CN106888611A - Soil improvement method - Google Patents

Abstract

A kind of soil improvement method, including：The sand of at least 1 inch is covered on fine-texture soil, then the granularity of sand sows plant introduction within the scope of 0.05mm -2.0mm.

Description

Soil improvement method

Technical field

The present invention relates under the conditions of arid and semiarid climate, due to natural, accidental Or intentionally the reason for and the soil improvement method of loss of vegetation.

Background technology

Due to rugged environment factor and the appropriate technology of shortage, make arid, semiarid zone Naturally, the effort of the local secondary vegetation for by accident, artificially destroying, usually faces mistake Lose.Arid, semiarid soil occupies significant proportion in the soil of the U.S. and other many countries. These regional annual precipitations are usually less than 12 inches.In the precipitation of arid, semiarid zone It is that typical case is not predictable, along with periodic drought, this is not exception but rule. Under colder weather conditions, many precipitation in a year are non-acoustic detections in this year to avenge Form occur, snow is easily blown and distils by strong wind, this is arid and half-dried nonirrigated farmland in the world The feature in area.When soil also freezes, snow is likely to melt, and thus results in substantial amounts of runoff, A small amount of water penetrates into soil.So, only a fraction of can be utilized by plant in winter moisture.It is dry Drought, the summer rainwater of semiarid zone often occur with high intensity, the heavy rain form of short-term, this The heavy rain of the form of kind is characterized in producing substantial amounts of runoff, has little moisture to penetrate into soil and is planted Thing is utilized.When heavy rain is serious, flash flood and serious erosion problem just occur.

The evapotranspiration rate in arid, semiarid soil is also high, and potential evapotranspiration rate may surpass every year Cross 50 inches.In many arids, the semiarid zone in the world, most of or even whole growth All there is moisture shortage in season.It is obvious that moisture turns into arid, semiarid zone vegetation is set up, Growth and the key constraints of breeding.

The content of the invention

Past geographic climate result in many arids, the soil of semiarid zone in the world Formed, these soil can be described as the heavy soil of thin matter.Table I defines used in the classification of soils Granular size scope.The percentage composition of three kinds of key components in basic soil texture species is shown in Shown in Fig. 1.

Table I

The magnitude range of soil constitution

American agriculture planning department

(U.S.Department of Agriculture Scheme)

Fine-texture soil, particularly clay (being defined as at least soil containing 35~40% clays) are had Physicochemical characteristics, aggravated to be present in arid, the moisture of semiarid zone lacks.It is Due to their characteristic, fine-texture soil allows to the amount of moisture reduction penetrated into soil.This be by In (1) fine-texture soil be not especially porous；(2) hole of fine-texture soil is that typical case is very small 's；(3) water is moved through bringing clay or silty sand grain during aperture, and they can block aperture； (4) fine-texture soil just expands upon moistening, effectively tight closure table hole and Ya Biao holes, Make soil seriously impermeable.It is a large amount of to penetrate into thin due to charge attraction strong between water and clay Water in matter soil can not be utilized by vegetation.The general pass of soil moisture characteristic and the soil texture Fig. 2 sees in system.Notice that the field capacity of fine-texture soil is bigger than the field capacity of coarse textured soil to obtain It is many, but not available water in fine-texture soil also than coarse textured soil in it is much bigger.When thin When still having much moisture in matter soil, its wilted point has arrived at.

Fine-texture soil is also likely to be strongly salined soil saline-alkali soil or alkaline earth, and this is partially due to fine-texture soil The moisture of absorption is reduced, it is impossible to which by salinity, drip washing goes out from soil.The presence pair of salinity in soil Soil moisture absorbs and plant roots play negative influence using the ability of soil moisture.

Know that fine-texture soil suppresses the Seed Germination and growth of plant.The proterties of fine-texture soil consolidation, Natural propagation or the artificial seed sowed is set to be difficult to be buried.When seed is sprouted, if in soil Earth surface, then the possibility of its existence is very little.If seed is due to operation of nature or artificial Water furrow planting, is buried by thin matter heavy soil, and these seeds can not usually penetrate thin matter heavy soil Solid surface.It is obvious that arid, the improvement of semiarid zone want successfully, must just make Harsh climate and edaphic condition are improved.

