到有效改善,土壤肥力得到持续提高,使作物长势强健,抵抗有害生物的能力也随之增强。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
供试药剂为巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂(北京德瑞福科技开发有限公司生产)、1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂(深圳诺普信农化股份有限公司生产)。指示番茄品种为艾菲特。试验用缓释剂为普通秸杆粉碎机粉碎后的玉米秸秆粉。
1、试验方法
试验设在甘肃省玉门市玉门镇南门村温室,地势平坦,肥力均匀,温室长50m、宽7m。为防止病虫感染,试验前先将玉米秸秆粉在普通高压锅(青海铝制品厂生产的YH24-1型)灭菌20min,以消灭玉米秸秆粉残存病原菌和害虫虫卵,防止它们随着玉米秸秆粉缓释剂的使用,继续繁殖为害。并将巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂浸泡24h。试验共设3个处理:
处理①:巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:2:1:17每株18克(先用根无线颗粒剂:水=1:2浸泡24h后,再与相应量的玉米秸秆粉、细沙混匀);
处理②:1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:30:15:250每株18克;
处理③:空白对照。
4次重复,按行设区,每小区2行,为7m2。为防止药剂随水漂移,试验于浇水1d后的2015年3月23日按设计方案施药。先刨开茎基周围土,露出侧根后,施入秸秆毒沙,再填入刨出的土。施药后不定期观察植株地上部分发病情况、症状表现及供试药剂对植株有无药害,记载药害的类型和程度。于7月17日番茄清秧时调查根系根结线虫发病情况,每小区调查36株,记载病株数和根结级别,计算病情指数和防治效果,并将防治效果经数据转换后进行方差分析,比较2种药剂缓释处理法防效的显著性差异。
病情指数=[Σ(各级病根数×相对级值数)/(调查总数×5)]×100;
防治效果=[(对照区病情指数-防治区病情指数)/对照区病情指数]×100;
病情分级标准:0级,无根结;1级,根瘤总长度占总根长度<5%;2级,根瘤总长度占总根长度的5%-24%;3级,根瘤总长度占总根长度的25%-49%;4级,根瘤总长度占总根长度的50%-74%;5级,根瘤总长度占总根长度≥75%。2、结果
(1)安全性
根据田间不定期观察,各处理植株地上部分除根结线虫病症状表现外,无药害症状出现,表明试验药剂及处理方法对番茄生长安全。
(2)防效
试验结果如下表1和表2所示。
表1不同药剂缓释处理对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果及数据转换
表2不同药剂缓释处理对番茄根结线虫病防治效果分析
从表1和表2可以看出,2种药剂缓释处理后对番茄根结线虫具有较好的防治效果。以处理①即巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:2:1:17每株18克防效最高,为56.95%~64.87%,平均为51.63%,较传统防治法平均防效29.62%高22.01%;处理②即1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:30:15:250每株18克防效较差,为45.33%~51.40%,平均为44.14%,较传统防治法平均防效17.31%高26.83%;。由方差分析结果可知,处理①与处理②防效差异极显著。
3、结论
试验结果表明,供试的2种药剂经用玉米秸秆粉缓释处理后进行毒沙穴施,均对番茄根结线虫有一定的防治作用。但以巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:2:1:17每株18g防效较高,与1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:30:15:250每株18g防效差异极显著,从健康安全和防效综合考虑,建议生产上推广应用巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:2:1:17每株18克为主。
根结线虫发生代数较多,危害时间较长,而本试验仅3月下旬处理一次,为进一步提高防治效果和防治的持效性,建议生产上在4月下旬按此法再处理一次。
本发明根据玉米秸秆粉本身的物理化学性质,应用玉米秸秆粉吸附功能和缓慢释放药剂的特性,制成2种玉米秸秆缓释处理剂,并进行了田间试验观察。结果表明,2种药剂缓释处理后对番茄根结线虫均具有一定的防治效果,较传统防治法(指不施玉米秸秆粉缓释剂的等量毒沙处理)平均防效高22.01%~26.83%。其中巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:2:1:17每株18克防效较好。从健康安全和防效综合考虑,生产上应推广应用巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂:水:玉米秸秆粉:细沙=1:2:1:17每株18克为主。并提出防治时间以3月下旬和4月下旬各进行一次。本发明通过在番茄根结线虫防治应用,为长期为害、持续为害的土传类和作物根部类病虫害和疑难性病虫害提供了一条新的防治理念、新的防治途径和有效的防治方法;通过增加玉米秸秆粉缓释剂土壤周围的湿度,可以使玉米秸秆粉缓释剂中的有效药物逐渐溶解为液态形式,缓慢释放并通过作物根部吸收,输送到地上部作物茎、叶等各部位组织,也可持久、有效地防治气传性病害和作物地上部病虫害,在农业生产中具有广泛应用领域。同时,该发明可进一步延伸加工技术,即利用饲料颗粒机加工技术,将农药、沙、水与玉米秸杆粉按比例混配,制成毒沙玉米秸杆粉缓释颗粒剂,可实现工厂化生产,产业化运作,从而大大地节约劳力和降低劳动强度,提高作业效率,满足生产上的防治需要,具有广阔的应用前景。毒沙玉米秸杆粉缓释农药具有环保、无污染,无副作用,在土壤中通过分解自身,放出其中的矿物质养分,供作物吸收利用,实现药肥一体化同用之功效,为发展可持续农业提供了一条有效途径。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种土传类病虫害防治试剂,其特征在于,该试剂包括杀虫剂、玉米秸秆粉、细沙以及水,所述杀虫剂包括巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂以及1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂;其中,
若所述杀虫剂为巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
若所述杀虫剂为1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
2.如权利要求1所述的土传类病虫害防治试剂,其特征在于,若所述杀虫剂为巴雅尔-根无线颗粒剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
3.如权利要求1所述的土传类病虫害防治试剂,其特征在于,若所述杀虫剂为1.8克/升阿维菌素水乳剂时,所述土传类病虫害防治试剂中各组分的质量份为:
4.权利要求1~3任一项所述的防治试剂在番茄根线虫病防治方面的应用。
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