CN106725992A - A kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model - Google Patents
A kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model Download PDFInfo
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- CN106725992A CN106725992A CN201611228166.4A CN201611228166A CN106725992A CN 106725992 A CN106725992 A CN 106725992A CN 201611228166 A CN201611228166 A CN 201611228166A CN 106725992 A CN106725992 A CN 106725992A
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- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 206010020843 Hyperthermia Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000036031 hyperthermia Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 208000006545 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diseases 0.000 description 25
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 208000019693 Lung disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000010796 biological waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008506 pathogenesis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 208000000884 Airway Obstruction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005439 Perspex® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001627955 Tetraodon lineatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001132 alveolar macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000030303 breathing problems Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003670 easy-to-clean Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002889 endothelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004877 mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036542 oxidative stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000242 pagocytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61D—VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, OR METHODS
- A61D7/00—Devices or methods for introducing solid, liquid, or gaseous remedies or other materials into or onto the bodies of animals
- A61D7/04—Devices for anaesthetising animals by gases or vapours; Inhaling devices
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/02—Pigsties; Dog-kennels; Rabbit-hutches or the like
- A01K1/03—Housing for domestic or laboratory animals
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
Abstract
Present invention relates particularly to a kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model, there is the localized hyperthermia's influence and uncontrollable, the uneven technical problem of smokescope produced during cigarette combustion in the preparation facilities for mainly solving existing COPD animal model.It is of the invention main by removable top cover, the animal of side plate and moving mesh base plate composition receives smoke box body, flue and smoke generating device, outlet flue is provided with the top of the removable top cover, the outlet flue of flue is connected with animal by the bottom of the moving mesh base plate of smoke box body, the smoke inlet of flue is connected with the outlet flue of smoke generating device, the present invention is using smog as stimulus to animal (rat, mouse, cavy) carry out routinely passive smoking experiment, make the COPD animal model that passive smoking causes, it is easy to operate, high working efficiency, and simple structure, it is with low cost, it is suitable for vast medicinal pharmacology universities and colleges laboratory and medium-sized and small enterprises uses.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to experimental provision technical field, and in particular to one kind is for preparing COPD animal mould
The passive smoking device of type.
Background technology
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) is normal China
See with multiple breathing problem, cause with pulmonary parenchyma such as tracheole it is impaired after caused by chronic irreversibility airway obstruction, exhale
Suction drag increases and pulmonary insufficiency is for the lung disease of common trait is referred to as, and case fatality rate is high, has had a strong impact on the work of patient
Ability and quality of life.Current COPD occupies the 4th of the global cause of death, and world's disease financial burden will be occupied to the year two thousand twenty
5th, the global 3rd big cause of death.Smog (including smog, biological waste (such as wood shavings, sawdust, the straw that cigarette combustion is produced
Stalk, branch) smog that produces of the smog that produces of burning, coal and organic material (such as PVC, PE pipe) burning) it is to cause C0PD to send out
Raw importance, contains various harmful components in its composition, destroy bronchial mucosa epithelial cell, weakens pulmonary alveolar macrophage
Phagocytic activity, cause lung's oxidative stress, cause lipid within endothelial cells peroxidating to produce and occur with inflammation etc., but its is definite
Pathogenesis do not illustrate also, hence set up the disease animal model of long-term, stabilization simulation people COPD, can be further investigation
COPD pathogenesis and searching protective agents provide important technical.But traditional sootiness modeling method of current domestic and international application
, there is many weak points, for example in the COPD animal models of foundation：There is smoke from cigarette stimulation and merge other stimulus (such as
Endotoxin)；Smoke from cigarette cannot ensure the smog invasion and attack degree of every animal of same batch when stimulating；It cannot be guaranteed that different batches
Homogeneity between animal；Passive smoking (oxygen concentration is in normal range (NR) in ensureing air) is to lung group under nature situation can not be simulated
The infringement knitted；Some molding apparatuses do not account for influence of the temperature to device and animal during cigarette combustion.Therefore, existing model
Actually one acute or subacute COPD model, it is impossible to COPD pathology caused by passive smoking under true reflection practical situation
Damage, truly can not be used to assess the curative effect of some potential drugs, uncomfortable composite medicine scalping and medium and small laboratory, medium-sized and small enterprises
Use.