At present, the U.S. and other national laws require to opencut, slag junction and its Its Human impact area is improved.Improved, process generally comprises the soil used and have value, again Insert the hole that is formed due to open pit or cover slag dregs pond, then plant locality or Plant introduction.Before drought period arrival, fine-texture soil and a small amount of rainfall cause grass, shrub, Ford and tree, sprout within rainy period and to set up complete root system extremely difficult. Under the conditions of these, plant often can not suitably take root, and cause the death rate very high.I found that One fairly simple method to be that seed is sprouted and growth of seedling provides suitable environment, And available moisture is kept for the more long ground time, thus the sprouting of the plant population that can help to survive with Growth.

In arid, the half-dried nonirrigated farmland that those vegetation naturally, by accident or are intentionally destroyed or destroyed A kind of area, method for making these regional fine-texture soil secondary vegetations has discovered that.This side Method includes：Cover at least 1 inch on impacted soil, best 2-6 inches sand, There is provided one and be suitable to the water adsorption layer sprouted, seed can be sprouted and in thin matter soil in this layer Grown on earth.In work is improved, this method is to being covered in opencut, slag pond or other people It is the fine-texture soil in destruction place, makes regeneration of vegetation particularly useful.This modification method is for changing The good soil damaged due to fire, orazing too closely or other natural causes is also useful.This is changed Good recipe method helps to prevent the soil erosion and promotes the reconstruction of vegetation.

Those vegetation by naturally, by accident or intentionally destroy or destroy it is arid, half-dried A kind of nonirrigated farmland area, method for making these regional fine-texture soil secondary vegetations is discovered.This The improved, process of class soil includes：In the sand of fine-texture soil upper berth at least 1 inch, compare Good is at least 2 inches, preferably the sand of 2-6 inchs, then appropriate in 1 year Time sows plant introduction.The specification limit of sand quality is from fine sand (about 0.05mm- About 0.5mm) arrive rough sand (about 0.5mm- about 2.0mm).In this layer that sand is formed In, by natural process or artificial seeding, seed is easily buried, by irrigation or natural precipitation, Seed easily propagates through sand surface when sprouting.Because sand has the ability for making moisture permeate quickly, It can also absorb those on fine-texture soil due to moisture that runoff may typically lose.Sand Water tariff collection time enough can be allowed moisture slowly to penetrate into fine-texture soil supply plant with After utilize, this moisture penetration is more in fine-texture soil than typically penetrating into, and also causes height Harmful salinity of concentration is leached the higher depth of vertical section of soil or is rinsed from irrigation and drainage system with functions Go out.

It is those the fine-texture soil classes defined by United States Department of Agriculture using effective fine-texture soil of the invention Type, such as：It is silt loam, flour sand sandy clay loam, clay loam, aleuritic texture clay loam, sandy Clay, silty clay and clay.These soil types are defined as follows：

Loam：Soil material includes 7-27% clays, 28-50% powders and the grains of sand less than 52%. Silt loam：Soil material includes 50% or more powder and 12-27% clays；Or comprising 50-80% powders and the clay less than 12%.

Flour sand：Soil material includes 80% or more powder and the clay less than 12%.

Sandy clay loam：Soil material is containing 20~35% clays, the powder less than 28% and 45% or more Many grains of sand.

Clay loam：Soil material clay containing 27-40% and the 20-45% grains of sand.

Aleuritic texture clay loam：Soil material clay containing 27-40% and the grains of sand less than 20%.

Sandy clay：The grains of sand of the soil material containing 35% or more clay and 45% or more.

Clay：Soil material is containing 40% or more clay, the grains of sand less than 45% and less than 40% Powder.

" destruction soil " refer to damage reduce, change or eliminate soil surface plant it is any naturally, Artificial activity or result.

Fig. 1 represents the relation of classification of soils title and its particle size distribution.

(Brady.N.C.The Nature and Properties of Soil, Macmillan Publishing Co.Inc., New York, P.639, (1974).

