CN106671545B - 一种高纤维体积含量聚乳酸单聚合物复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种高纤维体积含量聚乳酸单聚合物复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN106671545B
CN106671545B CN201610977980.XA CN201610977980A CN106671545B CN 106671545 B CN106671545 B CN 106671545B CN 201610977980 A CN201610977980 A CN 201610977980A CN 106671545 B CN106671545 B CN 106671545B
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刘庆生
邓炳耀
杨琪冰
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Jiangnan University
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    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
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    • B32B5/26Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种高纤维体积含量聚乳酸(PLA)单聚合物复合材料及其制备方法,增强相为右旋乳酸结构单元(D‑LA)含量为0~10mol%的PLA纤维,基体为右旋乳酸结构单元(D‑LA)含量为10mol%~50mol%的PLA;或者增强相为立构复合聚乳酸(sc‑PLA)纤维,其中sc‑PLA为左旋聚乳酸(PLLA)和右旋聚乳酸(PDLA)的混合物,PLLA和PDLA的重量比为1:1,基体为D‑LA含量为0~100mol%的PLA;增强相的体积含量为5mol%~90mol%。对应复合材料的制备方法为:(1)将皮芯结构的PLA纤维加工成纤维集合体;(2)将1~1000层皮芯结构PLA纤维集合体叠加在一起;(3)在热压机上,在1~20MPa的压力和100~210℃的温度下,将皮芯结构PLA纤维集合体热压成PLA单聚合物复合材料。所得的PLA单聚合物复合材料可用于包装、汽车等领域。

Description

一种高纤维体积含量聚乳酸单聚合物复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及高分子材料领域,具体涉及高纤维体积含量聚乳酸(PLA)单聚合物复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
纤维增强聚合物基复合材料由于高的比强度、不腐蚀和高的断裂韧性已广泛应用于航空航天、休闲娱乐、汽车、建筑和体育工业等领域,另外,其作为轻质高强新材料,正在对低碳、环保的经济发展模式作出越来越大的贡献,因此,纤维增强复合材料的市场份额正在不断增加。然而,传统的纤维增强复合材料存在两个问题:第一,增强相和基体不同质,界面相容性差,且无法回收。第二,增强相为无机纤维或基于石油的聚合物纤维,基体为石油基聚合物,存在资源短缺和环境污染等问题。以资源可再生、生物可降解的聚合物为原料,开发单聚合物复合材料可解决上述两个问题。聚乳酸(PLA)资源可再生、生物可降解,具有较好的物理机械性能,是所有已产业化的资源可再生、生物可降解热塑性聚合物中价格最低的聚合物。PLA单聚合物复合材料的制备将能解决纤维增强热塑性聚合物复合材料存在的瓶颈问题。
目前,PLA单聚合物复合材料及其制备方法存在以下问题:(1)基体和增强相均为PLA,以致加工窗口窄;(2)PLA为热塑性高分子材料,粘度大,PLA基体难以对增强相PLA纤维充分浸润,增强相PLA纤维难以均匀地分散在PLA基体中,以致PLA纤维的体积含量低。PLA单聚合物复合材料的制备过程中若能解决上述问题,将会降低其加工难度,进一步改善复合材料的力学性能。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对PLA单聚合物复合材料的开发过程中存在的问题,开发出一种高纤维体积含量PLA单聚合物复合材料,并提供了其制备方法。
高纤维体积含量聚乳酸(PLA)单聚合物复合材料,其组分包括:
(1)增强相为右旋乳酸结构单元(D-LA)含量为0~10mol%的PLA纤维,分子量为6.0×104~1.0×106;增强相也可以为立构复合聚乳酸(sc-PLA)纤维,其中sc-PLA为左旋聚乳酸(PLLA)和右旋聚乳酸(PDLA)的混合物,PLLA和PDLA的重量比为1:1,PLLA和PDLA分子量为6.0×104~1.0×106
(2)当增强相为D-LA含量为0~10%的PLA纤维时,基体为右旋乳酸结构单元(D-LA)含量为10mol%~50mol%的PLA,分子量为3.0×104~1.0×106;当增强相为sc-PLA纤维时,基体为D-LA含量为0~100%的PLA,分子量为3.0×104~1.0×106
(3)增强相的体积含量为5%~90%。
所述的高纤维体积含量聚乳酸(PLA)单聚合物复合材料,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将皮芯结构的PLA纤维加工成纤维集合体;
(2)将1~1000层皮芯结构PLA纤维集合体叠加在一起;
(3)在热压机上,在一定压力和温度下,将皮芯结构PLA纤维集合体热压成PLA单聚合物复合材料。
所述的一种高纤维体积含量聚乳酸(PLA)单聚合物复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述的纤维集合体包括机织物、针织物和非织造布。
所述的一种高纤维体积含量聚乳酸(PLA)单聚合物复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述的热压压力为1~20MPa。
所述的一种高纤维体积含量聚乳酸(PLA)单聚合物复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述的热压温度为100~210℃。
有益效果:
(1)该PLA单聚合物复合材料的增强相和基体均为PLA,资源可再生、生物可降解,界面相容型好,材料的力学性能好。
(2)PLA单聚合物复合材料由皮芯结构聚乳酸纤维制得,基体和增强相结合在直径为几微米到几十微米的纤维中,纤维的分散性好,基体对增强相的浸润性好,纤维的体积含量可高达90%。
(3)皮芯结构PLA纤维中皮层和芯层间的熔点差异大,复合材料的加工窗口宽。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不限制本发明的范围。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落入本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1
以皮芯结构PLA短纤维为原料,其中芯层为立构复合聚乳酸(sc-PLA),sc-PLA为左旋聚乳酸(PLLA)和右旋聚乳酸(PDLA)的混合物,PLLA和PDLA的重量比为1:1,PLLA和PDLA的粘均分子量分别为1.8×105和1.5×105,皮层为PLLA,粘均分子量为2.2×105,皮和芯的体积比为30:70,通过梳理成网,热风粘合加固制得皮芯结构PLA非织造布(面密度为20g/m2),将100层PLA非织造布叠加在一起,在热压机上,在5MPa的压力下,190℃的温度下,热压成PLA单聚合物复合材料。所得PLA单聚合物复合材料的拉伸断裂强度为80MPa,断裂伸长率为40.5%。
实施例2
以皮芯结构PLA短纤维为原料,其中芯层为右旋乳酸结构单元(D-LA)含量为2mol%的PLA,粘均分子量为2.0×105,皮层为右旋乳酸结构单元(D-LA)含量为15mol%的PLA,粘均分子量为8.0×104,皮和芯的体积比为20:80,通过梳理成网,热风粘合加固制得皮芯结构PLA非织造布(面密度为18g/m2),将50块PLA非织造布叠加在一起,在热压机上,在6MPa的压力下,130℃的温度下,热压成PLA单聚合物复合材料。所得PLA单聚合物复合材料的拉伸断裂强度为65MPa,断裂伸长率为58.2%。
实施例3
以皮芯结构PLA长丝为原料,其中芯层为立构复合聚乳酸(sc-PLA),sc-PLA为左旋聚乳酸(PLLA)和右旋聚乳酸(PDLA)的混合物,PLLA和PDLA的重量比为1:1,PLLA和PDLA的粘均分子量分别为2.2×105和1.8×105,皮层为PLLA,粘均分子量为1.8×105,皮和芯的体积比为40:60,通过机织的方法将皮芯结构PLA长丝加工成平纹机织物(克重为300g/m2),将4块PLA机织物叠加在一起在热压机上,在7MPa的压力下,190℃的温度下,热压成PLA单聚合物复合材料。所得PLA单聚合物复合材料沿着机织物经向的拉伸断裂强度为85MPa,断裂伸长率为35.0%,沿着机织物经向的拉伸断裂强度为80.8MPa,断裂伸长率为35.8%。
实施例4
以皮芯结构PLA长丝为原料,其中芯层为PLLA,粘均分子量为2.2×105,皮层为右旋乳酸结构单元(D-LA)含量为10mol%的PLA,粘均分子量为1.5×105,皮和芯的体积比为35:65,通过机织的方法将皮芯结构PLA长丝加工成缎纹机织物(克重为350g/m2),将4块PLA机织物叠加在一起在热压机上,在6MPa的压力下,145℃的温度下,热压成PLA单聚合物复合材料。所得PLA单聚合物复合材料沿着机织物经向的拉伸断裂强度为72.3MPa,断裂伸长率为45.2%,沿着机织物经向的拉伸断裂强度为68.5MPa,断裂伸长率为46.8%。

