CN106793440B - High-power ultrahigh-enthalpy electric arc heater - Google Patents
High-power ultrahigh-enthalpy electric arc heater Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106793440B CN106793440B CN201611244564.5A CN201611244564A CN106793440B CN 106793440 B CN106793440 B CN 106793440B CN 201611244564 A CN201611244564 A CN 201611244564A CN 106793440 B CN106793440 B CN 106793440B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- section
- cathode
- arc
- diffusion
- compression
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/26—Plasma torches
- H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
- H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B7/00—Heating by electric discharge
- H05B7/02—Details
Abstract
A high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy arc heater is used for improving high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy airflow. The heater includes: the cathode is fixedly connected with the compression section, and the arc anode is attached to the cathode end; the compression section, the upstream is fixedly connected with the cathode; the upper stream of the equal straight section is fixedly connected with the compression section; the upstream of the diffusion section is fixedly connected with the equal straight section; the anode assembly is fixedly connected with the diffusion section at the upstream and comprises a plurality of diffusion anodes, and an arc cathode is attached to the diffusion anodes. The method can be applied to simulating the high-altitude thermal environment of the aerospace vehicle during deep space exploration and return, and provides a thermal environment for aerospace vehicle thermal-protection material screening experiments.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of aerodynamic heating ground simulation experiments, and particularly relates to a high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy arc heater.
Background
The surface of an aerospace vehicle will experience severe aerodynamic and radiant heating when re-entering the atmosphere, a feature that requires the vehicle to be loaded with a thermal protection system. The heat-proof material of the heat-proof system needs to perform a pneumatic heat experiment on the ground to check the heat-proof performance, the pneumatic heat experiment is generally performed in a plasma arc wind tunnel, and a heater is widely used as a heating device.
With the development of the pneumatic thermal ground simulation technology, various types of arc heaters have been developed and applied to pneumatic thermal ground simulation experiments. Due to the limitations of structure and operation mode, various arc heaters have their simulation ranges. For example, tubular arc heaters are used to simulate high pressure, low enthalpy environments, sheet and segment arc heaters are used to simulate medium high pressure, medium low enthalpy environments, and high frequency induction arc heaters are used to simulate low pressure, high enthalpy environments.
There is an increasing need in modern pneumatic thermal floor simulation technology to create extremely high temperatures to perform a variety of functions. One of the functions is to simulate space flight or supersonic flight conditions in the earth atmosphere or other planet atmosphere and check the heat-proof performance of the heat-proof material. For example, when an airship enters the atmosphere, the surface of the airship is subjected to severe pneumatic heating and radiation heating, the total enthalpy of surrounding air flow reaches 100MJ/kg, and when ground simulation tests are carried out, an arc heater with power exceeding 1MW is required to provide air flow with total enthalpy exceeding 100MJ/kg. It is necessary to develop a high power ultra-high enthalpy arc heater.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at: overcomes the defects of the prior art and provides a high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy arc heater which is used for providing high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy airflow.
The invention provides the following technical scheme:
a high power ultra-high enthalpy arc heater comprising: a cathode, a compression section, an isopipe section, a diffusion section and an anode assembly;
the cathode is fixedly connected with one end of the compression section, the cathode end emits electrons under the action of voltage, the working gas is ionized to form an electric arc, and the anode of the electric arc is attached to the cathode end;
the other end of the compression section is fixedly connected with the equal straight section, and the cathode, the compression section and the equal straight section form an airflow channel; the straight section is connected with the diffusion section to form an expansion spray pipe, and the electric arc is expanded and accelerated and the electromagnetic field is accelerated;
the anode assembly is fixed at the outlet end of the diffusion section and comprises a plurality of diffusion anodes for receiving electrons emitted by the cathode, and the arc cathode is attached to the diffusion anodes.
And heat insulation materials are sprayed on the inner walls of the airflow channels formed by the cathode, the compression section and the equal straight section.
The internal airflow channel of the compression section is a conical surface with gradually reduced diameter, so that the pressure of the gas entering the equal-straight section is increased.
The diameter of the inner airflow channel of the equal straight section is unchanged and is the same as the minimum diameter of the inner airflow channel of the compression section and the minimum diameter of the diffusion section.
