CN106808083B - Double-shaft-shoulder friction stir head water cooling device and cooling method - Google Patents
Double-shaft-shoulder friction stir head water cooling device and cooling method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106808083B CN106808083B CN201710098353.3A CN201710098353A CN106808083B CN 106808083 B CN106808083 B CN 106808083B CN 201710098353 A CN201710098353 A CN 201710098353A CN 106808083 B CN106808083 B CN 106808083B
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- shaft shoulder
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- lower shaft
- upper shaft
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/10—Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working
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Abstract
The invention discloses a double-shaft-shoulder friction stir welding head water cooling device and a cooling method. The water cooling device for the double-shaft-shoulder friction stir welding head can cool the non-welding parts of the upper shaft shoulder and the lower shaft shoulder of the whole double-shaft-shoulder friction stir welding head simultaneously through cooling water, so that the temperature of the friction stir welding head is reduced, the temperature of a sleeve and the temperature of a head of the friction stir welding machine are reduced, and the operation environment of equipment is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a water cooling device and a cooling method for a double-shaft-shoulder stirring friction head, and belongs to the field of welding.
Background
Since the friction stir cooling method invented by the british welding institute (TWI) in 1991, the technique has received attention from scientific research institutions of various countries due to its characteristics of small welding deformation, small residual stress, no need of protective gas and filling material, capability of eliminating welding defects such as air holes, inclusion, cracks and the like, no generation of arc light, smoke dust, noise pollution and the like, and capability of remarkably reducing cost, saving material, optimizing structure, reducing structural weight of aircraft and the like. The technology has the remarkable characteristics that other methods do not have, and is quickly used in the aerospace field, and the method is selected for welding the longitudinal seam of the barrel section of the core-stage storage tank of the new generation of the carrier rocket. Although high quality welded joints can be obtained by friction stir cooling, there are still many difficulties, such as the tendency of the stir head to wear at high temperatures, which affects its useful life. Therefore, how to reduce the working temperature of the stirring head becomes important work.
The patent (application No. 201310139472.0) designs a special stirring head and a workpiece cooler, the stirring head cooler is arranged at the upper end of a protector of a welded workpiece, the stirring head is arranged in the stirring head cooler and the protector of the welded workpiece, a cooling medium is used for indirectly cooling a stirring friction head, and the cooler is complex in structure; the patent (application number 03134361.9) also indirectly cools the friction stir head through a cooling medium, and the designed cooling water system has a complicated structure, but obviously, the cooling device required by the method is large and has poor applicability; in addition, there is a patent (application No. 201310449604.X) which cools the rod part of the spindle head by a cooling disc fixedly disposed below the spindle head casing, but various oil inlet and outlet pipes are required, an accumulator and a balance valve are required to be designed, and actually, an indirect cooling method is also used. Therefore, it is an urgent task to design a cooling method and apparatus that can maximize the cooling function of the friction stir head, avoid affecting the welding quality, and operate simply and rapidly.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: in order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the double-shaft-shoulder friction stir head water cooling device and the cooling method, which can realize the friction stir head cooling function to the maximum extent, avoid influencing the welding quality to the maximum extent and realize simple and quick operation.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to achieve the purpose, the double-shaft-shoulder friction stir head water cooling device comprises an upper shaft shoulder, a lower shaft shoulder and a stir needle positioned between the upper shaft shoulder and the lower shaft shoulder, wherein a sleeve is sleeved outside the upper shaft shoulder, a vertical cooling channel is arranged in the upper shaft shoulder, a conveying pipe is arranged on the upper shaft shoulder, the conveying pipe is fixed in the sleeve through a linear bearing, a horizontal cooling channel is further arranged in the upper shaft shoulder in the circumferential direction, and a U-shaped collector is sleeved outside the upper shaft shoulder.
Preferably, a hollow cone is installed below the lower shaft shoulder, the hollow cone comprises a shell, an opening is formed in the bottom of the shell, threaded holes are formed in the inner wall of the shell, holes are formed in the lower shaft shoulder and the shell, a water tank is arranged below the shell, the opening is located in the water tank, cooling water in the water tank is driven by the threaded holes in the inner wall of the shell to enter the lower shaft shoulder, and the cooling water is discharged out of the shell through the holes in the lower shaft shoulder and the holes in the shell.
