CN1066697C - 降低爆炸中氮氧化物烟雾的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及降低由乳液爆炸剂爆炸形成的爆炸后烟雾中氮的氧化物生成量的方法,该方法包括使用含有乳化剂、连续的有机燃料相和不连续的氧化剂盐溶液相的乳液爆炸剂,后一相包含无机氧化剂盐、水或与水混溶的液体和含量约占该乳液爆炸剂重量的5-30%(重量)的尿素。
Description
本发明涉及采用油包水型乳液爆炸剂(此后称作“乳液爆炸剂”)的改进的爆炸方法。更具体地讲,本发明涉及通过使用在不连续氧化剂盐溶液相中具有相当大量的尿素的乳液爆炸剂来降低爆炸后烟雾中有毒氮氧化物(NOx)生成量的方法。
用在本发明方法中的乳液爆炸剂包含作为连续相的与水不混溶的有机燃料、作为不连续相的乳化无机氧化剂盐溶液、乳化剂、起敏化作用的气泡或加气剂和用于降低爆炸后烟雾中生成的氮氧化物量的大约占该组合物总重量的5%~30%量的尿素。
乳液爆炸剂在本领域中众所周知。在形成时,它们是流体(且可设计成在使用温度下仍是流体),既可以整装也可以散装使用。通常将它们与粒状硝酸铵和/或ANFO混合形成具有比ANFO能量高且防水性佳的(取决于各成分间的比例)“重ANFO”产品。该乳剂通常通过以空心微球、其它固体加气剂或气泡形式增加孔隙率(它们实质上使该乳剂对爆炸作用敏感)来降低密度。该加气剂的均匀、稳定的分散对该乳剂的爆炸性质是至关重要的。如果有气泡的话,通常它们是由化学产气剂的反应产生的。通过与多孔AN颗粒混合也可获得敏化作用。
与采矿爆破作业乳液爆炸剂的使用有关的问题是在由乳液爆炸剂的爆炸作用产生的气体中生成了氮的氧化物,一种桔黄色烟雾。这里将这些气体称作“爆炸后烟雾”。不仅从该烟雾是有毒的角度出发而认为氮的氧化物的生成是个问题,而且这种烟雾由于其黄色/桔黄色的颜色,在视觉上和美学上也是不合需要的。已做出很多的努力来消除或降低这种烟雾的生成,这些努力一般是针对改进乳液爆炸剂和其成分的质量,以增强起爆时各成分的反应性。其它的努力是针对改进冲击波传播图(blast pattern)设计和起爆方案的。还有一些努力针对在通过脱水或使用防水性能更好的乳液爆炸剂来改进炮眼(borehole)环境。
在本发明中令人惊奇地发现通过将尿素以占组合物重量约5%~约30%的量加到该乳液的氧化剂盐溶液不连续相中或加干燥尿素或者以这两种方式加入尿素,可相当大地降低氮氧化物烟雾的生成量。显然,尿素与作为爆炸反应产物可生成的任何氮的氧化物发生化学反应,将这样的氧化物转变为氮气(N2)、水和二氧化碳。
使用尿素降低爆炸后烟雾中的氮氧化物还具有其它优点。已发现在氧化剂盐溶液中使用尿素增加了所形成的乳液爆炸剂的助爆剂最低限度(minimum booster)。导致该乳液爆炸剂与下孔(down-hole)导爆索更相容(反应性下降),否则,当将导爆索点火时可引起预爆炸反应。(该导爆索通到位于炮眼底部的助爆剂中或在炸药柱内部一系列分隔的助爆剂中)。该预反应本身可促使爆炸后烟雾中生成氮的氧化物。
另一优点是使用尿素比使用微球或敏化铝颗粒成本低得多,后两种在前曾被用于改进乳液爆炸剂及其成分的质量或反应性。此外,尿素在化学上降低爆炸后烟雾中氮的氧化物方面比这些成本较高的代用品更有效。