The compression section, the equal straight section and the diffusion section all comprise a plurality of annular metal sheets and annular insulating sheets, and the metal sheets and the insulating sheets are alternately arranged.
The cathode is made of a metal material with a melting point higher than 3000 ℃.
The length-diameter ratio of the equal straight section is 25-40.
The compression angle of the compression section is 20-60 DEG
The expansion angle of the diffusion section is 40-60 DEG
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The compression section increases the gas flow pressure so that the arc voltage increases.
(2) Several diffusion anodes allow high current operation.
(3) The cathode does not adopt a cooling structure, so that the energy loss of the electric arc is reduced, and the total enthalpy of the air flow is improved.
(4) The length-diameter ratio of the equal straight section is reasonably designed, so that the working gas and the electric arc are fully mixed, the heating efficiency of the electric arc on the working gas is increased, and the total enthalpy of the air flow is improved.
(5) The heat insulation material is sprayed on the inner wall of the air flow channel formed by the cathode, the compression section and the equal straight section, so that the heat absorption of the inner wall of the air flow channel is reduced, the heating efficiency of the electric arc on the working gas is further improved, and the total enthalpy of the air flow is improved.
(6) The expansion angle of the diffusion section is reasonably designed, so that the magnetic field force generated by the electric arc pushes the electric arc to the outlet of the heater, and the total enthalpy of the air flow is greatly improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a high power ultra-high enthalpy arc heater according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the operation of a high power ultra-high enthalpy arc heater according to the present invention;
Detailed Description
The high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy arc heater related by the invention is different from the existing arc heater in structure and operation principle. The arc is generated by dissociating the gaseous medium through the heavy current, the arc generates a magnetic field when heating the gaseous medium, the magnetic field generates thrust to the plasma in the arc, the plasma is pushed to the outlet of the heater, the ultrahigh-enthalpy airflow is formed, and the total enthalpy of the center of the airflow is up to 110MJ/kg. Through reasonable structural design, the operation power of the heater exceeds 1MW, and the requirements of the thermal protection material aerodynamic heat assessment test of the high-speed high-altitude reentry and interstellar detection reentry aircraft can be met.
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention provides a high power ultra-high enthalpy arc heater, comprising: a cathode 1, a compression section 2, an isopipe 3, a diffuser section 4 and an anode assembly 5. The two adjacent components should be connected in a gas-tight manner while ensuring electrical insulation from each other.
The cathode 1 is fixedly connected with one end of the compression section 2, the cathode end emits electrons under the action of voltage, working gas is ionized to form an electric arc, the positive electrode of the electric arc is attached to the cathode end, and the cathode end can be provided with a protruding head part so as to be convenient for fixing the position of an arc root.
The other end of the compression section 2 is fixedly connected with the equal straight section 3, the cathode 1, the compression section 2 and the equal straight section 3 form an air flow channel, and working gas is introduced into the air flow channel from the inlet of the compression section, so that the working gas and the electric arc are fully mixed.
The straight section 3 is connected with the diffusion section 4 to form an expansion spray pipe, the expansion of the electric arc is accelerated, the electromagnetic field is accelerated, the expansion causes the electric arc to bend, and plasma in the bent electric arc is pushed to the outlet of the heater under the action of the magnetic field.
The anode assembly 5 is fixed at the outlet end of the diffusion section 4, and comprises a plurality of diffusion anodes for receiving electrons emitted by the cathode, wherein an arc cathode is attached to the diffusion anodes, the diffusion anodes can support high-current operation, and the diffusion anodes are combined into the anode assembly to allow larger-current operation.
The heat insulation material is sprayed on the inner wall of the air flow channel formed by the cathode 1, the compression section 2 and the equal straight section 3, so that the heat exchange of the electric arc and the inner wall of the air flow channel is reduced, the heating efficiency of the heater is increased, and the total enthalpy of the air flow is improved.
The internal airflow channel of the compression section 2 is a conical surface with gradually reduced diameter, so that the pressure of the gas entering the equal-straight section 3 is increased, the potential gradient of an electric arc is improved, and the electric arc voltage is increased.