The content of the invention
There is cigarette combustion in the preparation facilities present invention aim to address existing COPD animal model
When localized hyperthermia's influence for producing and uncontrollable, the uneven technical problem of smokescope, there is provided one kind is for preparing chronic resistance
The passive smoking device of plug property lung disease animal model.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is：
A kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model, including by removable top cover, side
The animal of plate and moving mesh base plate composition receives smoke box body, flue and smoke generating device, at the top of the removable top cover
Outlet flue is provided with, the outlet flue of flue is connected with animal by the bottom of the moving mesh base plate of smoke box body, flue enters cigarette
Mouth is connected with the outlet flue of smoke generating device.
The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes speed adjustable fan, can
Speed-regulating fan is located on the outlet flue at the top of removable top cover, is used to adjust the speed (concentration) of entry/exit cigarette.
The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes smoke inductor, institute
State smoke inductor and be located at inwall of the animal by cigarette box side, for determining animal by smokescope in smoke box body.Work as smog
Excessive concentration (such as oxygen content is less than 21%), smoke inductor will alarm, while linkage can increase speed adjustable fan
Rotating speed, accelerate smog discharge rate.
The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes being located at animal by cigarette
The handle of casing removable top cover and side plate outer wall, to move passive smoking device.Meanwhile, the presence of handle can facilitate tested
Animal be placed and taken out and moving mesh base plate cleaning and displacement.
The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes filter membrane, the filter membrane
Upper surface or the lower surface of moving mesh base plate are laid on, it is too fast by dynamic in the presence of speed adjustable fan for preventing smog
Thing is by smoke box body.Filter membrane is easy to control smog to enter speed of the animal by smoke box body from the nylon membrane of 100 or 200 mesh, can
With avoid being caused because rotation speed of the fan is too fast smog into animal by smoke box body when be formed immediately below loop in fan, cause cigarette
Mist receives smoke box body skewness in animal.
The removable top cover or flue are taper, or removable top cover and flue are taper, can enter effectively smog
Enter animal by smoke box body.Flue is taper, contributes to smog to receive smoke box body evenly into animal.
The smoke generating device is made up of internal box, outer case and at least one burning smoke storehouse, is set in the side of internal box
There is smoke inlet, air inlet is provided with the side of outer case, the internal box is located in the inner chamber of outer case, and makes to be located at internal box
Connected with the outlet flue at the top of outer case, and make the smoke inlet of internal box and outer case air inlet be located at the same side, it is described extremely
A few burning smoke storehouse is in the cavity between internal box and outer case.Burning smoke storehouse, can be effective used as an independent structure
The high temperature produced during isolation burning smoke；Smoke generation can be adjusted by adjusting the quantity in burning smoke storehouse.
Smog baffle plate is provided with the front portion of the internal box mouth, smog produced by burning smoke storehouse a from direction can be made
Into the smoke inlet of internal box.The presence of smog baffle plate ensures that smog was sufficiently mixed before smoke inlet is entered with air, it is ensured that
There is uniformity by the smog of smoke box body into animal.
Sliding door is provided with the air inlet of the outer case, to adjust intake.The size of push-and-pull door opening according to
Animal is adjusted by the numerical value of smoke inductor on cigarette box inside wall, and reducing opening can weaken intake, suppress burning smoke
The burning of material in storehouse, reduces the generation of smog, it is ensured that animal receives the content of smoke box body oxygen, otherwise then increases the product of smog
It is raw.
Support column is provided with by between smoke box body and smoke generating device in the animal, for consolidating whole device.
