CN106989835B - Photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device and imaging system based on compressed sensing - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device and an imaging system based on compressed sensing, and relates to the technical field of energy spectrum detection. The detection device comprises a detector array, an amplifier, an energy calibrator, a single-pixel threshold generator, a threshold setter, a comparator and a pulse counter; the imaging system comprises a computer PC, an irradiation X-ray source, a rotary carrying device and the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device based on compressed sensing. The invention can reconstruct ideal X-ray energy spectrum, can effectively avoid pulse accumulation effect which can occur when the photon counting detector is directly used for collecting, and provides possibility for collecting the X-ray energy spectrum by using the photon counter.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of energy spectrum detection, in particular to a photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device and an imaging system based on compressed sensing.
Background
CT imaging has become medical routine equipment due to high resolution and high scanning speed, and plays an irreplaceable role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. However, there are many limitations in clinical diagnosis, which cannot meet the requirements of clinical diagnosis and treatment and the expectations of doctors. The conventional CT has the problems of beam hardening artifact, higher radiation dose, poor soft tissue distinguishing capability, capability of only providing morphological information, incapability of providing material and functional information and the like. With the advent of dual energy CT, some of the problems described above are effectively solved. The X-ray has continuous energy spectrum, and the rays passing through the substance contain abundant attenuation information of the irradiated object. The energy spectrum CT is to fully utilize the abundant attenuation information in the X-rays, effectively improve the image quality, obtain the material component information, reduce the radiation dose, enhance the contrast of soft tissues and omnidirectionally improve the CT imaging quality.
A key technique for spectral CT imaging is the detection of the X-ray spectrum. Currently, a commonly used detector for spectral CT is an X-ray photon counting detector. Photon counting (photon counting) technology was first applied to weak light detection, and detection of extremely weak incident photons was achieved by amplification, discrimination and processing of weak signals. The photon counting detector has the advantages of high photon gain, wide dynamic range, high output brightness, high response speed, small distortion, high spatial resolution and the like. The photon counting detector recognizes the energy information of the incident photons by setting a plurality of electronic thresholds, and counts the energy information corresponding to different energy areas, and counts the X-ray energy areas with wider energy spectrum distribution to obtain imaging results of the different energy areas. The photon counting detector needs to analyze each incident photon as an independent event and judge the energy interval to which the incident photon belongs, so that the interaction of different photons and substances can be overlapped when the photon counting rate is higher. Meanwhile, the number of energy regions of the photon counting detector is limited by the processing speed of electronics, and when the number of incident photons is large, an ideal result cannot be obtained.
A single pixel channel basic structure with N energy threshold photon counting detectors is shown in fig. 1. The working principle is as follows: first, when an X-ray photon reaches a photon counting detector, the detector receives the X-ray photon, generating a photon event by which the X-ray photon having a certain energy causes the detector to generate an electron charge. The electron charge then moves inside the detector towards the electrodes, generating a pulse signal. The pulse height is then compared to a given energy threshold. If the pulse height is greater than the energy threshold, the counter counts, otherwise the counter does not count. Finally, the digital-to-analog conversion unit converts the count values of the N energy threshold channel counters into digital signals and reads out the digital signals respectively. Thus, a single pixel channel detector receives X-rays and then obtains X-ray projection data having N energy thresholds. If each detector channel of the photon counting detectors of m×m pixel units has the structure shown in fig. 1, a photon counting detector of m×m is obtained.
While the advantages of photon counting detectors are becoming more and more recognized, there are still certain technical challenges to the needs of medical applications. In an X-ray/CT medical imaging system, a large number of photons need to be captured in a short time, a large amount of information needs to be converted and transmitted to a computer for storage, and there is a high requirement for electronics (ASIC). An X-ray photon counting detector with N energy thresholds suffers from the following drawbacks: pulse pile-up effect.
Pulse pile-up is always present in photon counting detector systems. It reflects one property of detector count rate and dead time. When the photon counting detector records the energy of each photon at a high rate, different energy segments of the X-ray spectrum are distinguished, and when the number of photons is excessive, some photons with consistent responses are considered as the same photon by the detector, so that the counting rate is lost and the spatial resolution is distorted, and the phenomenon is called a pulse stacking effect.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device and an imaging system based on compressed sensing, which are used for generating random sampling thresholds of X-ray energy spectrum based on a compressed sensing theory, carrying out photon counting on X-rays of each random sampling threshold under a set sampling time, reconstructing the X-ray energy spectrum to be detected by using a compressed sensing iterative reconstruction algorithm, effectively avoiding pulse accumulation effect which can occur when a photon counting detector is directly used for collecting, and providing possibility for collecting the X-ray energy spectrum by using a photon counter. .