The diameter of the inner airflow channel of the equal straight section 3 is unchanged, and is the same as the minimum diameter of the inner airflow channel of the compression section 2 and the minimum diameter of the diffusion section 4, so that the diameter of the airflow channel is ensured not to generate a step of reverse airflow.
The compression section 2, the equal straight section 3 and the diffusion section 4 all comprise a plurality of annular metal sheets and annular insulating sheets, and the metal sheets and the insulating sheets are alternately arranged to prevent current in the electric arc from conducting along the surfaces of the metal sheets.
The cathode 1 is made of a metal material with a melting point higher than 3000 ℃ so that the cathode can safely run without cooling.
The length-diameter ratio of the equal straight section 3 is 25-40, the length-diameter ratio is smaller than 25, the arc voltage is low, and the arc power is low; the arc energy loss with the length-diameter ratio of more than 40 is large, and the total enthalpy of the airflow is low.
The compression angle of the compression section is 20-60 degrees, the air flow pressure of the compression angle is smaller than 20 degrees, and the arc voltage is low; the air flow with the compression angle larger than 60 degrees washes the inner surface of the compression section, which is unfavorable for safe operation.
The expansion angle of the diffusion section 4 is 40-60 degrees, the magnetic field force with the expansion angle smaller than 40 degrees pushes the arc core area to the downstream of the heater outlet, and the magnetic field force with the expansion angle larger than 60 degrees pushes the arc core area to the center of the heater outlet.
In order to make the advantages of the technical scheme of the invention more clear, the invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Examples:
as shown in fig. 2, an embodiment of the present invention provides a high-power ultra-high enthalpy arc heater, including: a cathode 1, a compression section 2, an isopipe 3, a diffuser section 4 and an anode assembly 5. And the two adjacent parts are hermetically connected by adopting a sealing ring and a bolt, and electric insulation is realized by arranging an insulating plate.
One end of the cathode 1 and one end of the compression section 2 are in sealing connection through a sealing ring and a bolt, the cathode end emits electrons under the action of voltage, working gas is ionized to form an electric arc, an electric arc anode is attached to the cathode end, the cathode end is provided with a protruding head, and an arc root is attached to the head.
The other end of the compression section 2 is in airtight connection with the equal straight section 3 by adopting a sealing ring and a bolt, the cathode 1, the compression section 2 and the equal straight section 3 form an air flow channel, and working gas is introduced into the air flow channel from the inlet of the compression section, so that the working gas is fully mixed with an electric arc.
The straight section 3 is connected with the diffusion section 4 to form an expansion spray pipe, the expansion of the electric arc is accelerated, the electromagnetic field is accelerated, the expansion causes the electric arc to bend, and plasma in the bent electric arc is pushed to the outlet of the heater under the action of the magnetic field.
The anode assembly 5 is fixed at the outlet end of the diffusion section 4, and comprises two diffusion anodes for receiving electrons emitted by the cathode, wherein an arc cathode is attached to the diffusion anodes, the diffusion anodes can support high-current operation, and a plurality of diffusion anodes are combined into the anode assembly to allow operation with larger current.
The heat insulation material is sprayed on the inner wall of the air flow channel formed by the cathode 1, the compression section 2 and the equal straight section 3, so that the heat exchange of the electric arc and the inner wall of the air flow channel is reduced, the heating efficiency of the heater is increased, and the total enthalpy of the air flow is improved.
The internal air flow channel of the compression section 2 is a conical surface with the diameter gradually reduced from phi 100mm to phi 40mm, so that the pressure of the air entering the equal-straight section 3 is increased, the potential gradient of an electric arc is improved, and the electric arc voltage is increased.
The diameter phi of the inner airflow channel of the equal straight section 3 is 40mm, and is the same as the minimum diameter of the inner airflow channel of the compression section 2 and the minimum diameter of the diffusion section 4, so that the diameter of the airflow channel is ensured not to generate a step of reverse airflow.
The compression section 2, the equal straight section 3 and the diffusion section 4 all comprise a plurality of annular metal sheets and annular insulating sheets, and the metal sheets and the insulating sheets are alternately arranged to prevent current in the electric arc from conducting along the surfaces of the metal sheets.
The cathode 1 is made of thorium tungsten alloy with the melting point higher than 3000 ℃ so that the cathode can safely run without cooling.