The present invention uses above technical scheme, greatly optimizes the preparation stream of COPD animal model
Journey, the at utmost natural situation of simulation passive smoking.Being independently arranged for burning smoke storehouse, provide not only polytype smog
Source, moreover it is possible to be effectively isolated the potential impact that the localized hyperthermia produced during burning smoke brings to smoking apparatus and animal subject；Interior case
The smog baffle plate in the smoke inlet portion of body can be such that the smog produced by burning smoke storehouse is only flowed to a direction, and ensure that cigarette
Mist was sufficiently mixed before smoke inlet is entered with air, it is ensured that had uniformity by the smog of smoke box body into animal.Flue
Inverted cone-shaped structure and filter membrane presence, it is ensured that smog is evenly into animal by smoke box body and being evenly distributed；Smoke inductor
Setting, while coordinate the adjustment rotating speed of speed adjustable fan, burning smoke storehouse quantity and on air inlet push-and-pull door opening size, it is multinomial
Measure develops simultaneously, it is ensured that animal receives the content of oxygen in air in smoke box body, at utmost the passive suction under simulation nature situation
Cigarette, the effectively primary welfare of protection animal subject；Further, stir yourself top cover and animal receive the handle of smoke box body lateral wall
It is easy to moving for casing, is easy to cleaning and displacement to moving mesh base plate in casing and filter membrane.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the first implementation method of the invention；
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of second implementation method of the invention；
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of smoke generating device of the present invention；
Specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
As shown in figure 1, a kind of passive smoking for preparing COPD animal model in the present embodiment
Device, including smoke box body, back taper flue 4 are received by the animal that taper removable top cover 1, side plate 2 and moving mesh base plate 3 are constituted
With smoke generating device 5, outlet flue 6, the wide-mouth smoke of back taper flue 4 are provided with the top of the taper removable top cover 1
Mouth is connected with animal by the bottom of the moving mesh base plate 3 of smoke box body, and slot smoke inlet and the smog of back taper flue 4 occur
The outlet flue connection of device 5.
The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes speed adjustable fan 7,
Speed adjustable fan 7 is located on the outlet flue 6 at the top of removable top cover 1.
The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes smoke inductor 8,
The smoke inductor 8 is located at inwall of the animal by cigarette box side 2.
The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes being located at animal by cigarette
The handle 9 of casing taper removable top cover 1 and the outer wall of side plate 2.
The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes filter membrane, the filter membrane
It is laid on the upper surface of moving mesh base plate 3.
As shown in figure 3, the smoke generating device 5 is by internal box 501,503 groups of 502 and at least one burning smoke storehouse of outer case
Into, smoke inlet 504 is provided with the side of internal box 501, it is provided with air inlet 505, the internal box in the side of outer case 502
501 are located in the inner chamber of outer case 502, and make to be located at internal box 501 and connected with the outlet flue 506 at the top of outer case 502, and make
The smoke inlet 504 of internal box 501 and the air inlet 505 of outer case 502 are located at the same side, and at least one burning smoke storehouse 503 sets
In cavity between internal box 501 and outer case 502.
Smog baffle plate 507 is provided with the front portion of the smoke inlet 504 of the internal box 501.
Sliding door is provided with the air inlet 505 of the outer case 502.
Embodiment 2
As shown in Fig. 2 a kind of passive smoking for preparing COPD animal model in the present embodiment
Device includes being arranged on the animal by support column 10 between smoke box body and smoke generating device 5, other and the phase of embodiment 1
Together.
Filter membrane 10 in above-described embodiment can also be laid on the lower surface of moving mesh base plate 3.
Removable top cover 1 or flue 4 in above-described embodiment can select one for taper.
When using, cigarette, biological waste or organic plastics are placed in burning smoke storehouse 503, by adjusting entering for outer case 502
Sliding door on air port 505, makes it retain certain opening；By one group of animal (for example, 6 rats or 12 mouse or 4 globefish
Mouse) animal is placed in by smoke box body, taper removable top cover 1 is covered, speed adjustable fan 7 is opened, experiment formally starts, and records reality
Test the time started；In experimentation, monitored by smokescope in smoke box by smoke inductor 8, it is ensured that animal subject is in nature
Ambient condition, such as smokescope are excessive, then oxygen concentration reduction, when less than 21%, by the rotating speed or the adjustment that adjust fan 7
Sliding door on the air inlet 505 of outer case 502 and then adjust into smoke, it is ensured that oxygen concentration is in normal range (NR) all the time；Receive
Examination animal is lighted and commercially available is given up without cigarette with filter tip 6, or 1 jin of biology every time in each passive smoking of daily upper and lower noon 1 time per case
Material or 1 jin of organic plastics, each experimental period are half an hour.In practical operation adjustment animal subject is needed also dependent on experiment
Species and quantity, and experiment arrangement time and number of times.
Passive smoking causes the animal of COPD animal model device to receive smoke box body and smog in the present embodiment
Generating means is aided with asbestos seal pad preparation process is simple with Equation of China-made Perspex as primary raw material, cheap, beneficial to big rule
Mould is produced.Burning smoke storehouse uses stainless steel, can effectively prevent naked light, be effectively isolated the high temperature produced during burning to animal subject
Influence and the damage to there is box body, and it is simple, convenient, it is easy to clean, can simultaneously be used with multiple devices, greatly improve
Operating efficiency.