In one aspect, the invention provides a photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device based on compressed sensing, which comprises a detector array, an amplifier, an energy calibrator, a single-pixel threshold generator, a threshold setter, a comparator and a pulse counter;
the detector array is a flat-plate detector comprising a plurality of pixels, corresponding amplifiers, energy calibrators, comparators and pulse counters are arranged for each pixel channel, the output ends of each pixel channel are connected with the corresponding amplifiers, and each detector pixel can detect X-ray photons attenuated by a scanned object and generate detected radiation signals;
the other end of the amplifier is connected with one end of the energy calibrator; the amplifier is used for amplifying the weak radiation signal generated by the detector array to obtain a signal with larger amplitude;
the other end of the energy calibrator is connected with one input end of the comparator; the energy calibrator is used for calibrating the corresponding relation between the standard energy threshold pulse height and the X-ray energy amplified by the amplifier, and then transmitting the calibrated signal to the comparator;
the single-pixel threshold generator is connected with one end of the threshold setter; the single-pixel threshold generator is used for generating a single-pixel random sparse sampling threshold matrix according to a compressed sensing principle;
the other end of the threshold value setter is connected with the other input end of the comparator corresponding to each pixel channel; the threshold value setter is used for applying the single-pixel random sparse sampling threshold value matrix generated by the single-pixel threshold value generator to the corresponding comparator of each detector pixel channel;
the output end of the comparator is connected with the pulse counter; for each detector pixel channel, taking the threshold value output by the threshold value setting device as a reference, the comparator is used for comparing the amplitude height of the pulse signal detected by the detector with the threshold value height, if the amplitude height of the pulse signal is equal to the threshold value height, the signal is output to a high-level pulse through the comparator, otherwise, the comparator outputs a low-level pulse;
the pulse counter is used for counting the high-level pulse output by the comparator, and the output of the pulse counter is photon energy and is equal to the number of X-ray photons of the threshold value.
On the other hand, the invention also provides a photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection imaging system based on compressed sensing, which comprises a computer PC, an irradiation X-ray source, a rotary object carrying device and the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device based on compressed sensing; the computer PC is connected with a single-pixel threshold generator and a pulse counter of the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device based on compressed sensing through a network cable, and the detection device is positioned behind a scanned object in the field of view illuminated by X-rays of the imaging system; the computer PC generates a randomness threshold value and transmits the randomness threshold value to a single-pixel threshold value generator of the detection device, the irradiation X-ray source emits X-rays, the X-rays penetrate through an object and irradiate the detection device, the detection device collects data according to threshold information transmitted by the computer PC, then the collected data are transmitted to the computer PC end, and the computer PC is used for reconstructing an X-ray energy spectrum by adopting an orthogonal matching tracking method.
According to the technical scheme, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device and the imaging system based on compressed sensing provided by the invention can reconstruct an ideal X-ray energy spectrum, can effectively avoid pulse accumulation effect which can occur when a photon counting detector is directly used for collecting, and provide possibility for collecting the X-ray energy spectrum by using a photon counter.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a single pixel photon counting detector with N energy thresholds;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device based on compressed sensing according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection imaging system based on compressed sensing according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an X-ray spectrum detection according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a graph of the X-ray energy spectrum reconstruction result according to the embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a computer PC; 2. irradiating an X-ray source; 3. rotating the carrying device; 4. a detection device; 5. a net wire; 6. the scanned object.
Detailed Description
The following describes in further detail the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings and examples. The following examples are illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
A photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device based on compressed sensing, as shown in figure 2, comprises a detector array, an amplifier, an energy calibrator, a single-pixel threshold generator, a threshold setter, a comparator and a pulse counter.
The detector array is a flat panel detector comprising 512X 512 direct conversion detector pixels, each of which detects X-ray photons attenuated by the scanned object and generates a detected radiation signal. And corresponding amplifiers, energy calibrators, comparators and pulse counters are arranged for each pixel channel, and the output ends of the pixel channels are connected with the corresponding amplifiers.
The other end of the amplifier is connected with one end of the energy calibrator; the amplifier is used for amplifying the weak radiation signal generated by the detector array to obtain a signal with larger amplitude.
The other end of the energy calibrator is connected with one input end of the comparator; the energy calibrator is used for calibrating the corresponding relation between the standard energy threshold pulse height and the X-ray energy amplified by the amplifier, and then sends the calibrated signal to the comparator.
The single-pixel threshold generator is connected with one end of the threshold setter; the single-pixel threshold generator is used for generating a single-pixel random sparse sampling threshold matrix according to the compressed sensing principle.
The other end of the threshold value setter is connected with the other input end of the comparator corresponding to each pixel channel; the threshold value setter is used for applying the single-pixel random sparse sampling threshold value matrix generated by the single-pixel threshold value generator to the corresponding comparator of each detector pixel channel.
The output end of the comparator is connected with the pulse counter; the comparator is used for comparing the amplitude height of the pulse signal detected by the detector with the threshold value output by the threshold value setting device as a reference for each detector pixel channel, and outputting the signal to a high-level pulse through the comparator if the amplitude height of the pulse signal detected by the detector is equal to the threshold value height, otherwise, outputting a low-level pulse through the comparator.
The pulse counter is used for counting high-level pulses output by the comparator, and the output of the pulse counter is photon energy and is equal to the number of X-ray photons of the threshold value.
A cone beam CT imaging system comprising the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device based on compressed sensing is shown in figure 3, and comprises a computer PC 1, an irradiation X-ray source 2, a rotary carrying device 3 and the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device 4 based on compressed sensing. The computer PC is connected with a single-pixel threshold generator and a pulse counter of the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device 4 based on compressed sensing through a network cable 5, and the detector array is positioned behind an object 6 to be scanned of the X-rays of the imaging system.
In specific implementation, the PC generates a randomness threshold value, transmits the randomness threshold value to a threshold value generator of the detector, places the scanned object 6 (die body or small animal) on the rotary object carrying device 3, and adjusts the position of the turntable so that the scanned object 6 is in the X-ray scanning view. The turntable is started to rotate, the X-ray source 2 and the detection device 4 are started, X-rays penetrate through the object 6 and irradiate onto the detection device 4, the detection device 4 performs data acquisition according to threshold information transmitted by the PC end 1, projection data of 360 degrees of rotation of the scanned object 6 are acquired, the acquired data are transmitted to the PC end 1, and the cone beam CT reconstruction algorithm is adopted to reconstruct an X-ray energy spectrum and reconstruct a tomographic image.
In 2004, the compressed sensing theory proposed by Donoho and Candes et al is a brand new signal acquisition, coding and decoding theory that fully utilizes signal sparsity or compressibility. The theory states that the data is properly compressed while the signal is acquired, and compared with the traditional signal acquisition and processing process, the sampling rate is not dependent on the bandwidth of the signal any more under the framework of the compressed sensing theory, but is dependent on the structure and content of information in the signal, so that the sampling and calculation cost of the sensor is greatly reduced, and the signal recovery process is an optimized calculation process.
The precondition of compressed sensing theory is that the signal has sparsity or compressibility. Let the sampled signal X of length N, denoted X (N), N e 1,2, N]Given a set of sparse bases
X may be represented as ψ T Linear combination of (2) then
Where s and X are N1 dimensional matrices and ψ is an N matrix. Equation (1) shows that signal X is sparse in ψ. The signal has k non-zero coefficients on the sparse basis, so the situation belongs to strict sparsity. In most cases the signal is not satisfactory, but as long as the signal has compressibility, the signal can be represented by approximation coefficients. The selection of the sparse basis makes the number of the sparse coefficients of the signals as small as possible, so that the signal acquisition speed is improved. Common sparse bases are discrete cosine transforms, fourier transforms, wavelet transforms, and the like.
In the compressed sensing theory, instead of directly measuring the important relation of the sparse change of the signal, the sparse change of the signal is sparsely projected to a sampling value y on a measurement matrix phi irrelevant to a transformation base phi, namely, an M x N-dimensional observation matrix phi irrelevant to the phi is designed, wherein M is less than N, and then the observation data y in the lower dimension has the following steps:
y＝φX (2)
where y is an M1-dimensional column vector and the measurement matrix phi is an M N (M < N) matrix.
By using the compressed sensing theory, for a single pixel channel of a photon counting detector, M X-ray photon energy thresholds are generated through a threshold generator, and the detector samples the photon numbers of the X-ray photon energy thresholds, so that sampling points of the M energy thresholds can be obtained. According to the threshold generator, the detector directly acquires M times of random linear measurement values instead of N (M < N) energy thresholds of the original signal, so that the possibility is provided for sampling the full spectrum of the X-rays.