The aspect ratio of the equal straight section 3 is 35.
The compression angle of the compression section is 40 °.
The expansion angle of the diffuser 4 is 50 DEG, the arc current j generates a magnetic field B, the magnetic field force j x B pushes the arc core area towards the heater outlet, and the arc core area is compressed towards the axis direction of the heater.
In order to prove that the performance of the high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy arc heater provided by the invention is superior to that of a common arc heater, a comparison test is carried out. The test conditions were: the working gas mass flow is 2g/s, and the arc current is 2000A. The common arc heater is used for obtaining the arc power of 0.3MW and the total enthalpy of the air flow of 20MJ/kg, and the high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy arc heater is used for obtaining the arc power of 2MW and the total enthalpy of the air flow of 100MJ/kg.
The high-power ultrahigh-enthalpy arc heater provided by the invention can provide high-power electric arcs and ultrahigh-enthalpy air flows, and can be applied to deep space exploration ground simulation experiment research.
Claims (5)
1. A high power ultra-high enthalpy arc heater, comprising: a cathode (1), a compression section (2), an equal straight section (3), a diffusion section (4) and an anode assembly (5);
the cathode (1) is fixedly connected with one end of the compression section (2), the cathode end emits electrons under the action of voltage, the working gas is ionized to form an electric arc, and the anode of the electric arc is attached to the cathode end;
the other end of the compression section (2) is fixedly connected with the equal straight section (3), and the cathode (1), the compression section (2) and the equal straight section (3) form an air flow channel; the diffusion section (4) is connected behind the equal straight section (3) to form an expansion spray pipe, and the electric arc is expanded and accelerated and the electromagnetic field is accelerated;
the anode component (5) is fixed at the outlet end of the diffusion section (4) and comprises a plurality of diffusion anodes for receiving electrons emitted by the cathode, and an arc cathode is attached to the diffusion anodes;
the inner wall of an airflow channel formed by the cathode (1), the compression section (2) and the equal straight section (3) is sprayed with a heat insulation material;
the internal airflow channel of the compression section (2) is a conical surface with gradually reduced diameter, so that the pressure of the gas entering the equal straight section (3) is increased;
the cathode (1) is made of a metal material with a melting point higher than 3000 ℃.
2. A high power ultra high enthalpy arc heater according to claim 1, characterized in that: the diameter of the inner airflow channel of the equal straight section (3) is unchanged and is the same as the minimum diameter of the inner airflow channel of the compression section (2) and the minimum diameter of the diffusion section (4).
3. A high power ultra high enthalpy arc heater according to claim 1, characterized in that the aspect ratio of the isopipe (3) is 25-40.
4. A high power ultra high enthalpy arc heater according to claim 1, characterized in that the compression angle of the compression section (2) is 20 ° to 60 °.
5. A high power ultra high enthalpy arc heater according to claim 1, characterized in that the divergence angle of the diffuser section (4) is 40-60 °.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611244564.5A CN106793440B (en) | 2016-12-29 | 2016-12-29 | High-power ultrahigh-enthalpy electric arc heater |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611244564.5A CN106793440B (en) | 2016-12-29 | 2016-12-29 | High-power ultrahigh-enthalpy electric arc heater |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106793440A CN106793440A (en) | 2017-05-31 |
| CN106793440B true CN106793440B (en) | 2023-07-28 |
Family
ID=58928547
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611244564.5A Active CN106793440B (en) | 2016-12-29 | 2016-12-29 | High-power ultrahigh-enthalpy electric arc heater |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN106793440B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107985639A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-05-04 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | A kind of heater suspension section |
| CN109348563B (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2024-02-09 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | High-pressure high-enthalpy arc heater |
| CN113905498B (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2024-04-09 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Arc plasma heater with dispersed cathode arc roots and use method |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1219762A (en) * | 1958-04-17 | 1960-05-19 | Union Carbide Corp | Electric arc method and apparatus |
| WO2001063980A2 (en) * | 2000-02-24 | 2001-08-30 | Miroljub Vilotijevic | Direct current plasma arc torch with increasing volt-ampere characteristic |