Preferably, a circular blocking cover is arranged between the hollow cone and the lower shaft shoulder, and the circular blocking cover blocks cooling water thrown out from the hole of the lower shaft shoulder and then returns to the water tank due to gravity cooling water.
Preferably, the delivery tube is connected with the upper shoulder through threads, the stirring pin is connected with the upper shoulder through threads, and the threads of the stirring pin and the delivery tube are opposite.
Preferably, a high-temperature sealing ring is arranged between the bottom of the conveying pipe and the upper shaft shoulder.
Preferably, the hollow cone is connected with the lower shaft shoulder through threads, the stirring pin is connected with the lower shaft shoulder through threads, and the threads of the hollow cone and the stirring pin are opposite in direction.
The cooling method of the double-shaft-shoulder friction stir head water cooling device comprises the following steps of:
(1) screwing the two ends of the stirring pin into the upper shaft shoulder and the lower shaft shoulder of the stirring head to form a whole;
(2) fixedly mounting an upper shaft shoulder of the stirring friction head at the lower end of the sleeve;
(3) the conveying pipe extends into the sleeve, penetrates through the linear bearing and is screwed tightly, so that the conveying pipe is in threaded connection with the shaft shoulder on the stirring head;
(4) mounting the circular blocking cover on the lower shaft shoulder, and fastening the circular blocking cover on the lower shaft shoulder by locking the hollow cone;
(5) injecting cooling water into the narrow-mouth water tank below the stirring head to immerse the hollow cone into the cooling water;
(6) starting a main motor of the welding machine, rotating a stirring friction head, and conveying cooling water after the welding start and preheating stages;
(7) when the friction stir head starts to lift and leave the workpiece, the cooling water delivery is stopped.
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) the novel cooling method and device for the double-shaft-shoulder friction stir welding head can cool the non-welding parts of the upper shaft shoulder and the lower shaft shoulder of the whole double-shaft-shoulder friction stir welding head simultaneously through cooling water, not only reduces the temperature of the friction stir welding head, but also reduces the temperature of a sleeve and the temperature of a head of the friction stir welding machine, and improves the operation environment of equipment.
(2) The cooling of the stirring friction head can not only reduce the adverse effect of high temperature on the stirring friction head, but also indirectly control the welding temperature field; the discharged cooling water does not affect the surrounding environment.
(3) Does not need a special sealing device or a water circulating device, reduces the manufacturing cost and the operation difficulty, and has simple structure and strong practicability. The welding tool has the advantages of fewer parts, low cost, easiness in realization and convenience in assembly, and has important practical significance on popularization and application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the upper shoulder.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the lower shoulder.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, the double-shaft shoulder friction stir head water cooling device of the invention comprises an upper shaft shoulder 9, a lower shaft shoulder 10 and a stir pin 8 positioned between the upper shaft shoulder 9 and the lower shaft shoulder 10, wherein the upper shaft shoulder 9 is externally sleeved with a sleeve 3, a vertical cooling channel is arranged in the upper shaft shoulder 9, the upper shaft shoulder 9 is provided with a conveying pipe 2, a high-temperature sealing ring 4 is arranged between the bottom of the conveying pipe 2 and the upper shaft shoulder 9, the conveying pipe 2 is fixed in the sleeve 3 through a linear bearing 14, a horizontal cooling channel is also arranged in the upper shaft shoulder 9 in the circumferential direction, a U-shaped collector 6 is sleeved outside the upper shaft shoulder 9, the top end of the conveying pipe 2 is provided with a free water pipe 1, cooling water 15 enters the conveying pipe 2 from the free water pipe and enters the upper shaft shoulder 9 through the vertical cooling channel, the upper shaft shoulder 9 rotates at a high speed due to the high-speed rotation of the sleeve 3, and the cooling water 15 is thrown out of the upper shaft shoulder 9 through the horizontal cooling channel, the upper shoulder 9 is cooled.
