CN106904069A - 用于机动车的变速器 - Google Patents

用于机动车的变速器 Download PDF

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CN106904069A
CN106904069A CN201611194640.6A CN201611194640A CN106904069A CN 106904069 A CN106904069 A CN 106904069A CN 201611194640 A CN201611194640 A CN 201611194640A CN 106904069 A CN106904069 A CN 106904069A
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bearing
speed changer
armature spindle
transmission shaft
shaft
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CN106904069B (zh
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K·菲雷尔
T·里迪塞尔
M·布雷默
A·盖格尔
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ZF Friedrichshafen AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H57/00—General details of gearing
    • F16H57/02—Gearboxes; Mounting gearing therein
    • F16H57/021—Shaft support structures, e.g. partition walls, bearing eyes, casing walls or covers with bearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/40—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the assembly or relative disposition of components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/40—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the assembly or relative disposition of components
    • B60K6/405—Housings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/02—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement for radial load only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/04—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for radial load mainly
    • F16C19/06—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for radial load mainly with a single row or balls
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/18—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls
    • F16C19/181—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact
    • F16C19/183—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles
    • F16C19/184—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C35/00—Rigid support of bearing units; Housings, e.g. caps, covers
    • F16C35/04—Rigid support of bearing units; Housings, e.g. caps, covers in the case of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C35/06—Mounting or dismounting of ball or roller bearings; Fixing them onto shaft or in housing
    • F16C35/063—Fixing them on the shaft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/90—Vehicles comprising electric prime movers
    • B60Y2200/92—Hybrid vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/10—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement for both radial and axial load
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2361/00—Apparatus or articles in engineering in general
    • F16C2361/61—Toothed gear systems, e.g. support of pinion shafts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • General Details Of Gearings (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于机动车的变速器，包括：与电机的转子不可相对旋转地连接的转子轴；至少一个直接支承转子轴的轴承；与转子轴不可相对旋转地连接的变速器轴；与变速器轴作用连接的多级变速机构；和输出轴，该输出轴借助变速机构与变速器轴作用连接。该变速器的特征在于，不仅变速器轴而且转子轴借助所述至少一个轴承直接支撑在变速器构件上。

Description

用于机动车的变速器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于机动车的变速器，包括：与电机的转子不可相对旋转地连接的转子轴；至少一个直接支承转子轴的轴承；与转子轴不可相对旋转地连接的变速器轴；与变速器轴作用连接的多级变速机构；和输出轴，该输出轴借助多级变速机构与变速器轴作用连接。
本发明还涉及一种混合驱动装置和具有这种变速器的机动车。
背景技术
现有技术公开了许多包括传统多级齿轮组和混合单元的变速器。这两个系统各自支承自身并且具有其自身的旋转中轴线。这两个系统在变速器的组装状态中彼此不可相对旋转地连接。因此必然产生超静定，其根据数量级在运行中引起振动和噪声或在最糟糕的情况下甚至导致轴承损坏。两个系统的两个旋转中轴线可基于相关构件的制造公差不能精确重合，以致所述旋转中轴线从未彼此对齐。在大多数情况下它们相互交叉、平行或倾斜。基于旋转中轴线这种缺陷设计，在变速器中产生引起上述问题的约束力。
DE 102014202621 A1公开了一种变速器，其具有混合模块。混合模块与电机耦合的转子轴借助轴承支撑在变速器壳体上。此外，转子轴与变速器轴——其与多级变速机构耦合——不可相对旋转地连接并且支撑在变速器轴上。变速器轴借助两个另外的轴承支撑在变速器壳体上。转子轴在变速器壳体上的支撑通过转子轴和变速器轴之间的不可相对旋转的连接、变速器轴和另一轴承实现。在该实施方式中也存在这样的问题，即，基于制造公差转子轴和变速器轴的旋转中轴线彼此不对齐。
发明内容
因此，本发明的任务在于提供一种变速器，在其中转子轴的和变速器轴的旋转中轴线更好地相对设置或彼此对齐。
该任务通过开头所提类型的变速器解决，其特征在于，不仅变速器轴而且转子轴借助所述至少一个轴承直接支撑在变速器构件上。
根据本发明的变速器具有以下优点：转子轴和变速器轴的支承如此实现，使得不再存在超静定，从而转子轴和变速器轴的旋转中轴线更好地相对设置并且在理想情况下彼此对齐。这通过下述方式实现，即，不仅转子轴而且变速器轴借助同一轴承直接支撑在变速器构件上。在此所述至少一个轴承可接收沿径向方向和/或轴向方向、尤其是两个轴向方向的力。
所述变速器构件可以是变速器的任何构件、如变速器壳体或下面说明的保持装置。此外本发明的优点在于，转子轴不再间接通过变速器轴支承在变速器壳体上，而是借助所述至少一个轴承直接支撑在变速器壳体上。由此缩短了转子轴的轴承与定子之间的公差路径。因此实现一种变速器，其转子轴和变速器轴的旋转中轴线彼此更好地设置。
转子轴通过所述至少一个轴承的直接支承表示，在转子轴和所述至少一个轴承之间未设置其它构件。“转子轴和变速器轴借助所述至少一个轴承直接支撑在变速器构件上”表示，在所述至少一个轴承和变速器构件之间未设置其它构件。变速器轴也可直接借助所述至少一个轴承、即在变速器轴和所述至少一个轴承之间未设置其它构件的情况下支撑在变速器构件上。作为替代方案，变速器轴可间接借助所述至少一个轴承支撑在变速器构件上。在此情况下，可沿径向方向在变速器轴和所述至少一个轴承之间设置一个或多个构件。例如可在变速器轴和所述至少一个轴承之间设置转子轴，使得变速器轴通过转子轴和所述至少一个轴承支撑在变速器构件上。
“轴”在本发明意义中不仅可理解为例如圆柱形可旋转支承的、用于传递扭矩的机器元件，而且也可理解为一般连接元件，其将单个构件或元件彼此连接、尤其是将多个元件彼此不可相对旋转地连接的连接元件。
电机至少包括位置固定的定子和可旋转支承的转子并且在电动机式运行中构造用于将电能转换为转速和扭矩形式的机械能并且在发电机式运行中将机械能转换为电流和电压形式的电能。电机可设置在变速器壳体中。
在一种特殊实施方式中，变速器具有可耦联到内燃机上的输入轴。输入轴可借助切换元件与转子轴不可相对旋转地连接。所述切换元件可以是离合器、尤其是片式离合器。通过该切换元件可设定由内燃机提供的扭矩是否传递到变速器轴上。
在本发明的意义中，“不可相对旋转的连接”理解为两个构件之间的一种连接，该连接这样构造，使得两个彼此连接的构件始终具有相同转速。这例如可在两个彼此连接的构件之间未设置切换元件时实现，因为否则在切换元件打开状态中两个构件的转速可互不相同。此外，在本发明意义中当两个彼此连接的构件之间设有切换元件时，则两个构件之间的连接称为能不可相对旋转地连接。
多级变速机构可具有多个齿轮组、如行星齿轮组，通过它们可实现具有不同变速比的挡位。
此外，变速器可具有用于保持电机、尤其是定子的保持装置。该保持装置可与中间壳体不可相对旋转地连接，在此保持装置和中间壳体之间的连接可构造成可分离的。中间壳体可与变速器壳体不可相对旋转地连接。电机、尤其是定子因此可有利地仅借助保持装置、即在未设置其它连接的情况下与中间壳体不可相对旋转地连接。由此简化了电机在变速器中的安装。
当定子在安装到变速器中之前与保持装置连接时，可特别简化安装过程。此外，转子轴与电机的连接可在转子轴安装到变速器中之前进行。由此至少电机和保持装置构成混合模块，其可以简单地方式安装到变速器中或从其中拆卸出。
变速器轴和转子轴借助所述至少一个轴承支撑在保持装置上。在此情况下，保持装置相当于上述变速器构件。由于保持装置与中间壳体不可相对旋转地连接并且中间壳体与变速器壳体不可相对旋转地连接，因此变速器轴和转子轴借助所述至少一个轴承和所述保持装置通过中间壳体支撑在变速器壳体上。保持装置可具有另一轴承，其也支承转子轴。
在一种特别优选的实施方式中，变速器轴可借助形锁合连接与转子轴不可相对旋转地连接。该形锁合连接优选可构造为插接齿部连接。该插接齿部连接是轴毂连接，在此通过齿面传递扭矩。轴设有外齿，而毂设有内齿。插接齿部连接的特征在于该连接可简单建立。此外，轴和毂——尤其是在未加载状态中——可沿轴向相对移动。
所述至少一个轴承可沿径向方向、尤其是从变速器轴起沿径向方向设置在保持装置的一个区段和转子轴的一个区段之间。所述至少一个轴承尤其是可安装在转子轴的与变速器轴不可相对旋转地连接的区段上。即转子轴的该区段具有前述插接齿部连接的毂。因此存在一个平面，在其中设置变速器轴、与变速器轴连接的转子轴区段、所述至少一个轴承和保持装置。
变速器轴除了所述至少一个轴承外还可通过另一轴承支承。尤其是变速器轴可借助所述另一轴承直接或通过输出轴支撑在变速器壳体上。在此所述另一轴承可设置在输出轴上，因此借助该轴承变速器轴和输出轴尤其是直接支撑在变速器壳体上。
在一种特殊实施方式中，所述至少一个轴承构造为滚动轴承，其构造用于接收沿轴向方向的力。尤其是所述至少一个轴承可构造用于将轴向和径向力传递到变速器构件上。
在一种实施方式中可仅设置一个唯一的轴承，该轴承接收轴向和径向力。因此可借助一个唯一的轴承沿径向和轴向方向支撑转子轴和变速器轴。作为替代方案，轴承可包括第一和第二轴承，第一和/或第二轴承可接收轴向和径向力。作为替代方案，轴承还可包括第一和第二轴承，其只能接收径向力。在此情况下轴承还可附加地包括轴向轴承。
轴承可沿轴向方向在一侧支撑在转子轴上并且在另一侧支撑在变速器轴的凸肩上。在此一侧可直接贴靠在转子轴上并且另一侧可直接贴靠在变速器轴的凸肩上。因此以简单的方式确保了轴承与变速器轴的轴向运动方向无关地接收变速器轴的相应的轴向力。轴承的所述一侧可关于垂直于转子轴旋转中轴线延伸的法向平面与所述另一侧相对置。
特别有利的是，所述至少一个轴承是一个双排斜槽滚珠轴承。在此情况下只需一个唯一的轴承。该双排斜槽滚珠轴承可构造为O形布置并且具有这样的优点：其能够极好地接收切换元件激活时产生的轴向力。此外，变速器轴可极好地沿轴向被支承并且因此只能进行少许轴向运动。这在通过分离轴承操作的切换元件的情况下是强制必要的，用以保证良好的切换质量。
作为替代方案，轴承可包括第一单排斜槽滚珠轴承和第二单排斜槽滚珠轴承。设置两个单排斜槽滚珠轴承是有利的，因为它们比一个唯一的双排斜槽滚珠轴承成本更低。第一单排斜槽滚珠轴承和第二单排斜槽滚珠轴承可沿轴向方向彼此间隔开和/或设置成O形布置。在第一单排斜槽滚珠轴承和第二单排斜槽滚珠轴承之间设有调整元件、如调整圆盘。该调整元件用于沿轴向方向增大轴承座、即第一单排斜槽滚珠轴承和第二单排斜槽滚珠轴承之间的距离并且补偿两个斜槽滚珠轴承、转子轴和变速器轴之间的间隙。
此外，转子轴、所述至少一个轴承和变速器轴之间的间隙可通过设置夹紧装置来补偿，该夹紧装置促成预夹紧所述至少一个轴承。所述夹紧装置可具有开槽螺母，其旋拧到变速器轴上。夹紧装置借助转子轴向所述至少一个轴承施加轴向力，使得所述至少一个轴承被压到变速器轴的凸肩上。在设有两个单排斜槽滚珠轴承的实施方式中，通过夹紧装置施加的轴向力经由转子轴、第一单排斜槽滚珠轴承、调整元件传递到第二单排斜槽滚珠轴承上。所述至少一个轴承的预夹紧还具有以下优点，即改善轴承装置的刚度、增加运转精度并且避免轴承损坏。
在一种替代实施方式中，轴承可包括第一径向轴承、尤其是第一滑动轴承、和第二径向轴承、尤其是第二滑动轴承。滑动轴承尤其是适合设置在沿径向方向具有较少安装空间的变速器中。此外，滑动轴承能够极好地阻尼转子轴。因此轴承可包括至少一个轴向轴承，该轴向轴承可以是滚针推力轴承。
在一种特殊实施方式中，形锁合连接可至少部分设置在第一和第二径向轴承、尤其是第一和第二滑动轴承之间。变速器轴可借助配合在转子轴上对中。力锁合连接可关于输入轴和/或内燃机沿轴向方向比形锁合连接设置得更远。
有利的是一种混合驱动装置，在其中内燃机耦联到输入轴上。此外，包括本发明变速器或该混合驱动装置的机动车也是有利的。
附图说明
在附图中示意性示出并且在下面说明本发明技术方案，在此相同或相同作用的元件大多设有同一附图标记。附图如下：
图1为用于机动车的本发明变速器的第一种实施例的示意图；
图2为根据本发明第二种实施例的机动车变速器的放大局部图；
图3为根据本发明第三种实施例的机动车变速器的放大局部图；
图4为根据本发明第四种实施例的机动车变速器的放大局部图。
具体实施方式
图1中所示用于机动车的变速器包括电机EM和轴承4，电机与转子轴3不可相对旋转地连接，该轴承直接支承转子轴3。此外，变速器包括变速器轴5，该变速器轴与转子轴3不可相对旋转地连接。变速器轴5与多级变速机构6作用连接。此外，变速器包括输出轴7，该输出轴借助变速机构6与变速器轴5作用连接。不仅变速器轴5而且转子轴3借助轴承4支撑在下面将详细说明的变速器构件上。
在图1所示实施方式中，所述变速器构件相当于保持装置8，其用于保持电机EM的定子1。保持装置8与中间壳体9可分离地连接、尤其是通过螺纹拧接。中间壳体9与变速器壳体19不可相对旋转地连接、尤其是通过螺纹拧接。中间壳体9具有管路，通过这些管路变速器的各个元件可被供应流体、尤其是油。流体尤其是可被供应给下面还将说明的操作装置14。电机EM除了定子1外还具有转子2，转子与转子轴3不可相对旋转地连接。
轴承4是一个O形布置的双排斜槽滚珠轴承并且沿径向方向设置在转子轴3和保持装置8之间。在此轴承4不仅与转子轴3而且也与变速器轴5直接接触。尤其是双排斜槽滚珠轴承的内环不仅贴靠在转子轴3上而且也贴靠在变速器轴5上。内环在其轴向位置中通过变速器轴5和转子轴3固定，使得内环和转子轴3和/或变速器轴5之间不能进行相对运动。尤其是内环在一侧上顶在变速器轴5的凸肩10上。在相对置的内环侧面上内环顶在转子轴3沿径向方向突出的区段上。
双排斜槽滚珠轴承的外环与保持装置8直接接触。双排斜槽滚珠轴承的外环通过保持装置8固定在其轴向位置中。这表示，外环沿轴向方向不能相对于保持装置8移动。
转子轴3与变速器轴5借助插接齿部连接不可相对旋转地连接。在此轴承4设置在转子轴3的区段上，其具有插接齿部连接的带有内齿的毂。
变速器具有开槽螺母11形式的夹紧装置。开槽螺母11旋拧到变速器轴5上并且向转子轴3和因此轴承4施加轴向力。尤其是基于开槽螺母11的力施加，轴承4被压到变速器轴5的凸肩10上。
此外，变速器具有与内燃机VM耦合的输入轴12和离合器形式的切换元件13。输入轴12能借助切换元件13与转子轴3不可相对旋转地连接。
切换元件13可通过操作装置14来操作，操作装置例如可以是分离轴承。在此操作装置14为了闭合切换元件13可向切换元件施加轴向力。操作装置的杆16(经由该杆实现对切换元件13的操作)延伸穿过转子轴3。此外，操作装置14具有与杆16连接的活塞23，该活塞在操作装置14激活时被加载流体并且因此沿轴向方向运动。基于活塞的轴向运动，杆16被压到切换元件13上并且因此向切换元件13施加轴向力。
多级变速机构包括多个行星齿轮组和切换元件，借助它们可实现具有不同变速比的各不同挡位。
变速器轴5除了轴承4外还通过另一轴承15支承。所述另一轴承15设置在输出轴7上并且将输出轴7直接支撑在变速器壳体19上。
图2示出根据本发明第二种实施例的机动车变速器的放大局部图。图2所示实施例与图1所示实施例的区别在于轴承4的设计。
图2所示第二种实施例具有两个O形布置的单排斜槽滚珠轴承。这两个单排斜槽滚珠轴承沿轴向方向间隔开设置。在两个斜槽滚珠轴承之间设置调整圆盘17。该调整圆盘17与两个斜槽滚珠轴承的内环直接接触。
两个斜槽滚珠轴承通过开槽螺母11预夹紧。尤其是通过开槽螺母11施加的轴向力经由转子轴3、第一斜槽滚珠轴承、调整圆盘17传递到第二斜槽滚珠轴承上，由此第二斜槽滚珠轴承被压到变速器轴5的凸肩10上。
与图1所示实施例的区别还在于，仅更远离输入轴和/或内燃机设置的斜槽滚珠轴承的内环不仅设置在变速器轴5上，而且设置在转子轴3上。
图3示出根据本发明第三种实施例的机动车变速器的放大局部图。第三种实施例与第二种实施例的区别在于较大的轴承座。
图4示出根据本发明第四种实施例的机动车变速器的放大局部图。在图4所示实施例中设有第一滑动轴承24和第二滑动轴承25，借助它们转子轴3和变速器轴5支撑在保持装置8上。转子轴3直接借助第一和第二滑动轴承24、25支撑在保持装置8上。所述两个滑动轴承24、25只能接收径向力。另外设置两个仅接收轴向力的轴向轴承21、22。
转子轴3除了插接齿部连接外还借助配合在变速器轴5上对中/定心。该配合设置在变速器轴5的、沿轴向方向比插接齿部连接设置得更远离内燃机VM的区域中。尤其是该配合设置在两个轴向轴承21、22区域中。
插接齿部连接和该配合将变速器轴5沿径向方向支承在转子轴3上。这表示，在该实施方式中变速器轴5借助插接齿部连接和配合、转子轴3和第一与第二滑动轴承24、25支撑在保持装置8上。
两个轴向轴承21、22用于接收作用于变速器轴5的轴向力并且构造为滚针推力轴承。在此第一轴向轴承21接收变速器轴5沿第一轴向方向的轴向力。该轴向力可以例如在操作切换元件13时出现。第二轴承22接收沿与第一轴向方向相反的第二方向的轴向力。所述轴向力例如可在一个或多个存在于变速机构6中的切换元件闭合时出现。
在此，作用于变速器轴5的轴向力通过传递元件20传递到第一和/或第二轴向轴承21、22上。传递元件20沿轴向方向设置在两个轴向轴承21、22之间并且与变速器轴5作用连接。在此传递元件20无间隙地设置在变速器轴5上。此外，传递元件与两个轴向轴承21、22和变速器轴5直接接触。
附图标记列表
1 定子
2 转子
3 转子轴
4 轴承
5 变速器轴
6 变速机构
7 输出轴
8 保持装置
9 中间壳体
10 凸肩
11 开槽螺母
12 输入轴
13 切换元件
14 操作装置
15 另一轴承
16 杆
17 调整圆盘
19 变速器壳体
20 传递元件
21 第一轴向轴承
22 第二轴向轴承
23 活塞
24 第一滑动轴承
25 第二滑动轴承
EM 电机
VM 内燃机

Claims (16)

1.一种用于机动车的变速器，包括：与电机(EM)的转子不可相对旋转地连接的转子轴(3)；至少一个轴承(4)，其直接支承转子轴(3)；与转子轴(3)不可相对旋转地连接的变速器轴(5)；与变速器轴(5)作用连接的多级变速机构(6)；和输出轴(7)，该输出轴借助该多级变速机构(6)与变速器轴(5)作用连接，其特征在于，不仅变速器轴(5)而且转子轴(3)借助所述至少一个轴承(4)直接支撑在变速器构件上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述变速器具有能耦联到内燃机(VM)上的输入轴(12)，该输入轴能借助切换元件(13)与转子轴(3)不可相对旋转地连接。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述变速器具有用于保持电机(EM)的保持装置(8)，并且变速器轴(5)和转子轴(3)借助所述至少一个轴承(4)支撑在保持装置(8)上。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述变速器轴(5)借助形锁合连接与转子轴(3)不可相对旋转地连接。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述至少一个轴承(4)沿径向方向设置在保持装置(8)的一个区段和转子轴(3)的一个区段之间。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述变速器轴(5)通过另一轴承(15)直接地或经由输出轴(7)支撑在变速器壳体(19)上。
7.根据权利要求1至6之一所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述变速器具有用于预夹紧轴承(4)的夹紧装置。
8.根据权利要求1至7之一所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述至少一个轴承(4)沿轴向方向在一侧支撑在转子轴(3)上并且在另一侧支撑在变速器轴(5)的凸肩(10)上。
9.根据权利要求1至8之一所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述至少一个轴承(4)构造为滚动轴承，该滚动轴承构造用于接收沿轴向方向和径向方向的力。
10.根据权利要求9所述的变速器，其特征在于，
a.所述至少一个轴承(4)是一个双排斜槽滚珠轴承或
b.所述轴承(4)包括第一单排斜槽滚珠轴承和第二单排斜槽滚珠轴承，在第一单排斜槽滚珠轴承和第二单排斜槽滚珠轴承之间设有调整元件(17)。
11.根据权利要求1至8之一所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述轴承(4)包括第一径向轴承、尤其是第一滑动轴承(24)和第二径向轴承、尤其是第二滑动轴承(25)。
12.根据权利要求11所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述至少一个轴承(4)包括至少一个轴向轴承(21、22)。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述转子轴(3)与变速器轴(5)的形锁合连接至少部分设置在第一和第二径向轴承之间。
14.根据权利要求1至12之一所述的变速器，其特征在于，所述变速器轴(5)借助配合在转子轴(3)上对中。
15.一种混合驱动装置，包括根据权利要求1至14之一所述的变速器，其特征在于，内燃机(VM)耦联到输入轴(12)上。
16.一种机动车，其包括根据权利要求1至14之一所述的变速器或根据权利要求15所述的混合驱动装置。
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