| JP2005332783A (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2005-12-02 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | Plasma treatment device and plasma treatment method |
| WO2009018837A1 (en) * | 2007-08-06 | 2009-02-12 | Plasma Surgical Investments Limited | Pulsed plasma device and method for generating pulsed plasma |
| CN101588674A (en) * | 2008-05-22 | 2009-11-25 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Method for designing high-enthalpy arc heater with fixed arc length |
| CN105451427A (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2016-03-30 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Ultrahigh enthalpy arc heater cathode |
| CN105517312A (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2016-04-20 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Super-high-enthalpy arc heater anode |
| CN206365126U (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-07-28 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | A kind of high-power superelevation enthalpy electro-arc heater |
-
2016
- 2016-12-29 CN CN201611244564.5A patent/CN106793440B/en active Active
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1219762A (en) * | 1958-04-17 | 1960-05-19 | Union Carbide Corp | Electric arc method and apparatus |
| WO2001063980A2 (en) * | 2000-02-24 | 2001-08-30 | Miroljub Vilotijevic | Direct current plasma arc torch with increasing volt-ampere characteristic |
| JP2005332783A (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2005-12-02 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | Plasma treatment device and plasma treatment method |
| WO2009018837A1 (en) * | 2007-08-06 | 2009-02-12 | Plasma Surgical Investments Limited | Pulsed plasma device and method for generating pulsed plasma |
| CN101588674A (en) * | 2008-05-22 | 2009-11-25 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Method for designing high-enthalpy arc heater with fixed arc length |
| CN105451427A (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2016-03-30 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Ultrahigh enthalpy arc heater cathode |
| CN105517312A (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2016-04-20 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Super-high-enthalpy arc heater anode |
| CN206365126U (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-07-28 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | A kind of high-power superelevation enthalpy electro-arc heater |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 电弧焊极性选择与电弧阴阳极产热关系;李清明;位旭;杜宝帅;张磊;;电焊机(第06期);全文 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN106793440A (en) | 2017-05-31 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN106793440B (en) | High-power ultrahigh-enthalpy electric arc heater | |
| US10047732B2 (en) | Electrothermal device for a propulsion system, especially for a turbojet, propulsion system comprising such an electrothermal device, and associated method | |
| CN103925116B (en) | Sliding arc ignition mechanism | |
| Jarrige et al. | Characterization of a coaxial ECR plasma thruster | |
| CN104780631A (en) | Neutralizer heating device for Hall thruster | |
| CN206365126U (en) | A kind of high-power superelevation enthalpy electro-arc heater | |
| Tao et al. | Understanding CO2 decomposition by thermal plasma with supersonic expansion quench | |
| Mingming et al. | Study of the key factors affecting the triple grid lifetime of the LIPS-300 ion thruster | |
| CN105451427B (en) | A kind of superelevation enthalpy electro-arc heater cathode | |
| Shneider et al. | Comparative analysis of MHD and plasma methods of scramjet inlet control | |
| Trezzolani et al. | Low power radio-frequency plasma thruster development and testing | |
| Hillairet et al. | Recent progress on lower hybrid current drive and implications for ITER | |
| Williams et al. | Plume structure and ion acceleration of a helicon plasma source | |
| CN204598341U (en) | A kind of averager heater of Hall thruster | |
| CN105517312A (en) | Super-high-enthalpy arc heater anode | |
| Borghei et al. | A compact, 300-kvdc bushing for operation under ultra-high vacuum pressure | |
| Bityurin et al. | Numerical simulation of an electric discharge in supersonic flow | |
| Hsieh et al. | Development of a lanthanum hexaboride hollow cathode for a magnetic octupole thruster | |
| Peng et al. | Magnet stage optimization of 5 kW multi-cusped field thruster | |
| Blankson et al. | Hypersonic engine using MHD energy bypass with a conventional turbojet | |
| Gildea et al. | Experimentally characterizing the plume of a divergent cusped-field thruster | |
| Surzhikov et al. | Subsonic and supersonic flow around wing with localized surface gas discharge | |
| CN115450875B (en) | High-speed neutral airflow generating device | |
| Karhi et al. | A 40-stage synchronous distributed energy railgun | |
| Zeng et al. | Magnetic confinement less microwave discharge gridded ion thruster |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |