CN106859792B - Multi-section type through hole porous dental implant - Google Patents
Multi-section type through hole porous dental implant Download PDFInfo
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- CN106859792B CN106859792B CN201710144217.3A CN201710144217A CN106859792B CN 106859792 B CN106859792 B CN 106859792B CN 201710144217 A CN201710144217 A CN 201710144217A CN 106859792 B CN106859792 B CN 106859792B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C8/00—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
- A61C8/0018—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
- A61C8/0037—Details of the shape
- A61C8/0039—Details of the shape in the form of hollow cylinder with an open bottom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C8/00—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
- A61C8/0018—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
- A61C8/0037—Details of the shape
- A61C8/0042—Details of the shape consisting of two halves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C8/00—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
- A61C8/0048—Connecting the upper structure to the implant, e.g. bridging bars
- A61C8/005—Connecting devices for joining an upper structure with an implant member, e.g. spacers
- A61C8/0074—Connecting devices for joining an upper structure with an implant member, e.g. spacers with external threads
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C2204/00—Features not otherwise provided for
Abstract
A multi-section type through hole porous dental implant comprises a gum penetrating section and a thread section, wherein the gum penetrating section is of a smooth solid structure, the gum penetrating section is positioned at the upper part of the thread section, the dental implant further comprises a porous structure section, the porous structure section is positioned at the lower part of the thread section, and a porous structure with the pore diameter increased is sequentially adopted in the porous structure section from bottom to top; the porous structure adopts a transverse through hole mode, the transverse through holes with each aperture are radial, and all the transverse through holes are distributed along the circumference. The invention provides a multi-section type through hole porous dental implant which effectively improves the bonding strength and bonding speed and is easy to realize a porous structure.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of dental implant restoration, in particular to a multi-section type through hole porous dental implant.
Background
The loss of teeth brings inconvenience to the life of people, and the repair of the false teeth cannot meet the requirements of people. In recent years, the development of dental implant technology has successfully solved this problem for us. The implant is a bionic tooth made from natural teeth. Mainly comprises two parts, namely a dental crown for bearing chewing force and an implant screwed into a mandible. The success of a dental implant is largely determined by the implant. A successful implant should allow complete osseointegration of the implant with the mandible and have good biocompatibility. In order to promote the combination of the implant with the alveolar bone, a dental implant having a rough surface is widely used, and animal experiments and clinical practices study the surface, and the rough surface can increase the osseointegration surface area compared with a smooth surface, and is advantageous for the combination of the implant with the alveolar bone. However, the bonding strength between the implant with the rough surface and the alveolar bone is far from reaching the ideal clinical effect, and how to further increase the bonding strength between the implant and the alveolar bone, improve the long-term effectiveness of the implant and improve the success rate of the implant surgery is a problem to be solved.
The early osteo-integration ability determines the lifetime of the implant. Most of the implanted teeth used in the market at present are common solid titanium alloy implants, osteoblasts in tooth sockets can only cover the surfaces of the implants, the contact area is small, the growth of bone tissues is not facilitated, and the early bone union is not facilitated. For patients with inadequate bone mass, treatment is more difficult; meanwhile, the elastic modulus of the titanium alloy is far higher than that of human alveolar bone tissues, which can cause stress shielding effect. After long-term use, the bone tissues around the implant hardly bear the force and then shrink, so that the implant is easy to loosen and even break. The constant elastic modulus of the implant also results in poor mechanical structural properties. The surface area of the implant can be increased by introducing the porous structure, the mechanical locking force is improved, and the combination of the implant and the bone tissue is facilitated. The existing design is realized by adding a pore structure between threads, but the pore structure and the threads are more likely to cause stress concentration so as to damage the implant. At the same time, different threads have different effects on stress concentration. The pore structure is distributed between the threads and the adjustability of the pore structure is poor.