In the invention, a hollow cone 12 is arranged below the lower shaft shoulder 10, the hollow cone 12 comprises a shell, the bottom of the shell is provided with an opening, the inner wall of the shell is provided with a threaded hole, the lower shaft shoulder 10 and the shell are both provided with holes, a water tank 13 is arranged below the shell, the opening is positioned in the water tank 13, cooling water 15 in the water tank 13 is driven to enter the lower shaft shoulder 10 through the threaded hole in the inner wall of the shell, and the cooling water is discharged out of the shell through the holes in the lower shaft shoulder 10 and the shell. A circular blocking cover 11 is arranged between the hollow cone 12 and the lower shaft shoulder 10, and after the circular blocking cover 11 blocks the cooling water 15 thrown out of the hole of the lower shaft shoulder 10, the cooling water 15 returns to the water tank 13 due to gravity.
In the invention, the free water pipe can adopt a small-caliber common water pipe, and the conveying pipe 2 is used for flowing cooling water 15 and can be made of common stainless steel; the sleeve 3 is used for mounting the shaft shoulder 9 on the friction stir head, has rigidity and corrosion resistance, and can be made of high-strength stainless steel materials; the high-temperature sealing ring 4 can adopt a high-temperature resistant silica gel ring on the market; the upper shaft shoulder 9 and the lower shaft shoulder 10 of the friction stir head can be made of common tool steel or high-temperature alloy steel or high-temperature ceramic; the stirring pin 8 can be made of nickel-based alloy; the U-shaped collector 6, the circular cover 11, the hollow cone 12 and the narrow-mouthed sink 13 can be made of ordinary stainless steel. The conveying pipe 2 is connected with the upper shoulder 9 through threads, the stirring pin 8 is connected with the upper shoulder 9 through threads, and the thread directions of the stirring pin 8 and the conveying pipe 2 are opposite. The hollow cone 12 is connected with the lower shaft shoulder 10 through threads, the stirring pin 8 is connected with the lower shaft shoulder 10 through threads, and the directions of the threads of the hollow cone 12 and the stirring pin 8 are opposite. The delivery pipe 2 and the sleeve 3 are matched by a linear bearing 14 and can move and rotate along the axial direction. The lower end of the stirring head is provided with an external thread which is matched with an internal thread hole 9-4 of a shaft shoulder 9 on the stirring head, and a high-temperature sealing ring 4 is added in the middle of the stirring head to prevent cooling water from overflowing from the internal thread hole 9-4.
In the invention, the stirring friction head adopts a split structure, and is connected with the internal thread hole of the upper shaft shoulder and the lower shaft shoulder through a stirring pin 8 with threads at two ends. Two sections of threads are also processed in the middle of the stirring pin 8, and the rotating directions of the two sections of threads are opposite and point to the center of the stirring pin at the same time. The 4 inclined holes 10-1 of the lower shaft shoulder 10 are distributed at 90 degrees, and the bottom opening of the lower shaft shoulder 10 is close to the edge of the lower shaft shoulder 10 as much as possible, so that cooling water sucked up by the internal thread of the hollow cone can be conveniently introduced, and the whole lower shaft shoulder 10 is cooled.
The upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir welding head is provided with a boss 9-3, the upper end of the upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir welding head is placed into the sleeve 3 before welding, the boss 9-3 is used for limiting the axial movement of the upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir welding head, and the fixing screw 5 is used for tightly pushing the upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir welding head from the radial direction so as to prevent the upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir welding head from rotating relative to the sleeve 3. The screwing direction of the stirring friction head is opposite to the screwing direction of the conveying pipe 2 screwed into the shaft shoulder 9 on the stirring friction head, so that the water leakage phenomenon caused by loosening of the conveying pipe 2 in the welding process is prevented.
The periphery of the upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir head is surrounded by the U-shaped collector 6, and the opening direction of the U-shaped collector 6 faces to the cooling channel 9-1 of the upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir head; the cooling channels 9-1 are arranged at a 90-degree difference and pass through the center of the shaft shoulder 9 on the friction stir head, namely are connected with the central hole 9-2. When cooling water enters the conveying pipe 2 under the action of gravity, the cooling water directly enters the inner part of the upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir head and then enters the cooling channel 9-1 to directly cool the upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir head; the cooling water generates centrifugal motion due to the high-speed rotation of the stirring head, so that the cooling water is thrown out of the stirring friction head body along the cooling channel 9-1.
The threaded hole 10-2 at the top of the lower shaft shoulder 10 of the stirring friction head is connected with the stirring needle 8, and the external thread 10-4 at the lower end is matched with the internal thread of the hollow cone 12. The screwing direction of the hollow cone 12 relative to the lower shaft shoulder 10 is opposite to the rotation direction of the stirring head in the welding process, so that the hollow cone 12 is prevented from falling off along with the synchronous high-speed rotation of the stirring head in the welding process. The circular blocking cover 11 is fixed on the step 10-3 of the lower shaft shoulder 10 and is locked on the lower shaft shoulder 10 through the hollow cone 12. The bottom of the lower shaft shoulder 10 is also provided with 4 inclined holes 10-1 distributed at 90 degrees. During welding, the bottom of the hollow cone 12 is immersed in cooling water 15 in the narrow-mouth water tank 13, and along with high-speed rotation of the stirring head, the cooling water 15 ascends along the internal thread of the hollow cone 12 and enters the bottom inclined hole 10-1 of the lower shaft shoulder 10 to cool the lower shaft shoulder 10. The cooling water is thrown upwards after passing through the bottom inclined hole 10-1, is blocked by the circular blocking cover 11, returns to the narrow-mouth water tank 13 under the action of gravity, and is then sucked into the hollow cone 12, and the circulation of the cooling water is realized in a reciprocating way.
When using the cooling device, it should be noted that:
(1) in the preheating stage, the upper shaft shoulder 9 is closed to cool the water free water pipe 1; when formally starting welding, opening the free water pipe 1 of cooling water;
(2) before welding, cooling water 15 is injected into the narrow-mouth water tank 13, and the water level does not need to exceed the hollow cone 12 at the bottom of the lower shaft shoulder 10;
(3) at the end of welding, before the friction stir head stops rotating, the upper shaft shoulder 9 is required to be closed to cool the water free pipe 1, and the rotation can be stopped after water does not flow out from the water outlet 7;
(4) during the use of the cooling device, the naked part of the human body is prohibited from approaching the stirring friction head, so as to avoid being scalded by high temperature.
The cooling method of the friction stir head comprises the following main processes:
(1) screwing the two ends of the stirring pin 8 into the upper shaft shoulder 9 and the lower shaft shoulder 10 of the stirring head to form a whole;
(2) fixedly mounting an upper shaft shoulder 9 of the friction stir head at the lower end of the sleeve 3 and locking by using a fixing screw 5;
(3) the conveying pipe 2 extends into the sleeve 3, passes through the linear bearing 14 and is screwed tightly, so that the conveying pipe is in threaded connection with the shaft shoulder 9 on the stirring head;
(4) mounting the circular retaining cover on the step 10-3 of the lower shaft shoulder 10, and fastening the circular retaining cover on the lower shaft shoulder 10 through the locking hollow cone 12;
(5) injecting cooling water 15 into a narrow-mouth water tank below the stirring head, so that the hollow cone 12 is immersed into the cooling water 15;
(6) and starting a main motor of the welding machine, and rotating the stirring friction head. After the welding and preheating stages, opening the free water pipe 1 to convey cooling water;
(7) when the friction stir head starts to lift and leave the workpiece, the cooling water stops being conveyed, and when the cooling water does not flow out from the water outlet 7 any more, the main motor stops rotating.