Claims (5)

1.一种高纤维体积含量聚乳酸单聚合物复合材料,其组分包括:
(1)当增强相为分子量为6.0×104~1.0×106,右旋乳酸结构单元含量为0~10mol%的聚乳酸纤维时,基体为右旋乳酸结构单元含量为10mol%~50mol%的聚乳酸,分子量为3.0×104~1.0×106;当增强相为立构复合聚乳酸纤维时,基体为右旋乳酸结构单元含量为0~100mol%的聚乳酸,分子量为3.0×104~1.0×106,其中立构复合聚乳酸为左旋聚乳酸和右旋聚乳酸的混合物,左旋聚乳酸和右旋聚乳酸的重量比为1:1,左旋聚乳酸和右旋聚乳酸分子量为6.0×104~1.0×106;增强相的体积含量为5%~90%;
(2)该复合材料由皮芯结构聚乳酸纤维制造,皮芯结构聚乳酸纤维的芯层对应复合材料的增强相,皮层对应基体;当芯层为分子量为6.0×104~1.0×106,右旋乳酸结构单元含量为0~10mol%的聚乳酸时,皮层为右旋乳酸结构单元含量为10mol%~50mol%的聚乳酸,分子量为3.0×104~1.0×106;当芯层为立构复合聚乳酸时,皮层为右旋乳酸结构单元含量为0~100mol%的聚乳酸,分子量为3.0×104~1.0×106,其中立构复合聚乳酸为左旋聚乳酸和右旋聚乳酸的混合物,左旋聚乳酸和右旋聚乳酸的重量比为1:1,左旋聚乳酸和右旋聚乳酸分子量为6.0×104~1.0×106;芯层的体积含量为5%~90%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高纤维体积含量聚乳酸单聚合物复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将皮芯结构的聚乳酸纤维加工成纤维集合体;
(2)将1~1000层皮芯结构聚乳酸纤维集合体叠加在一起;
(3)在热压机上,在一定压力和温度下,将皮芯结构聚乳酸纤维集合体热压成单聚合物聚乳酸复合材料,热压过程中皮芯结构聚乳酸纤维中的皮层熔融成基体,芯层保持原有的结构形态作为增强相。
3.根据权利要求2所述的高纤维体积含量聚乳酸单聚合物复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述的纤维集合体包括机织物、针织物和非织造布。
4.根据权利要求2所述的高纤维体积含量聚乳酸单聚合物复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述的热压压力为1~20MPa。
5.根据权利要求2所述的高纤维体积含量聚乳酸单聚合物复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述的热压温度为100~210℃。
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