According to the compressed sensing theory, the formula (2) can be converted into one l 1 The problem solution of the norm optimization problem formula (3).
argin||ψ T X|| 1 s.t.y＝φX (3)
The reconstruction algorithm that appears so far mainly has the following optimization problems based on equation (3): matching pursuit algorithms, convex relaxation methods, and combining algorithms. In this embodiment, an orthogonal matching pursuit reconstruction algorithm is adopted to reconstruct and obtain an X-ray energy spectrum. The X-ray energy spectrum reconstruction is carried out by utilizing the compressed sensing theory, so that the acquisition efficiency is improved, the pulse accumulation effect which can occur when the photon counting detector is directly used for acquisition is avoided, and the possibility is provided for the X-ray energy spectrum acquisition by using the photon counter.
The method for reconstructing the X-ray energy spectrum by using the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection system based on compressed sensing, as shown in fig. 4, specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: according to the theoretical basis of compressed sensing, a random matrix with Gaussian distribution is generated by using a PC (personal computer) and is used as a measurement matrix, and data acquisition is carried out according to the matrix;
step 2: inputting the measurement matrix obtained by the PC in the last step into an energy threshold generator of a photon counting detection device, and inputting the generated threshold signals into a comparator of each pixel after being regulated by an energy threshold setter to acquire signals of X-rays input into each pixel;
step 3: and transmitting the signal acquired in the last step to a PC, and reconstructing an X-ray energy spectrum by adopting an orthogonal matching pursuit method.
The obtained reconstruction result is shown in fig. 5, the intensive curve with points in the graph is the reconstructed X-ray energy spectrum, the smoother curve is the ideal original X-ray energy spectrum, the reconstruction result is ideal, the acquisition speed is accelerated, and the pulse accumulation effect of the photon counting detector is effectively avoided.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and are not limiting; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some or all of the technical features thereof can be replaced with equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit of the corresponding technical solutions, which are defined by the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (2)
1. Photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device based on compressed sensing, which is characterized in that: the detection device comprises a detector array, an amplifier, an energy calibrator, a single-pixel threshold generator, a threshold setter, a comparator and a pulse counter;
the detector array is a flat-plate detector formed by 512X 512 direct conversion detector pixels, corresponding amplifiers, energy calibrators, comparators and pulse counters are arranged for each pixel channel, the output end of each pixel channel is connected with the corresponding amplifier, and each detector pixel can detect X-ray photons attenuated by passing through a scanned object and generate detected radiation signals;
the other end of the amplifier is connected with one end of the energy calibrator; the amplifier is used for amplifying the weak radiation signal generated by the detector array to obtain a signal with larger amplitude;
the other end of the energy calibrator is connected with one input end of the comparator; the energy calibrator is used for calibrating the corresponding relation between the standard energy threshold pulse height and the X-ray energy amplified by the amplifier, and then transmitting the calibrated signal to the comparator;
the single-pixel threshold generator is connected with one end of the threshold setter; the single-pixel threshold generator is used for generating a single-pixel random sparse sampling threshold matrix according to a compressed sensing principle;
the other end of the threshold value setter is connected with the other input end of the comparator corresponding to each pixel channel; the threshold value setter is used for applying the single-pixel random sparse sampling threshold value matrix generated by the single-pixel threshold value generator to the corresponding comparator of each detector pixel channel;
the output end of the comparator is connected with the pulse counter; for each detector pixel channel, taking the threshold value output by the threshold value setting device as a reference, the comparator is used for comparing the amplitude height of the pulse signal detected by the detector with the threshold value height, if the amplitude height of the pulse signal is equal to the threshold value height, the signal is output to a high-level pulse through the comparator, otherwise, the comparator outputs a low-level pulse;
the pulse counter is used for counting the high-level pulse output by the comparator, and the output of the pulse counter is the number of X-ray photons with photon energy equal to a threshold value.
2. Photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection imaging system based on compressed sensing, which is characterized in that: the imaging system comprises a computer PC (1), an irradiation X-ray source (2), a rotary carrying device (3) and a photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device (4) based on compressed sensing as claimed in claim 1; the computer PC (1) is connected with a single-pixel threshold generator and a pulse counter of the photon counting X-ray energy spectrum detection device (4) based on compressed sensing through a network cable (5), and the detection device (4) is positioned behind a scanned object (6) in the field of view illuminated by X-rays of an imaging system; the method comprises the steps that a computer PC (1) generates a randomness threshold value and transmits the randomness threshold value to a single-pixel threshold value generator of a detection device (4), an irradiation X-ray source (2) emits X-rays, the X-rays penetrate through a scanned object (6) and irradiate the detection device (4), the detection device (4) performs data acquisition according to threshold information transmitted by the computer PC (1), acquires projection data of the scanned object (6) rotating for 360 degrees, then transmits the acquired data to a computer PC end (1), and the computer PC (1) adopts an orthogonal matching tracking method to reconstruct an X-ray energy spectrum.
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