Fig. 2 represents soil moisture characteristic and quality and maintains the universal relation of plant institute water requirement (Brady, see on).Effectively, can be used for implementing sand of the invention, its specification model It is 0.05mm-2.0mm to enclose.

Although the sand than 6 inchs can be spread on fine-texture soil, for economic angle, it should With the appropriate sprouting of acquisition, water tariff collection and necessary minimal amount of sand of taking root.I found that 1-6 cuns of thick sand can tell on fine-texture soil.Need not be by sand and thin matter soil Earth is mixed, and it is harmful in fact to do so, no sand because the particulate in soil can often incline Son, under drought condition, causes the mixture of the hard elephant concrete type of Zinc fractions.

Once surface mining was used for those or was used as slag because of surface mining or subsurface stratum mining processes The betterment of land in pond, this method is especially effective.It is general in this environment, state and (or) Federal law requires, soil should also its true colours as much as possible, general slag and (or) Slag coating should again insert outdoor or subsurface stratum pit, and be covered in slag or slag Several layers of local soil should be also covered on cap rock.If soil be thin matter and (or) containing suitable The salinity of amount, then the seed that plant is obtained in such table soil is sprouted and to take root be very tired Difficult.If seed is sprouted under these conditions, unless moisture is for a comparatively long period of time Easily it is utilized, otherwise, can typically wilts and dead.If vegetation is not set up also, several times Eventually topmost soil horizon is fallen in erosion for rainfall and runoff, make potentially toxic slag coating or Slag exposes, and may cause to enter many mineral matter drip washing in slag or slag coating Streams or underground water.

" effective water " is defined as the part water easily absorbed by plant roots in soil, major part work Person be considered in those soil can sticking be up to the water of nearly 15 bar pressure.

Two, three days and natural drainage stop really after " field capacity " is defined as soil immersion, Remain in the percentage composition of soil reclaimed water.

" fine-texture soil " is defined as containing substantial amounts of particulate；Particularly the soil of powder and clay, wraps Include all of clay loam and clay (clay loam, sandy clay loam, aleuritic texture clay loam, sandy Clay, silty clay and clayey class).

" virgin land " is defined as the soil that its natural environment is not substantially destroyed.

" wawter tension " (or pressure) is defined as the negative pressure with soil water equivalent, and this value is equal to Must be applied to the soil water, make it by built-in same sample ingredient water it is porous can transmural or film and Reach hydraulically balanced required pressure value.

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1 represents three percentage compositions of main component in basic soil texture species.

Fig. 2 represents the universal relation of soil moisture characteristic and the soil texture.

Specific embodiment

The method of the present invention illustrates that it is to detect sand conduct to design these examples by following example The validity of fine-texture soil modifying agent, in addition, also detects including some other.These inspections Side includes the estimation of (1) to capillary barrier；(2) five rooting media thickness are evaluated Meaning；(3) three kinds of soil types are evaluated.The purpose of this experiment is to determine successfully to change The method of good trona slag.

Soil micro region is constructed

One piece is cut out about 1 near one 42 × 81 meters of trona slag junction of plot Foot is deep, and one layer 1 foot deep dry trona slag has been put into hole, and then staking out is by this block Ground is divided into 22 5 × 27 meters of cell.Add capillary barrier.Class1 barrier It is made up of the sieved coarse gravel of 23 cm thicks, 10 slag cell surfaces are so processed, Add one layer of 10 straw of cm thick on gravel, to prevent soil from entering the hair formed by gravel In tubule barrier layer.The barrier of type 2 is directly layered on slag by the straw of 10 cm thicks And constitute, 9 cells are so processed.Wish that these straws can play a part of to hinder sodium movement. The other three cell does not cover barrier, used as control.

