CN106900436A - 一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法 - Google Patents

一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法 Download PDF

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CN106900436A
CN106900436A CN201710099592.0A CN201710099592A CN106900436A CN 106900436 A CN106900436 A CN 106900436A CN 201710099592 A CN201710099592 A CN 201710099592A CN 106900436 A CN106900436 A CN 106900436A
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胡文友
廖克厚
龚猛
刘正根
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Shucheng Wenhe Planting Specialized Cooperative
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法，重点在水稻田的处理方面和水稻种子，对于水稻田，是病虫害发生的最大威胁，发明通过无机药剂和有机抗虫害植物活性成分共同作用保护的方法实行水稻田的防护，无机药剂中含有抗虫的成分也有像丁草胺这样同时对杂草具有杀灭功能的物质，种植的后期管理中杂草的危害较少，有机植物提取液是将各种抗虫害植物的活性成分通过水提的方法提取，然后与石粉类吸附剂混合加入稻田中，石粉类经过时间的推移，裂解释放的矿物质可以被利用，这些植物活性成分即使不能起到绝对的杀灭效果，其释放的气味对害虫也具有一定的驱赶效果，最终要是它属于天然类成分，减少农药对水稻的富集作用，同时避免害虫农药抗药性的提升。

Description

一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法
技术领域
本发明属于种植的工艺技术领域，具体涉及到一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法。
背景技术
植物分枝与其适应环境、生存竞争能力及产量形成密切相关，也决定着作物的株型，植物分枝发育大致分为侧生分身组织（AMS）形成和腋芽生长两个阶段。AMS能否形成腋芽并进一步发育形成分枝受到植物激素、环境及遗传因子的调控，其中植物激素在调控植物分枝发育过程中起关键作用，研究表明，在植物分枝发育过程中，AMS的形成需要生长素（IAA）介导。IAA从茎顶端向下运输抑制腋芽的生长，形成顶端优势，而细胞分裂素（CTK）从根部向上运输促进腋芽的生长，影响植物分枝发育。
有关植物微生物区系—其间包括有害的和有益的微生物—对植物生长和产量有显著的影响的证据日益增加。有害微生物往往对植物产生不可忽视的影响,却不需要直接寄生于植物组织中,其有害作用包括通过改变根的功能限制根的生长来改变水、离子和植物生长代谢物的供应,有益的非共生微生物的作用机制被认为是促进矿质营养的吸收和利用能力,产生促进植物生长的代谢物,甚至更可能,是抑制有害的根际微生物,具有促进植物生长,与有害微生物争夺作物生长所需的矿质离子的有益根际细菌,被称为促生根细菌。
根际中的某些非寄生性微生物能抑制幼小植物的生长,这可以从用蚕豆幼苗和莴苣下胚轴以及用玉米幼苗所作的实验中得到证实,当这些植物在含有微生物的培养液中生长时,在溶液和植物中都可测到高浓度的植物生长激素和维生素。这些化合物或其它一些化合物,一般来讲是促进植物生长的因素,但当这些化合物达到一定浓度时,就可以抑制植物生长。在微生物源的其它产物中,对根的发育产生不利影响的是亚硝酸盐和一些抗生化合物,尤其水稻对亚硝酸盐很敏感。这些亚硝酸盐是由于细菌还原硝酸盐形成的,并在植物根表积累到一定程度后抑制植物生长。
发明内容
本发明为了提高水稻的产量和品质，从水稻种子、发芽到秧苗进行了细致化的培养，具体是通过以下方法实现的：
一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法，其特征在于，包括以下几个步：
（1）种子预处理：将水稻的种子平铺在竹匾上晒种2~3天，然后按料液比1:20~30放入80~100g/L的NaOH溶液中，常温下浸泡40~50min，完成后过清水漂洗并烘干；
（2）大田处理：将大田机耕翻土，晒田5~10天，灌水至田间含水量80~90%，然后将重量份为单位的25%咪鲜胺10~15、高锰酸钾1~3、硫酸链霉素6~10、丁草胺50~60混合后加水稀释600~800倍，均匀喷洒到大田中100~150Kg/亩，覆盖塑料薄膜保温再次晒田1~2天，掀开薄膜透气散出药水味；
（3）混合珍珠岩30~40份、石英砂10~15份，粉碎成粒径0.1~0.3mm的微粒，然后放入4~7wt%的稀盐酸溶液中浸泡10~15min，完成后加入活性炭2~5份制成吸附材料添加剂，加入植物提取液20~30份，搅拌吸附，完成后加入至（2）所述大田中，坝田后做畦；
（4）等量混合正长石和黑云母石块，放入高温炉中高温900~1200℃煅烧30~40min得熟料，趁热喷洒4~8%的稀HCl溶液迅速冷却，晾干后研磨至过160~200目筛的微粉，按质量比1:10~15加入至（1）所述的水稻种子中，高速搅拌混匀；
