CN106840464B - A kind of water cooling Gordon calorimeter - Google Patents
A kind of water cooling Gordon calorimeter Download PDFInfo
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- CN106840464B CN106840464B CN201611029564.3A CN201611029564A CN106840464B CN 106840464 B CN106840464 B CN 106840464B CN 201611029564 A CN201611029564 A CN 201611029564A CN 106840464 B CN106840464 B CN 106840464B
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of water cooling Gordon calorimeters, including constantan piece, oxygen-free copper ontology, water inlet pipe and outlet pipe；The upper surface of constantan piece covering oxygen-free copper ontology；Oxygen-free copper ontology is column structure, it is circular through-hole that the middle part of column structure has section in the axial direction, the outside of circular through-hole has the annular cooling slot that the inner surface being provided in the axial direction is cylindrical surface, the top of cooling slot is close to the upper surface of oxygen-free copper ontology, cool down slot bottom end after closing there are with the matched water inlet of water inlet pipe, and with the matched water outlet of outlet pipe；The water inlet pipe and outlet pipe are connected to the lower end of oxygen-free copper ontology, are separately connected inlet and outlet.The present invention reduces the operating temperature of constantan piece by way of introducing cooling water, the temperature of constantan piece is set to be no more than 200 DEG C, maintain linear operating region, realize the long-time monitoring to high-temperature heat flux, reduce calorimeter calculating parameter simultaneously is influenced by temperature fluctuation, improves the precision of calorimeter.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of water cooling Gordon calorimeters, belong to heat metering field.
Background technique
For hypersonic aircraft in high speed flight at high altitude, surface will be subjected to serious Aerodynamic Heating and radiant heating,
It is required that aircraft surface installation can satisfy the thermal protection system of anti-heat request.Its heat insulation material or structure need to carry out Aerodynamic Heating
Ground simulating, to verify its thermal protective performance.Wherein, total airflow temperature and surface heat flux are that experiment needs two to be simulated
Major parameter.Accurate measurement surface heat flux data are to realize the basis of Aerodynamic Heating ground simulating high-precision analog.
With the development of Aerodynamic Heating ground simulation test measuring technology, successively had developed both at home and abroad based on different heat transfer principle
A variety of transient states and stable state calorimeter come.For example, transient state heat capacity type (plug) calorimeter, water card calorimeter, thin-walled calorimeter, same
Axis calorimeter, zero point calorimeter and circle foil calorimeter (Gordon's calorimeter, Garden heat gage are in foreign countries) etc..This tittle
Heat in respect of respective Heat flux calculation range and application method, suffered from Aerodynamic Heating ground simulating respectively can not or
Scarce application environment.
In external pneumatic thermal modeling test, Gordon's calorimeter largely makes frequently as standard calorimeter or with reference to calorimeter
With.The calorimeter thermal response is fast, and measurement accuracy is high, and Heat flux calculation range is wide.However Gordon's calorimeter can not exist for a long time
It is worked normally under high thermal environment.How a kind of novel calorimeter is provided, realizes that obtain Aerodynamic Heating experimental facilities transports in long-time
The fluctuation situation of heat flow density data in row situation is this field technical problem urgently to be resolved.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a kind of water cooling Gordon calorimeters, can be for a long time
It is worked normally under the high thermal environment of Aerodynamic Heating.
The object of the invention is achieved by following technical solution:
A kind of water cooling Gordon calorimeter, including constantan piece, oxygen-free copper ontology, water inlet pipe and outlet pipe are provided；
The upper surface of the constantan piece covering oxygen-free copper ontology；
The oxygen-free copper ontology is column structure, and it is circular logical that the middle part of column structure has section in the axial direction
Hole, the outside of circular through-hole have the annular cooling slot that the inner surface being provided in the axial direction is cylindrical surface, and cool down slot
Top close to the upper surface of oxygen-free copper ontology, the bottom end for the slot that cools down after closing there are with the matched water inlet of water inlet pipe, and with
The matched water outlet of outlet pipe；
The water inlet pipe and outlet pipe are connected to the lower end of oxygen-free copper ontology, are separately connected inlet and outlet；
The first p-wire of middle the heart channel of Hang-Shaoyin of the constantan piece is drawn, under the oxygen-free copper ontology between circular through-hole and cooling slot
The second p-wire of surface is drawn.
Another water cooling Gordon's calorimeter, including constantan piece, oxygen-free copper ontology, connector, water inlet pipe and outlet pipe are provided；
The upper surface of the constantan piece covering oxygen-free copper ontology；
The oxygen-free copper ontology is downwardly convex column structure, and the middle part of column structure is with section in the axial direction
Circular through-hole, the outside of circular through-hole have the annular cooling slot that the inner surface being provided in the axial direction is cylindrical surface,
The top of cooling slot extends to the bottom end of oxygen-free copper ontology close to the upper surface of oxygen-free copper ontology, circular through-hole and cooling slot it
Between oxygen-free copper ontology be downwardly extending cylindrical protrusions；
The connector is cyclic structure, and inner surface is matched with the outer surface of the cylindrical protrusions of oxygen-free copper ontology；Connection
The lower end surface of the upper surface connection oxygen-free copper ontology of part；The connector has circular passage, is connected to cooling slot；Circular passage
Bottom end after closing there are with the matched water inlet of water inlet pipe, and with the matched water outlet of outlet pipe；
The water inlet pipe and outlet pipe are connected to the lower end of connector, are separately connected inlet and outlet；Cooling water warp
After water inlet pipe enters the circular passage of connector, the cooling slot into oxygen-free copper ontology cools down, then the annular through connector
Channel flow to outlet pipe outflow；
The first p-wire of middle the heart channel of Hang-Shaoyin of the constantan piece is drawn, under the oxygen-free copper ontology between circular through-hole and cooling slot
The second p-wire of surface is drawn.
Preferably, it is welded as a whole by way of diffusion welding (DW) between the constantan piece and oxygen-free copper ontology.
Preferably, the first p-wire is copper free wire, and the center of constantan piece is fixed on by way of low temperature brazing.
Preferably, using formula, q=K Δ T demarcates calorimeter, determines the value of COEFFICIENT K, and q is calorimeter surface
Heat flow density, Δ T is the temperature difference between the oxygen-free copper ontology between constantan piece center and circular through-hole and cooling slot；When
K andBetween deviation less than 20% when qualified, wherein λ0The thermal coefficient of constantan when being 0 DEG C of temperature；R is oxygen-free copper ontology
The radius of circular through-hole, d are the thickness of constantan piece.
Preferably, the material of the connector is oxygen-free copper or stainless steel.
Preferably, the connector is connected to oxygen-free copper ontology by way of soldering, diffusion welding (DW).
The invention has the following advantages over the prior art:
(1) water cooling Gordon's calorimeter of the invention, reduces the operating temperature of constantan piece by way of introducing cooling water,
So that the temperature of constantan piece is no more than 200 DEG C, maintain linear operating region, realizes the long-time monitoring to high-temperature heat flux, together
When reduce calorimeter calculating parameter and influenced by temperature fluctuation, improve the precision of calorimeter.
(2) present invention is welded by the way of diffusion welding (DW) between constantan piece and oxygen-free copper ontology, therebetween without adding
Add any welding material, realizes the imporous close contact connection of the two, substantially reduce thermal contact resistance, and formation is countless right
The T-type thermocouple in parallel for measuring contact surface temperature overcomes traditional welding manner and introduces solder bring measurement error.
(3) present invention is provided with the structure of connector and oxygen-free copper ontology fission, small and exquisite oxygen-free copper ontology and constantan piece
Diffusion welding (DW) improves the efficiency of diffusion welding (DW).
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is water cooling Gordon calorimeter structural schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is water cooling Gordon's calorimeter structural schematic diagram that the present invention has connector；
Fig. 3 is water cooling Gordon's calorimeter structure A-A cross-sectional view that the present invention has connector.
Specific embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, water cooling Gordon calorimeter is by constantan piece 1, oxygen-free copper ontology 2, water inlet pipe 4, copper free wire 5 and water outlet
Pipe 6 forms.The constantan piece 1 is wafer architecture, covers the upper surface of oxygen-free copper ontology 2.
The oxygen-free copper ontology 2 is column structure, preferably cylindrical body, and the axis of column structure passes through the center of circle of constantan piece 1.
The outside of circular through-hole has the annular cooling slot that the inner surface being provided in the axial direction is cylindrical surface, the top for the slot that cools down
Close to oxygen-free copper ontology 2 upper surface, the bottom end for the slot that cools down after closing there are with the matched water inlet of water inlet pipe 4, and with go out
The matched water outlet of water pipe 6；Water inlet pipe 4 and outlet pipe 6 are connected to the lower end of oxygen-free copper ontology 2, are separately connected water inlet and go out
The mouth of a river；2 lower surface of oxygen-free copper ontology between middle the heart channel of Hang-Shaoyin of the constantan piece 1, circular through-hole and cooling slot is through copper free wire
(5) it draws.The relationship of Δ T is determined by the phasing meter of T-type thermocouple in the voltage and Fig. 1 measured through copper free wire 5, essentially line
Sexual intercourse is generally obtained using computing module by the scale division meter data interpolation of T-type thermocouple.
Constantan piece 1, oxygen-free copper ontology 2 and copper free wire 5 can make up a pair of of measurement 1 center of constantan piece and the edge temperature difference
The heat flow density of calorimeter Surface absorption heat can be calculated according to temperature difference T for T-type thermocouple.High-pressure cooling water
It forces cooling that each component of calorimeter is made to work under room temperature or lower temperature, improves the measurement accuracy of calorimeter, the amount of realizing
The long-time measurement of heat meter.
1 material therefor of constantan piece is corronil (Cu:55%, Ni:45%), often referred to as constantan；Described
2 material therefor of oxygen-free copper ontology is fine copper (Cu:100%)；The two is respectively the cathode and positive electrode of T-type thermocouple.
The constantan piece 1 is connected with the diffusion welding (DW) that oxygen-free copper ontology 2 directly contacts.5 low temperature of constantan piece 1 and copper free wire
Sealed with brazing connection, both realize it is seamless be fixedly connected, and form the T-type heat of a pair of of measurement 1 central temperature of constantan piece
Galvanic couple.Oxygen-free copper ontology 2 and the riveting of 5 contact of copper free wire, remaining part, which seals against each other, to be fixedly welded.
In order to improve the efficiency of diffusion welding (DW), the volume of copper ontology can also be reduced, connector 3 is set, referring to fig. 2,3.Institute
Stating oxygen-free copper ontology 2 is downwardly convex column structure, and it is circular logical that the middle part of column structure has section in the axial direction
Hole, the outside of circular through-hole have the annular cooling slot that the inner surface being provided in the axial direction is cylindrical surface, and cool down slot
Top extends to the bottom end of oxygen-free copper ontology 2, the nothing between circular through-hole and cooling slot close to the upper surface of oxygen-free copper ontology 2
Oxygen copper ontology 2 is downwardly extending cylindrical protrusions；
The connector 3 is cyclic structure, and inner surface is matched with the outer surface of the cylindrical protrusions of oxygen-free copper ontology 2；Even
The lower end surface of the upper surface connection oxygen-free copper ontology 2 of fitting 3；The connector 3 has circular passage, is connected to cooling slot；Ring
The bottom end in shape channel after closing there are with the matched water inlet of water inlet pipe 4, and with the matched water outlet of outlet pipe 6；
The water inlet pipe 4 and outlet pipe 6 are connected to the lower end of connector 3, are separately connected inlet and outlet；Cooling water
After water inlet pipe 4 enters the circular passage of connector 3, the cooling slot into oxygen-free copper ontology 2 cools down, then through connector 3
Circular passage flow to outlet pipe 6 outflow；The high-pressure cooling water imported by connector 3 and water inlet pipe 4, to constantan piece 1 and anaerobic
Copper ontology 2 export after forcing cooling from outlet pipe 6, makes each component of water cooling Gordon's calorimeter work under room temperature or lower temperature
Make, reduce calorimeter calculating parameter is influenced by temperature fluctuation, is improved the measurement accuracy of calorimeter, is realized calorimeter
It works normally for a long time.
1 very thin thickness of heat transfer component constantan piece of calorimeter, and the thermal contact resistance very little with oxygen-free copper ontology 2, so that amount
Heat meter thermal response is exceedingly fast.
After calorimeter surface is heated, most of heat passes through the direct contact area of constantan piece 1 and oxygen-free copper ontology 2
Direct heat transfer is to oxygen-free copper ontology 2；And 1 central circular of constantan piece is since its bottom surface and oxygen-free copper ontology 2 are without directly connecing
Touching, needs to establish transverse heat transfer inside constantan piece 1, conducts heat to constantan piece 1 and contacts with the direct of oxygen-free copper ontology 2
Behind region, reheating is conducted to oxygen-free copper ontology 2.At this point, being had between the central point and central circular edge of constantan piece 1
One obvious temperature difference T.
According to the above diabatic process, it is assumed that calorimeter surface is by uniform heating environment, to 1 central circular area of constantan piece
Domain establishes thermal conduction differential equation:
Boundary condition are as follows:
In formula, α is the thermal diffusion coefficient of constantan piece 1, and q is the heat flow density on calorimeter surface, and λ is the thermally conductive of constantan piece 1
Coefficient, d are the thickness of constantan piece 1；R is the radius of 1 central circular of constantan piece；TpFor 1 central circular side of constantan piece
The temperature on edge.T is temperature, and t is the time.
Simultaneously in view of the internal temperature in entire diabatic process of constantan piece 1 is different, it is assumed that constantan material is led
Hot coefficient lambda changes with temperature linearity, i.e.,
λ=λ0(1+λ1T)
λ0The thermal coefficient of constantan when for temperature being 0 DEG C；λ0λ1The change rate of constantan thermal coefficient when for per unit temperature rise.
It can be calculated, the relationship of the heat flow density q and Δ T on calorimeter surface are as follows:
Oxygen-free copper ontology 2, connector 3, water inlet pipe 4 and the outlet pipe 6 constitutes one and forces to oxygen-free copper ontology 2
Cooling cooling-water duct.The pressure of high-pressure cooling water is cooling so that the temperature of oxygen-free copper ontology 2 is in room temperature or lower temperature
Very a small range, and with the heat flow density q on calorimeter surface without apparent direct relation.
The direct contact area of the constantan piece 1 and oxygen-free copper ontology 2 forms the numerous measurement regional temperature
T-type thermocouple in parallel, i.e., the thermocouple measurement be the region mean temperature.Since the pressure of high-pressure cooling water is cooling, make
Obtain the mean temperature and 1 central circular edge temperature T of constantan piecepNo significant difference.
At the center of the constantan piece 1 and copper free wire 5 forms the T-type heat of a pair of of measurement 1 central temperature of constantan piece
Galvanic couple.After the T-type thermocouple is connected with the T-type thermocouple that constantan piece 1 and the direct contact area of oxygen-free copper ontology 2 are formed, shape
At the T-type thermocouple at measurement 1 center of constantan piece and edge temperature difference Δ T.By choosing different 1 thickness d of constantan piece and center
The radius R of border circular areas can be such that Δ T is in a relatively fixed range, such as 20 DEG C~50 DEG C.
Due to TpIt is in relatively fixed range with Δ T, such as 50 DEG C~80 DEG C, and constantan in the range
Thermal coefficient fluctuates less (less than 6%), it is possible to it is assumed that constantan material thermal conductivity λ is not varied with temperature, it is constant λ0,
It is hereby achieved that:
At this time, it is only necessary to obtain the radius R and thickness d of 1 central circular of calorimeter constantan piece, so that it may according to measurement
The heat flow value q on calorimeter surface is calculated in temperature difference T between obtained 1 center of constantan piece and central circular edge.
Since the measurement accuracy of T-type thermocouple is higher, so the measured deviation of temperature difference T influences the precision of heat flow value q
It is smaller；Since the radius R and thickness d sheet of constantan piece (1) central circular are as smaller value, especially thickness d major part feelings
Condition is 0.3mm hereinafter, being even less than 0.1mm sometimes, and the influence that such machining accuracy and welding deformation generate will half-and-half
The precision of diameter R and thickness d has larger impact.Therefore in practical application, generally water cooling Gordon is measured using blackbody furnace thermodynamics
Heat meter is demarcated, and the linear relationship COEFFICIENT K of the heat flow value q of calorimeter output and the temperature difference T of measurement are obtained, and theoretical public
The calculated value of formula is for reference only.
The thermal contact resistance problem between constantan piece 1 and oxygen-free copper ontology 2 is not considered during theoretical formula method, so health
It is better to contact between copper sheet 1 and oxygen-free copper ontology 2, and thermal contact resistance is smaller, and measured value and theoretical calculation reference value are closer, generally
The two deviation is less than 20%.
Using the method for diffusion welding (DW), make constantan piece 1 with oxygen-free copper ontology 2 is imporous directly contacts, be not necessarily to therebetween
Add any welding material, substantially reduce thermal contact resistance, and form measurement contact surface temperature and positive and negative anodes directly contact
T-type thermocouple, not only improved the measurement accuracy of calorimeter, but also accelerate the thermal response speed of calorimeter.
The method that the present invention uses low temperature brazing makes 1 center of constantan piece and copper free wire 5 realize seamless fixed company
It connects, and forms the T-type thermocouple of a pair of of measurement 1 central temperature of constantan piece.
The present invention establishes the high voltage bearing cooling-water duct of energy inside oxygen-free copper ontology 2, utilizes the high pressure of room temperature
Cooling water has carried out oxygen-free copper ontology 2 to force cooling, keeps its temperature stable in the range of room temperature or lower temperature always, both
Reduce calorimeter calculating parameter is influenced by temperature fluctuation, improves the precision of calorimeter, and enables calorimeter for a long time
It works normally.
The above, optimal specific embodiment only of the invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto,
In the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by anyone skilled in the art,
It should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.
The content that description in the present invention is not described in detail belongs to the well-known technique of professional and technical personnel in the field.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of water cooling Gordon calorimeter, it is characterised in that: including constantan piece (1), oxygen-free copper ontology (2), connector (3), into
Water pipe (4) and outlet pipe (6)；
The upper surface of constantan piece (1) covering oxygen-free copper ontology (2)；
The oxygen-free copper ontology (2) is downwardly convex column structure, and the middle part of column structure is with section in the axial direction
Circular through-hole, the outside of circular through-hole have the annular cooling slot that the inner surface being provided in the axial direction is cylindrical surface,
The top of cooling slot extends to the bottom end of oxygen-free copper ontology (2), circular through-hole and drop close to the upper surface of oxygen-free copper ontology (2)
Oxygen-free copper ontology (2) between warm slot is downwardly extending cylindrical protrusions；
The connector (3) is cyclic structure, and inner surface is matched with the outer surface of the cylindrical protrusions of oxygen-free copper ontology (2)；Even
The lower end surface of upper surface connection oxygen-free copper ontology (2) of fitting (3)；The connector (3) has circular passage, is connected to cooling
Slot；The bottom end of circular passage after closing there are with water inlet pipe (4) matched water inlet, and with outlet pipe (6) matched water outlet
Mouthful；
The water inlet pipe (4) and outlet pipe (6) are connected to the lower end of connector (3), are separately connected inlet and outlet；It is cooling
After water inlet pipe (4) enter the circular passage of connector (3), the cooling slot into oxygen-free copper ontology (2) cools down water, then passes through
The circular passage of connector (3) flow to outlet pipe (6) outflow；
The first p-wire of middle the heart channel of Hang-Shaoyin of the constantan piece (1) is drawn, the oxygen-free copper ontology (2) between circular through-hole and cooling slot
The second p-wire of lower surface is drawn.
2. water cooling Gordon calorimeter according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the constantan piece (1) and oxygen-free copper ontology
(2) it is welded as a whole by way of diffusion welding (DW) between.
3. water cooling Gordon calorimeter according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the first p-wire is copper free wire, is passed through
The mode of low temperature brazing is fixed on the center of constantan piece (1).
4. water cooling Gordon calorimeter according to claim 1, which is characterized in that utilize formula, q=K Δ T, to calorimeter
It is demarcated, determines the value of COEFFICIENT K, q is the heat flow density on calorimeter surface, and Δ T is constantan piece (1) center and circular through-hole
The temperature difference between oxygen-free copper ontology (2) between cooling slot；As K andBetween deviation less than 20% when it is qualified, wherein
λ0The thermal coefficient of constantan when being 0 DEG C of temperature；R is the radius of oxygen-free copper ontology (2) circular through-hole, and d is the thickness of constantan piece (1)
Degree.
5. water cooling Gordon calorimeter according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the material of the connector (3) is anaerobic
Copper or stainless steel.
6. water cooling Gordon calorimeter according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the connector (3) passes through soldering, diffusion
The mode of weldering is connected to oxygen-free copper ontology (2).
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| CN107515053B (en) * | 2017-09-20 | 2019-05-21 | 湖北三江航天红阳机电有限公司 | A kind of pneumatic heat detecting device and its manufacturing method |
| CN109406010B (en) * | 2018-10-29 | 2020-07-07 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所 | Water-cooling Gordon calorimeter |
| CN111272314A (en) * | 2020-03-06 | 2020-06-12 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Simple coaxial calorimeter |
| CN112484952B (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2022-04-22 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所 | Bulb and method for measuring stagnation point heat flow for long time |
| CN112556887B (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2022-11-22 | 北京强度环境研究所 | Gardon formula heat flow meter of side direction business turn over water |
| CN113551810B (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2023-08-18 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所 | Water-cooling dynamic heat flow sensor |
| CN114659677B (en) * | 2022-05-25 | 2022-08-23 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Circular foil type heat flow sensor for aerospace plane test experiment and design method thereof |
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