Respectively with 1 foot, 2 feet, 3 feet, 4 feet, 6 feet of depth of soil evaluates kind Minimum depth of effectively taking root required for planting plant.Each cell reaches difference in terraced fields form Depth of soil.Three kinds of different soil types are used in experiment.Soil types A is clear The high ph-values clay containing sodium got clean landfill.Soil types B is specified from us Topsoil borrow areas obtain, the loamy sand of the saliferous of pH high.Soil types C be from The saline and alkaline sandy loam of the pH high got near sample plot.In 4 clays and loamy texture of cell One layer of 15 rough sand of cm thick is covered on sandy soil to determine it in this experiment poor quality used What influence sprouting and existence in soil have.Each cell is with 0.3 meter wide of coarse gravel buffer strip To separate.

Planting

Late October, each cell sows 6 kinds of perennial grass seeds.This 6 kinds of grass seeds are film quality mountain rice

(Oryzopsis hymenoides), thick fringe wheatgrass

(Agropyron dasystachum)、galleta

(Hilaria jamesii), Hordeum jubatum/Foxtail barley (wild barley)

It is (sitanion hystrix), blue from wheatgrass

(Agropyron spicatum) and grey open country wheat straw (big basin open country rye

Elymus cinereus).Using Plant Jr.Seeder seeders To sow these grass, this seeder is a kind of small-sized lister-planter.

In Second Year April, by 440 plants four kinds local Shrub Species in hillslope processes, these shrubs All it is the young plant shipped with container.These four shrubs are Wyoming Artemisia tridentatas

(Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis), prairie sagewort

(Artemisia frigida), shrubbery saltbush

(Atriplex Canescens), rabbit food wood

(Chry sothamnus vicidiflo-rus).These shrubs are by row Away from 1 meter, 1 meter of spacing in the rows is planted, and in plantation, each plant of shrub pours about 1 liter of water, this block There is no other moisture supply in experimental field.

Soil analysis

Quite comprehensively analysis has been done for the physicochemical properties of the three types soil of research.Survey The soil parameters tested has pH, electric conductivity, full water percentage, sodium-adsorption ratip (SAR), sun Ion exchange capacity (CEC), can dissolved cation, exchangeable sodium, organic matter, exchangeable sodium hundred Divide rate (ESP), nitrogen, total nitrogen, plant available phosphorus, potassium and quality.

Plant measurement

After planting in each September, the Survival of shrub is determined, by measuring maximum shrub Height and diameter, two number multiplied results are exactly the growth index of shrub.

In the original plan at the end of Growing season, six kinds of grass all shear off survey biological yield, but this plan Fall through.In addition to grey open country wheat straw (big basin open country rye) is not compromised, the ground of other grass Almost each blade is all eaten by antelope, rabbit and other rodents for upper part.In difference Grab sample in each cell of depth, takes grey open country wheat straw (big basin open country rye) long a meter Stick, cuts more than the ground at 2 inches, and the part cut air-dries fortnight, weighs, then Determine the weight of the unit length (rice) of each treatment and different soils depth.

The statistical analysis of data

Different disposal shrubbery shore is determined with the Newman-Ke Ersi multiregions bioassay standard of statistic The statistics of lamb's-quarters growth is reliably contrasted.Other shrubs due to by serious grazing impact, no Do statistical test.Due to herding, the growth of shrub was not only have impact on but also have impact on existence.Only Saltbush is not consumed shrubbery.Compare the grey of different disposal with Newman-Ke Ersi test stones The biological yield of wild wheat straw (big basin open country rye), it is unique grass do not eaten up largely. As a result

The chemical analysis of slag

Several indexs are all high below slag material used：PH, electric conductivity, sodium, calcium, nitrate, Fluoride, sodium-adsorption ratip and exchangeable sodium percentage, these parameters be all to plant it is harmful or Totally unfavorable.There can not possibly be a kind of more economical method, can eliminate or mitigate slag material In harmful unfavorable composition.The alkaline power of slag is subject matter.

Due to moisture movement, soluble component such as chloride, boron, fluoride and sodium in slag can be with Move on in the slag layer being close to rooting media, reach the level for poisoning or being unfavorable for plant.Sodium It is again subject matter.

The physicochemical analysis of soil

Table II lists the physicochemical analysis result of the three types soil in hillslope processes. Their quality SAR and pH value be not in the well-grown desirable safe model of Wyoming Artemisia tridentata Within enclosing.In addition the exchangeable sodium percentage of A types and c-type soil does not all drop to tolerance interval Within.Potassium and organic matter measurement result in three kinds of soil are also unfavorable for plant growth.