（5）将菌液浓度为2.0~3.0×107cfu/mL的硅酸盐细菌菌液；按1:10~15的比例均匀喷洒至（3）所得水稻种子的表面上，常温下静置3~5h后按每亩10~15Kg的量均匀播撒至（3）所述的畦上；
一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法，其特征在于，所述步骤（3）的植物提取液是：混合重量份为单位的无患子2~4、蒜瓣10~15、生姜20~30、苦楝果6~10、鱼藤草3~8、辣椒叶10~14、皂角15~22、银杏果10~18，研磨成匀浆，然后超声破裂细胞处理并按料水比1:4~6加水稀释，采用水蒸气回流提取2~3h得富含提取液的水溶液；
本发明着重利用硅酸盐细菌对水稻生长的影响，根据现有技术已经知晓硅酸盐细菌对于水稻生长的重要性，具有很好的促进生长作用，属于一种典型的根际微生物，在营养条件和生长环境适宜的情况下，产生刺激水稻生长的生长因子，促进水稻种子发芽、生根及后期壮秧的作用，但一如背景技术描述，适宜的硅酸盐细菌代谢产物对水稻的生长有益促进的效果，高浓度反而抑制植物生长。
对于将硅酸盐的代谢产物直接运用于水稻的栽培的本发明不提倡，发明考虑到微生物的代谢产物极易受环境的影响，首先活性很难的到长时间的保证，同时很难实现浓度的调控，所以如果可以将硅酸盐微生物运用于水稻的栽培将大大收益，这里还要解决的问题在于水稻不同于其他作物，水稻田中的水往往容易稀释有益菌的浓度，而硅酸盐微生物代谢产物浓度的大小是关乎水稻生长的关键因素。
发明先是通过几代提纯培养，得到优良的硅酸盐微生物菌种，保存在实验室，这里只要提取一点经过扩大培养得到富含硅酸盐细菌的菌液即可。发明先是要了解硅酸盐微生物代谢产物的最适添加浓度情况，将硅酸盐细菌代谢物按5种浓度(依次为1∶20,1∶40,1∶80,1∶320,1∶1280)加入,代谢物加营养液的总体积为700 ml,对照为35 ml培养基加670 ml营养液,共20个处理,5次重复,代谢物与营养液每7天更换一次。观察测定:植株长势长相、株高、分蘖、叶面积;蒸腾速率,蒸腾强度日变化,蒸腾效率测定;生物量、根重、干鲜比。
如何提高使得硅酸盐微生物只作用于水稻根系那一小块是本发明的重点，这里是通过加入的硅酸盐培养基和水稻种子共同作用完成的，首先对于水稻种子的处理，水稻种子表面有类似于荷叶表面的毛刺，属于疏水结构，所以一般水稻种子播种前都要经过长时间的浸泡，本发明是通过加入一定低浓度的NaOH溶液实现的，稻壳一般由木质素做成，用NaOH溶液短暂浸泡后可消除稻壳表面的毛刺，同时留下微孔，这就属于一种表面出现多处“凹槽”的结构，更加容易亲水，同时有利于吸附加入的硅酸盐细菌培养基，在水稻的表层镀上了一层微生物培养基“膜”，这样就使得硅酸样细菌始终只在水稻种子及以后的水稻根部附近活动，大大提高了浓度的问题，对水稻的生长具有极好的促进作用。
除此以外，发明对硅酸盐的培养基进行了重点的研究，它能够利用土壤中的长石、云母、磷石灰等难溶性的钾盐矿质石粉，所以发明发现硅酸样细菌在云母石粉、正长石粉的矿物表面上吸附极好，这点较有利于硅酸盐微生物培养基的构建。
本发明的有益效果：发明的水稻育苗方法，重点在水稻田的处理方面和水稻种子，对于水稻田，是病虫害发生的最大威胁，发明通过无机药剂和有机抗虫害植物活性成分共同作用保护的方法实行水稻田的防护，无机药剂中含有抗虫的成分也有像丁草胺这样同时对杂草具有杀灭功能的物质，种植的后期管理中杂草的危害较少，有机植物提取液是将各种抗虫害植物的活性成分通过水提的方法提取，然后与石粉类吸附剂混合加入稻田中，石粉类经过时间的推移，裂解释放的矿物质可以被利用，这些植物活性成分即使不能起到绝对的杀灭效果，其释放的气味对害虫也具有一定的驱赶效果，最终要是它属于天然类成分，减少农药对水稻的富集作用，同时避免害虫农药抗药性的提升。
具体实施方式
实施例1：
一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法，其特征在于，包括以下几个步：
（1）种子预处理：将水稻的种子平铺在竹匾上晒种2天，然后按料液比1:25放入90g/L的NaOH溶液中，常温下浸泡50min，完成后过清水漂洗并烘干；
（2）大田处理：将大田机耕翻土，晒田8天，灌水至田间含水量90%，然后将重量份（Kg）为单位的25%咪鲜胺12、高锰酸钾2、硫酸链霉素8、丁草胺60混合后加水稀释800倍，均匀喷洒到大田中120Kg/亩，覆盖塑料薄膜保温再次晒田1~2天，掀开薄膜透气散出药水味；
（3）混合珍珠岩40份、石英砂10份，粉碎成粒径0.1~0.3mm的微粒，然后放入5wt%的稀盐酸溶液中浸泡10~15min，完成后加入活性炭4份制成吸附材料添加剂，加入植物提取液30份，搅拌吸附，完成后加入至（2）所述大田中，坝田后做畦；
（4）等量混合正长石和黑云母石块，放入高温炉中高温900~1200℃煅烧30min得熟料，趁热喷洒5%的稀HCl溶液迅速冷却，晾干后研磨至过160~200目筛的微粉，按质量比1:14加入至（1）所述的水稻种子中，高速搅拌混匀；
（5）将菌液浓度为2.0~3.0×107cfu/mL的硅酸盐细菌菌液；按1:15的比例均匀喷洒至（3）所得水稻种子的表面上，常温下静置4h后按每亩12Kg的量均匀播撒至（3）所述的畦上；
一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法，其特征在于，所述步骤（3）的植物提取液是：混合重量份（Kg）为单位的无患子3、蒜瓣12、生姜25、苦楝果9、鱼藤草5、辣椒叶12、皂角18、银杏果14，研磨成匀浆，然后超声破裂细胞处理并按料水比1:4~6加水稀释，采用水蒸气回流提取2~3h得富含提取液的水溶液；
使用本发明的种植方法进行水稻的育苗处理，后期的病虫害发生率明显降低，杂草也相对较少，水稻的幼苗健壮，秧苗期田间补秧量少。