(8) And in the whole welding stage, the exposed part of the human body is forbidden to be close to the friction stir head so as to avoid scalding, after the welding task is finished, the friction stir head is cooled to normal temperature, the upper shaft shoulder 9 and the lower shaft shoulder 10 of the friction stir head can be detached, whether accumulated water exists in the upper shaft shoulder central hole 9-2 and the lower shaft shoulder inclined hole 10-1 or not is checked, and if the accumulated water exists, cooling water is poured.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and it should be noted that: it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the principles of the invention and these are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. The utility model provides a biax shoulder friction stir head water cooling plant which characterized in that: the stirring head comprises an upper shaft shoulder, a lower shaft shoulder and a stirring needle positioned between the upper shaft shoulder and the lower shaft shoulder, wherein a sleeve is sleeved outside the upper shaft shoulder, a vertical cooling channel is arranged in the upper shaft shoulder, a conveying pipe is arranged on the upper shaft shoulder, the conveying pipe is fixed in the sleeve through a linear bearing, a horizontal cooling channel is also arranged in the upper shaft shoulder in the circumferential direction, and a U-shaped collector is sleeved outside the upper shaft shoulder;
a hollow cone is arranged below the lower shaft shoulder, the hollow cone comprises a shell, an opening is formed in the bottom of the shell, threads are arranged on the inner wall of the shell, holes are formed in the lower shaft shoulder and the shell, a water tank is arranged below the shell, the opening is located in the water tank, cooling water in the water tank is driven by the threads in the inner wall of the shell to enter the lower shaft shoulder, and the cooling water is discharged out of the shell through the holes in the shaft shoulder and the shell; a circular blocking cover is arranged between the hollow cone and the lower shaft shoulder, and the circular blocking cover blocks cooling water thrown out from the hole of the lower shaft shoulder and returns to the water tank due to gravity cooling water;
the conveying pipe is connected with the upper shaft shoulder through threads, the stirring pin is connected with the upper shaft shoulder through threads, and the thread directions of the stirring pin and the conveying pipe are opposite;
the hollow cone is connected with the lower shaft shoulder through threads, the stirring needle is connected with the lower shaft shoulder through threads, and the thread directions of the hollow cone and the stirring needle are opposite.
2. The double-shaft shoulder friction stir head water cooling device according to claim 1, characterized in that: and a high-temperature sealing ring is arranged between the bottom of the conveying pipe and the upper shaft shoulder.
3. The cooling method of the double-shaft shoulder friction stir head water cooling device according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) screwing the two ends of the stirring pin into the upper shaft shoulder and the lower shaft shoulder of the stirring head to form a whole;
(2) fixedly mounting an upper shaft shoulder of the stirring friction head at the lower end of the sleeve;
(3) the conveying pipe extends into the sleeve, penetrates through the linear bearing and is screwed tightly, so that the conveying pipe is in threaded connection with the shaft shoulder on the stirring head;
(4) mounting the circular blocking cover on the lower shaft shoulder, and fastening the circular blocking cover on the lower shaft shoulder by locking the hollow cone;
(5) injecting cooling water into the narrow-mouth water tank below the stirring head to immerse the hollow cone into the cooling water;
(6) starting a main motor of the welding machine, rotating a stirring friction head, and conveying cooling water after the welding start and preheating stages;
(7) when the friction stir head starts to lift and leave the workpiece, the delivery of cooling water is stopped.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710098353.3A CN106808083B (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2017-02-23 | Double-shaft-shoulder friction stir head water cooling device and cooling method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710098353.3A CN106808083B (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2017-02-23 | Double-shaft-shoulder friction stir head water cooling device and cooling method |
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| CN106808083A CN106808083A (en) | 2017-06-09 |
| CN106808083B true CN106808083B (en) | 2022-08-26 |
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Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107470772B (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2019-05-07 | 北京赛福斯特技术有限公司 | A method of water cooling stirring-head and Water-cooling circulating for Friction Stir Welding |
| CN107309541B (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2020-06-16 | 江苏科技大学 | Stirring cooling device and stirring friction welding machine |
| CN110170732A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-08-27 | 湖南坤鼎数控科技有限公司 | Friction stir welding machine Special scalpel handle |
| CN112122768B (en) * | 2020-09-23 | 2024-03-15 | 苏州万智新能源科技有限公司 | Static shoulder friction stir welding tool, welding device and welding system |
| CN114012242A (en) * | 2021-11-10 | 2022-02-08 | 四川航天长征装备制造有限公司 | Double-shaft-shoulder stirring head with self-adaptive adjustment of shaft shoulder distance and welding method |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR101142509B1 (en) * | 2009-12-29 | 2012-05-07 | 재단법인 포항산업과학연구원 | Friction stir welding device |
| CN102626823A (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2012-08-08 | 郑英 | Center water-cooled stirring and friction processing tool |
| CN105689885B (en) * | 2016-04-14 | 2017-11-17 | 江苏科技大学 | Double-shaft shoulder agitating friction head water-cooling heat radiating device, agitating friction welder and method |
| CN106001907A (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2016-10-12 | 哈尔滨万洲焊接技术有限公司 | Friction stir welding tool with cooling function |
| CN206578429U (en) * | 2017-02-23 | 2017-10-24 | 江苏科技大学 | A kind of double-shaft shoulder agitating friction head water cooling plant |
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