Table II soil physical chemistry is analyzed

Plant data

Shrub survival rate

Table III lists the survival rate data of every kind of shrub in soil type.In all of filling Wood relatively in, these data are probably most significant.As can be seen that four bushes are survived Rate is minimum in clay, and the highest in the clay processed with sand.Compare, loamy sand In sand, except shrubbery saltbush survival rate non-statistical significantly raise in addition to, shrub is not increased Survival rate.

The relation of Table III shrub survival rate and soil types

^*According to Newman-Ke Ersi multiregion bioassay standards, the treatment with same letter after numeral, it is poor It is different not reach 5% significance degree.

Table IV lists the survival rate of all shrubs and the relation of depth of soil.Prairie sagewort From 1 foot to 6 feet, deepen with soil, survival rate rises；Other shrubs from 1 foot to 4 feet of chis, survival rate increase, 6 feet it is deep when, survival rate decline.

The survival rate of Table IV different soils depth shrub

^*According to Newman-Ke Ersi multiregion bioassay standards, after numeral the treatment with same letter its Difference does not reach 5% significance degree.

Shrub growth index

Table V lists the shrub growth index of soil type.Since in addition to shrubbery saltbush, Other shrubs are all largely eaten up, therefore in addition to shrubbery saltbush, the growth index of other shrubs compares Have little significance.The statistical analysis of growth index data is only limitted to the data of shrubbery saltbush.Shrubbery shore Lamb's-quarters grows best in the clay of husky treatment, is grown in clay and sandy loam worst.

The shrub growth index of Table V soil type

^*According to Newman-Ke Ersi multiple range test standards, the treatment of numeral followed by same letter, Its difference does not reach 5% significance degree.

The biological yield of grass

Table VI shows growth response and the shrubbery saltbush of grey open country wheat straw (big basin open country rye) Growth response be similar to, grown in clay worst, grown most in the clay processed through sand It is good.As the situation that shrub grows, with the loamy sand type and loamy sand class of husky treatment Statistically there was no significant difference for type.

Table VI soil type grey open country wheat straw (big basin open country rye) Growing state

According to Newman-Ke Ersi multiple range test standards, the treatment of the same letter of band after numeral, Its difference does not reach 5% significance degree.

Before the 3rd Growing season arrives, sample plot hedge fences up prevents plant by livestock Eat up.The shrub died in the first two years plants the seedling of work again again, and grass is sowed again.Sample plot Have passed through five Growing seasons at present.In survival and growth observed by first Growing season Trend is not changed in.The growth and survival of all shrubs and grass are all minimum in clay cell, With highest in the clay of husky treatment.

In laboratory, the vegetable seeds in fine-texture soil to different fine-texture soils and with husky treatment Sprout and growth is studied.The result of these experiments is consistent with the above results.

Claims (5)

1. a kind of soil improvement method, it is characterised in that including at least with the sand of 1 inch Son covering fine-texture soil or destroyed fine-texture soil, the quality scope of sand about exist Within 0.05mm-2.0mm, local plant introduction is then planted or sowed in sand；

Wherein, the depth of sand is at least 2 inches.

2. the method described in claim 1, wherein sand depth about between 2-6 inches, Sand quality scope is about between 0.05mm-2.0mm.

3. make to open a mine ground, at slag accumulation and other naturally, the soil of artificial destructions regenerates The method of vegetation, including：

A () covers destroyed soil with fine-texture soil, these fine-texture soils can be from following soil Middle selection：Silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sand Matter clay, silty clay, clay and the composite soil being made up of them；

B () is covered on fine-texture soil with the sand of at least 1 inch, sand quality scope is about Between 0.05mm-2.0mm.

C plant introduction is planted or sowed to () in sand.

4. the method described in claim 3, the depth of wherein sand is at least 2 inches.

5. the method described in claim 4, the depth of wherein sand is from 2 inches to 6 Inch, sand quality scope is from about 0.05mm-2mm.