Protection scope of the present invention is not limited by above example.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model, it is characterised in that：Including by living
The animal of dynamic top cover (1), side plate (2) and moving mesh base plate (3) composition receives smoke box body, flue (4) and smoke generating device
(5) outlet flue (6), is provided with the top of the removable top cover (1), the outlet flue of flue (4) receives the work of smoke box body with animal
The bottom connection of dynamic mesh base plate (3), the smoke inlet of flue (4) is connected with the outlet flue of smoke generating device (5).
2. a kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that：The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes speed adjustable fan
(7), speed adjustable fan (7) is located on the outlet flue (6) at the top of removable top cover (1).
3. a kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model according to claim 2,
It is characterized in that：The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes smoke inductor
(8), the smoke inductor (8) is located at inwall of the animal by cigarette box side (2).
4. a kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model according to claim 3,
It is characterized in that：The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes that being located at animal receives
The handle (9) of smoke box body removable top cover (1) and side plate (2) outer wall.
5. a kind of passive suction for preparing COPD animal model according to claim any one of 1-4
Cigarette device, it is characterised in that：The passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model also includes filter
Film, the filter membrane is laid on upper surface or the lower surface of moving mesh base plate (3).
6. a kind of passive suction for preparing COPD animal model according to claim any one of 1-4
Cigarette device, it is characterised in that：The removable top cover (1) or flue (4) are taper, or removable top cover (1) and flue (4) are
Taper.
7. a kind of passive suction for preparing COPD animal model according to claim any one of 1-4
Cigarette device, it is characterised in that：The smoke generating device (5) is by internal box (501), outer case (502) and at least one burning smoke
Storehouse (503) is constituted, and smoke inlet (504) is provided with the side of internal box (501), and air inlet is provided with the side of outer case (502)
(505), the internal box (501) is located in the inner chamber of outer case (502), and makes to be located at internal box (501) and outer case (502)
Outlet flue (506) connection at top, and make the air inlet (505) of the smoke inlet (504) of internal box (501) and outer case (502)
Positioned at the same side, at least one burning smoke storehouse (503) is in the cavity between internal box (501) and outer case (502).
8. a kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model according to claim 7,
It is characterized in that：Smog baffle plate (507) is provided with the front portion of the smoke inlet (504) of the internal box (501).
9. a kind of passive smoking device for preparing COPD animal model according to claim 8,
It is characterized in that：Sliding door is provided with the air inlet (505) of the outer case (502).
10. the one kind according to any one of claim 1,2,3,4,8,9 is used to prepare COPD animal mould
The passive smoking device of type, it is characterised in that：In the animal support column is provided with by between smoke box body and smoke generating device (5)
(10)。
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611228166.4A CN106725992B (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2016-12-27 | A kind of passive smoking device for being used to prepare Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease animal model |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611228166.4A CN106725992B (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2016-12-27 | A kind of passive smoking device for being used to prepare Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease animal model |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106725992A true CN106725992A (en) | 2017-05-31 |
| CN106725992B CN106725992B (en) | 2018-05-18 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611228166.4A Active CN106725992B (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2016-12-27 | A kind of passive smoking device for being used to prepare Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease animal model |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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| CN102012415A (en) * | 2010-04-28 | 2011-04-13 | 范维林 | Material combustion smoke toxicity experiment device |
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| CN202654264U (en) * | 2012-04-19 | 2013-01-09 | 宁波大学 | Device for manufacturing animal model of smoking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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-
2016
- 2016-12-27 CN CN201611228166.4A patent/CN106725992B/en active Active
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5109797A (en) * | 1990-08-29 | 1992-05-05 | Briant James K | Avian inhalation exposure chamber |
| US5297502A (en) * | 1993-05-05 | 1994-03-29 | Jaeger Rudolf J | Modular reversible-flow-past nasopulmonary respiratory dosing system for laboratory animals |
| CN102012415A (en) * | 2010-04-28 | 2011-04-13 | 范维林 | Material combustion smoke toxicity experiment device |
| CN201840547U (en) * | 2010-09-17 | 2011-05-25 | 上海中医药大学附属龙华医院 | Rat fumigating device |
| CN202654264U (en) * | 2012-04-19 | 2013-01-09 | 宁波大学 | Device for manufacturing animal model of smoking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN106725992B (en) | 2018-05-18 |
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