Claims (2)

1.一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法，其特征在于，包括以下几个步：
（1）种子预处理：将水稻的种子平铺在竹匾上晒种2~3天，然后按料液比1:20~30放入80~100g/L的NaOH溶液中，常温下浸泡40~50min，完成后过清水漂洗并烘干；
（2）大田处理：将大田机耕翻土，晒田5~10天，灌水至田间含水量80~90%，然后将重量份为单位的25%咪鲜胺10~15、高锰酸钾1~3、硫酸链霉素6~10、丁草胺50~60混合后加水稀释600~800倍，均匀喷洒到大田中100~150Kg/亩，覆盖塑料薄膜保温再次晒田1~2天，掀开薄膜透气散出药水味；
（3）混合珍珠岩30~40份、石英砂10~15份，粉碎成粒径0.1~0.3mm的微粒，然后放入4~7wt%的稀盐酸溶液中浸泡10~15min，完成后加入活性炭2~5份制成吸附材料添加剂，加入植物提取液20~30份，搅拌吸附，完成后加入至（2）所述大田中，坝田后做畦；
（4）等量混合正长石和黑云母石块，放入高温炉中高温900~1200℃煅烧30~40min得熟料，趁热喷洒4~8%的稀HCl溶液迅速冷却，晾干后研磨至过160~200目筛的微粉，按质量比1:10~15加入至（1）所述的水稻种子中，高速搅拌混匀；
（5）将菌液浓度为2.0~3.0×107cfu/mL的硅酸盐细菌菌液；按1:10~15的比例均匀喷洒至（3）所得水稻种子的表面上，常温下静置3~5h后按每亩10~15Kg的量均匀播撒至（3）所述的畦上。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种减少水稻发病率的幼苗培育方法，其特征在于，所述步骤（3）的植物提取液是：混合重量份为单位的无患子2~4、蒜瓣10~15、生姜20~30、苦楝果6~10、鱼藤草3~8、辣椒叶10~14、皂角15~22、银杏果10~18，研磨成匀浆，然后超声破裂细胞处理并按料水比1:4~6加水稀释，采用水蒸气回流提取2~3h得富含提取液的水溶液。
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CN104023536A (zh) * 2011-11-04 2014-09-03 拜耳知识产权有限责任公司 预防移栽水稻疾病的方法

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CN104023536A (zh) * 2011-11-04 2014-09-03 拜耳知识产权有限责任公司 预防移栽水稻疾病的方法

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