The design of dental implants needs to meet the following requirements:
(1) the designed porous implant should avoid the damage of the implant caused by stress concentration as much as possible;
(2) the porous structure can meet the personalized external shape of the implant, is a through hole, can realize the controllability of internal pores by changing the parameters of the pore structure, and can realize the controllability of structural performance parameters;
(3) the designed porous structure needs to meet the process requirements of 3D printing (additive manufacturing technology), can meet the requirements of biological and mechanical properties through additive manufacturing, needs to have enough rigidity and strength to ensure that the porous structure cannot deform and be damaged after being implanted into an alveolar bone, and simultaneously ensures that the elastic modulus of the porous structure is basically equivalent to that of a natural bone so as to avoid stress shielding;
(4) the porous structure is in gradient change from outside to inside, so that osteocytes can be promoted to enter the pores to grow;
(5) the porous structure increases the surface area, facilitates the contact of osteoblasts with the implant, promotes the growth and improves the early osseointegration capability.
Most of the current solid implants are used on the market. Controlled porous implants are difficult to achieve by conventional machining. Meanwhile, since the contact area is small, the bonding strength between the dental implant and the alveolar bone is not good, and a long bone growth healing period of 3-6 months is required between the implant implantation and the repair operation.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of poor bonding strength, slow bonding speed and difficult realization of a porous structure of the conventional dental implant, the invention provides the multi-section type through hole porous dental implant which effectively improves the bonding strength and the bonding speed and is easy to realize the porous structure.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
a multi-section type through hole porous dental implant comprises a gum penetrating section and a thread section, wherein the gum penetrating section is of a smooth solid structure, the gum penetrating section is positioned at the upper part of the thread section, the dental implant further comprises a porous structure section, the porous structure section is positioned at the lower part of the thread section, and a porous structure with the pore diameter increased is sequentially adopted in the porous structure section from bottom to top; the porous structure adopts a transverse through hole mode, the transverse through holes with each aperture are radial, and all the transverse through holes are distributed along the circumference.
Furthermore, the transverse through holes with the hole diameters are arranged in a staggered mode with the transverse through holes with the adjacent upper and lower hole diameters.
Or the following steps: the transverse through holes with one hole diameter and the transverse through holes with adjacent upper and lower hole diameters are positioned on the same vertical straight line.
Preferably, the cross section of the transverse through hole is a diamond shape. Of course, other shapes are possible.
Furthermore, the pore diameters are distributed in a gradient manner from bottom to top, and the range is 100-500 micrometers.
Furthermore, in the porous structure, a single transverse through hole penetrates through the vertical center line of the porous structure section, and all the transverse through holes are distributed at equal intervals along the circumference.
The aperture of the transverse through hole is continuously increased from the middle part to the outer side.
The lower end of the porous structure section is provided with a chamfer angle for increasing the sharpness of the implant.
The upper end of crossing the gum section is equipped with the base station interface, the base station interface adopts the hexagonal nut interface of class. The hexagon of the hexagon-like nut is additionally provided with an arc-shaped convex part for secondary anti-rotation
In the gum penetrating section, the diameter is 4mm, the length is 0.15L, and L is the length of the implant; in the thread section, threads with the outer diameter of 4mm, the depth of 0.35mm and the thread pitch of 0.5mm are selected, the rotation angle is 60 degrees, the length of the thread section is 0.4L, reverse support threads are adopted, and the included angle between the upper surface and the lower surface is 15-45 degrees; in the porous structure section, the length is 0.45L, and the diameter is 3.3mm, and the implant bottom chamfer angle is 45, and the distance is 0.5 ~ 1 mm.
The technical conception of the invention is as follows: stress concentration is mainly concentrated on the neck part, and the upper end of the neck part adopts a smooth solid structure, so that the stress concentration effect can be effectively avoided; the middle part adopts threads, so that the middle part can be meshed with a bone block and the contact area is increased, and the tail end adopts a porous structure with the pore diameter increased from bottom to top, so that the stress concentration effect is avoided, the contact area is increased by the porous structure, the differentiation and the growth of osteoblasts are facilitated, the combination rate of an implant and bone tissues is improved, and the stress is uniformly distributed due to the three-section distribution; the porous structure is a through hole in a radial shape, the holes are arrayed along the circumference, the angle is 60 degrees, the pore diameters are sequentially increased from bottom to top, gradient distribution is adopted, the hole position distribution comprises staggered distribution, the staggered angle is 30 degrees (stress concentration can be better avoided, and chewing forces in different directions can be better borne), and the pore diameter distribution is linear distribution; the multiple holes are intersected at one point, under the condition that some holes are blocked, cells can enter other holes through the intersection points, the probability that bone tissues grow into the holes is increased, and the bone tissues grow into the holes more and more firmly.
The diamond-shaped through holes are adopted, the hole diameter is reduced from outside to inside, the permeability of large-hole-diameter non-circular holes is high, the cells can enter the holes conveniently, the blockage cannot be caused, the small hole diameter is favorable for the proliferation and the growth of the cells, the bone tissue can grow to be deepest at the fastest speed, and the bone-free phenomenon at the deep part of the hole is avoided, so that the implant is firmly combined with the alveolar bone, the healing period of the operation is shortened, the bone combination is promoted, the bone combination strength is increased, the long-term effectiveness of the dental implant is improved, the success rate of the implantation operation is improved, and the service life of the implant is prolonged; meanwhile, the pore structure and the screw thread are separately designed, so that personalized design and customization can be performed more flexibly according to the bone condition of a patient without being influenced by the screw thread, the elastic modulus of the implant is reduced by the pore structure, the implant is matched with the elastic modulus of bone tissues, and the stress shielding effect is avoided.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: effectively improves the bonding strength, improves the bonding speed and is easy to realize a porous structure.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural view of a multi-part type through-hole porous dental implant.
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a transgingival section.
Fig. 4 is a structural view of another multi-sectional type through-hole porous dental implant.
Fig. 5 is a top view of a transgingival section.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to fig. 1 to 5, the multi-section type through hole porous dental implant comprises a gum penetrating section and a threaded section, wherein the gum penetrating section is of a smooth solid structure and is positioned on the upper part of the threaded section, the dental implant further comprises a porous structure section, the porous structure section is positioned on the lower part of the threaded section, and a porous structure with an increased pore diameter is sequentially adopted in the porous structure section from bottom to top; the porous structure adopts a transverse through hole mode, the transverse through holes in each hole diameter are radial, and all the transverse through holes are distributed along the circumference.
Furthermore, the transverse through holes with the hole diameters are arranged in a staggered mode with the transverse through holes with the adjacent upper and lower hole diameters.
Or the following steps: the transverse through hole with one hole diameter and the transverse through holes with adjacent upper and lower hole diameters are positioned on the same vertical straight line.
Preferably, the cross section of the transverse through hole is a diamond shape. Of course, other shapes are possible.
Furthermore, the pore diameters are distributed in a gradient manner from bottom to top, and the range is 100-500 micrometers.
Furthermore, in the porous structure, a single transverse through hole penetrates through the vertical center line of the porous structure section, and all the transverse through holes are distributed at equal intervals along the circumference.
The aperture of the transverse through hole is continuously increased from the middle part to the outer side.
The lower end of the porous structure section is provided with a chamfer angle for increasing the sharpness of the implant.
The upper end of crossing the gum section is equipped with the base station interface, the base station interface adopts the hexagonal nut interface of class. The hexagon of the hexagon-like nut is additionally provided with an arc-shaped convex part for secondary anti-rotation
In the gum penetrating section, the diameter is 4mm, the length is 0.15L, and L is the length of the implant; in the thread section, threads with the outer diameter of 4mm, the depth of 0.35mm and the thread pitch of 0.5mm are selected, the rotation angle is 60 degrees, the length of the thread section is 0.4L, reverse support threads are adopted, and the included angle between the upper surface and the lower surface is 15-45 degrees; in the porous structure section, the length is 0.45L, and the diameter is 3.3mm, and the implant bottom chamfer angle is 45, and the distance is 0.5 ~ 1 mm.
In this embodiment, the fatigue safety factor is lower at the junction of cortical bone and implant and at the junction of implant bottom and cancellous bone. A multi-section porous dental implant is mainly divided into three sections: a gum penetrating segment, a thread segment and a porous structure segment.
The maximum stress of an implant system and bone tissue interface is concentrated in a combined area of the upper part of the implant and cortical bone, the gum penetrating section is the upper end of the implant and belongs to a stress concentration part, and the stress concentration is caused by the arrangement of a thread and a pore structure, so that a smooth solid part with the diameter of 4mm and the length of 0.15L is selected;
the external screw thread that is connected at outer surface design and alveolar bone, the screw thread has played very important role in the implant, and the screw thread has fine mechanical engagement's effect for implant to the mandible has fine fixity, and the screw thread can be fine pass to the osseous tissue with the snap-in force, reduces stress concentration, makes stress distribution even. The initial contact surface of the implant can be increased, and the initial stability of the implant is improved. The thread position affects the stress distribution at the implant-bone interface. It is more appropriate to design the threaded segments separately in the middle part of the implant. The smaller the thread pitch, the denser the thread, not only increasing the surface area of the implant and the mandible, but also improving the mechanical self-locking effect. Therefore, the smaller pitch can improve the mechanical property of the implant. Although a smaller pitch is more advantageous for dental implants, a smaller pitch is more difficult to machine, which increases the cost and time required for machining. Theoretically, a smaller pitch is better, but considering the practical limitations, an implant with a suitable pitch needs to be selected. Considering the requirement of a 3D printing process, the thread with the outer diameter of 4mm, the depth of 0.35mm and the thread pitch of 0.5mm is selected, the rotating angle is 60 degrees, the length of the thread section is 0.4L, the reverse supporting thread is adopted, and the included angle between the upper surface and the lower surface is 15-45 degrees.
The tail end is set to a porous section, the length is 0.45L, the diameter is 3.3mm, the chamfering angle of the bottom end of the implant is 45 degrees, the distance is 0.5-1 mm, the sharpness of the implant is increased, and the implant is convenient to implant. Compared with a blind hole, the through hole structure increases the contact area and can better promote the differentiation and growth of osteoblasts. Meanwhile, the elastic modulus can be reduced, so that the elastic modulus is matched with bone tissues as much as possible, and the stress shielding effect is avoided. Meanwhile, the stress at the joint of the bottom of the implant and the cancellous bone is concentrated, and small aperture close to the bottom can avoid the stress concentration damage as much as possible. The porous structure is a through hole in a radial shape, the holes are arrayed along the circumference, the angle is 60 degrees, the pore diameters are sequentially increased from bottom to top, gradient distribution is adopted, the hole positions are distributed in a staggered mode, the staggered angle is 30 degrees (stress concentration can be better avoided, and chewing forces in different directions can be better borne) and straight line distribution is adopted; the multiple holes are intersected at one point, under the condition that some holes are blocked, cells can enter other holes through the intersection points, the probability that bone tissues grow into the holes is increased, and the bone tissues grow into more holes and are firmer.
The pore diameter is distributed in a gradient way from bottom to top, and the range is 100-500 microns. The bottom adopts the aperture of minimums, and up aperture increases in proper order, and the interval is 1 mm. The large aperture cell permeability is high, and the small aperture is beneficial to cell growth. The aperture is reduced to 100 microns from outside to interior, and big aperture combines together, and the great non-round hole of outside placing is in order to avoid blockking up, and inside places the aperture and is favorable to initial cell adhesion and proliferation differentiation, can make the darker access hole structure of more bone tissue, and the implant is faster to combine with the bone, and more firm, and the life-span is longer. The cross section area of a single hole in the porous structure adopts a rhombus shape. Compared with square and round, the diamond-shaped hole is more beneficial to cell growth. The bottom end of the medical bone plate is of a porous structure, and can be manufactured individually according to the bone condition of a patient. The controllability of structural performance parameters is achieved by changing the pore size, porosity, etc., without considering the influence of threads.
The base station interface adopts a hexagon nut-like interface. The hexagonal nut can resist rotation, prevents that the rotatory not hard up of base station of being connected with the implant from leading to destroying. Meanwhile, the hexagon is additionally provided with an arc-shaped bulge part, so that the rotation resistance of the second stage is realized. The neck of the implant is concentrated in stress, and the design can play a role in reducing concentrated stress while resisting rotation. The bottom circle can be positioned and simultaneously, more height pedestals can be selected. The diagonal length of the hexagonal nut is 3.1mm, and the depth of the hexagonal nut is 1.2 mm; the diameter of the bottom circle is 2.7mm, and the depth is 0.2 mm; the convex part is a circle with the diameter of 0.6mm and the depth of 1.4mm at the position 1.5mm away from the center of the circle. The diameter of a threaded counter bore in the implant is 1.2-2 mm, the depth is 4mm, the thread pitch is 0.5mm, and the tip angle is 120 degrees.
A method of manufacturing a multi-part porous dental implant, the method comprising the steps of:
step 1, design and establishment of three-dimensional model
1.1) establishing an implant initial model in three-dimensional software and dividing the implant initial model into three parts;
1.2) designing threads in the middle section in three-dimensional software to design a thread implant based on certain parameters; the smaller the thread pitch, the denser the thread, not only increasing the surface area of the implant and the mandible, but also improving the mechanical self-locking effect. Therefore, the smaller pitch can improve the mechanical property of the implant. However, a smaller pitch makes it more difficult to machine, which increases machining cost and time required for machining. Theoretically, a smaller pitch is better, but considering the practical limitations, an implant with a suitable pitch needs to be selected. Here a thread with a pitch of 0.5mm, a thread depth of 0.35mm and a rotation angle of 60 is selected.
1.3) establishing a porous model of the tail end in three-dimensional software, mainly considering the section shape, the aperture, the porosity and the distribution rule of the pores
And outputting the designed implant to a file in an iges format.
Step 2, analog simulation analysis
Finite element preprocessing software, such as Hypermesh software of Altair company, is adopted to introduce a cortical bone model, a cancellous bone model and a fixing unit of an implant initial structure into Hypermesh in an IGES format, after the mesh division is completed, corresponding bone material properties (including Young modulus and Poisson ratio) and boundary conditions are set, analysis steps are set, corresponding mechanical loading is applied, and the establishment of a finite element model is completed.
Step 3, 3D printing
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology is a new Rapid Prototyping (RP) technology that emerged in the mid-90 s of the 20 th century. The method has the advantages of simple forming process, high material utilization rate, wide applicability, high forming efficiency and the like, thereby receiving wide attention. It can directly form metal parts with density close to the full density. Controllable porous structures cannot be achieved by machining. 3D printing technology can just solve this problem.
Directly forming a Ti6Al4V alloy medical workpiece by an SLM (selective laser melting) technology, processing Ti6Al4V alloy powder with the average particle size of 70 microns by using a laser power threshold value of 126W, a laser scanning speed of 300mm/s, a scanning distance of 0.06mm and a powder layer thickness of 0.035mm to print the implant designed in the step 1), and removing powder remained in the pores of the implant;
the process of 3D printing is as follows:
according to the layered slice information of the three-dimensional CAD model of the formed part, the scanning system controls the laser beam to act on the powder in the area to be formed;
after the scanning of the first layer is finished, the piston in the piston cylinder can descend by a distance of one layer thickness; then the powder is conveyed by the powder conveying system, and the roller of the powder spreading system spreads a layer of powder to be deposited on the formed layer;
and then, repeating the 2 forming processes until all the slice layers of the three-dimensional CAD model are completely scanned, so that the three-dimensional CAD model is directly formed in a layer-by-layer accumulation mode.
Step 4, post-treatment
After the porous dental implant is sintered, the implant is placed in a powder pile in a vacuum chamber and slowly cooled to room temperature, and redundant powder stuck on the dental implant is removed.
Furthermore, residual powder inside the pores of the implant is removed by using ethanol with the mass fraction of 70% for ultrasonic oscillation.
The residual stress in the workpiece is eliminated by adopting a stress-relief annealing process, so that the tensile strength of the workpiece in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction is improved
Step 5, in vitro culture and implantation
After the personalized implant is added with nutrient components, growth factors and bone cells, the personalized implant is cultured in a culture solution to activate the organism.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides a porous dental implant of multistage formula through-hole, is including wearing gum section and screw thread section, it is smooth solid construction to wear the gum section, it is located the upper portion of screw thread section, its characterized in that to wear the gum section: the dental implant also comprises a porous structure section, the porous structure section is positioned at the lower part of the thread section, a porous structure with increased pore diameter is sequentially adopted in the porous structure section from bottom to top, the pore diameter is distributed in a gradient manner from bottom to top, and the range is 100-500 micrometers; the porous structure adopts a transverse through hole mode, the transverse through holes with each aperture are radial, and all the transverse through holes are distributed along the circumference.
2. The multi-part through-hole porous dental implant of claim 1, wherein: a transverse through hole with a hole diameter and transverse through holes with adjacent upper and lower hole diameters are arranged in a staggered mode.
3. The multi-part through-hole porous dental implant of claim 1, wherein: the transverse through holes with one hole diameter and the transverse through holes with adjacent upper and lower hole diameters are positioned on the same vertical straight line.
4. The multi-part through-hole porous dental implant of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the cross section of the transverse through hole is rhombic.
5. The multi-part through-hole porous dental implant of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: in the porous structure, a single transverse through hole penetrates through the vertical center line of the porous structure section, and all the transverse through holes are distributed at equal intervals along the circumference.
6. The multi-part through-hole porous dental implant of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the aperture of the transverse through hole is continuously increased from the middle part to the outer side.
7. The multi-part through-hole porous dental implant of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the lower end of the porous structure section is provided with a chamfer angle for increasing the sharpness of the implant.
8. The multi-part through-hole porous dental implant of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the upper end of crossing gum section is equipped with the base station interface, the base station interface adopts class hexagon nut interface, class hexagon of hexagon nut adds the arc bulge that is used for the anti-rotation of second grade.
9. The multi-part through-hole porous dental implant of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: in the gum penetrating section, the diameter is 4mm, the length is 0.15L, and L is the length of the implant; in the thread section, threads with the outer diameter of 4mm, the depth of 0.35mm and the thread pitch of 0.5mm are selected, the rotation angle is 60 degrees, the length of the thread section is 0.4L, reverse support threads are adopted, and the included angle between the upper surface and the lower surface is 15-45 degrees; in the porous structure section, the length is 0.45L, and the diameter is 3.3mm, and the implant bottom chamfer angle is 45, and the distance is 0.5 ~ 1 mm.
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| CN108236509B (en) * | 2018-03-14 | 2023-05-23 | 华南理工大学 | NiTi memory alloy gradient porous personalized implant and manufacturing method thereof |
| US10993753B2 (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2021-05-04 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Bone screw and method of manufacture |
| US10575886B2 (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2020-03-03 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Bone screw and method of manufacture |
| US11191582B2 (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2021-12-07 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Bone screw and method of manufacture |
| US11224470B2 (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2022-01-18 | Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc. | Bone screw and method of manufacture |
| CN113967091A (en) * | 2021-10-18 | 2022-01-25 | 武汉理工大学 | 3D printing dental root implant and preparation method thereof |
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| CN106999263A (en) * | 2014-12-16 | 2017-08-01 | 诺贝尔生物服务公司 | Dental implant |
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