通过在氧化剂盐溶液中使用作为燃料的尿素,可在连续有机燃料相中使用较少的有机燃料,以达到氧平衡,这在含AN颗粒的乳液混合物中尤为重要。这似乎也是爆炸后氮氧化物烟雾降低的一个原因。另一优点是尿素可提供或代替部分或全部氧化剂盐溶液中所需水分以生成能量更大的爆炸剂。
本发明包括降低由乳液爆炸剂爆炸形成的爆炸后烟雾中氮氧化物生成量的方法。该方法包括使用含有乳化剂、连续的有机燃料相和不连续的氧化剂盐溶液相的乳液爆炸剂,后一相包含无机氧化剂盐、水或与水混溶的液体和占该乳液爆炸剂重量约5%~约30%量的尿素。该方法对于在对NOx形成敏感的爆炸区中使用导爆索引线(downlines)的炮孔布置方式特别有效,并还能提供降低该爆炸剂组合物中所需水分(它对爆炸剂的能量无贡献)和有机燃料(它可增加氮的氧化物的生成量)的量的方法。
如上所述,通过将尿素加入乳液爆炸剂的氧化剂盐溶液相中或以干燥成分形式或者以这两种方式将尿素加至乳液爆炸剂中,能大大降低在该爆炸剂中氧化剂和燃料之间的爆炸反应中生成的氮的氧化物的量。从理论上讲,尿素能按照如下反应式与所生成的任何氮的氧化物反应,将它们转化成N2、N2O和CO2:
形成该组合物的连续相的不溶混有机燃料的含量大约为该组合物重量的3-12%,最好为大约3%至低于该组合物重量的7%,这取决于所周AN颗粒的量(如果有的话)。实际的用量可随所用的具体的不溶混有机燃料(一种或多种)、其它燃料的存在(如果有的话)和尿素的用量而变更。所述不溶混有机燃料可以是脂族的、脂环族的和/或芳族的,并可以是饱和的和/或不饱和的,只要它们在配制温度是液体即可。优选的燃料包括妥尔油,矿物油,蜡类,石蜡油,苯,甲苯,二甲苯,通常被称作石油馏出物例如汽油、煤油和柴油的液体烃类的混合物,和植物油例如玉米油、棉籽油、花生油和豆油。特别优选的液体燃料是矿物油、2号燃料油、石蜡、微晶蜡和它们的混合物。还可以使用脂族和芳族硝基化合物和卤代烃。可以使用上述任何燃料的混合物。
本发明中使用的乳化剂可以选自常规使用的乳化剂,用量通常为大约0.2-5%。典型的乳化剂包括脱水山梨醇脂肪酯,乙二醇酯,取代的噁唑啉,烷基胺或其盐,它们的衍生物等。最近发现一些聚合物乳化剂例如二羧基化或酸酐化的烯烃或乙烯基加成聚合物的双链烷醇胺或双多元醇衍生物在某些条件下能赋予乳液较好的稳定性。
除所述不溶混的液体有机燃料和尿素外,可以选择的量任选地使用固体或其它液体燃料或这两种燃料。可用的固体燃料的实例有细碎的铝颗粒;细碎的含碳物质例如天然沥青(gilsonite)或煤;细碎的植物谷粒例如小麦;和硫磺。下面列出了还具有液体增量剂作用的可溶混液体燃料。这些附加的固体和/或液体燃料一般可以至多约25%(重量)范围内的量来添加。
形成所述炸药的不连续相的无机氧化剂盐溶液包含约为总组合物重量的45-95%(重量)的无机氧化剂盐和约为0-30%的水和/或与水混溶的有机液体。该氧化剂盐最好主要是硝酸铵,而其它盐可以至多大约50%的量使用。其它的氧化剂盐选自铵、碱金属和碱土金属的硝酸盐、氯酸盐和高氯酸盐。其中硝酸钠(SN)和硝酸钙(CN)是优选的。当将较高水平的尿素例如10-15%(重量)或更多的尿素溶于该氧化剂溶液相时,最好应将固体氧化剂加至该形成的乳液中以获得最佳的氧平衡并因而获得最佳的能量。所述固体氧化剂可选自上面所列的固体氧化剂。在硝酸盐中,硝酸铵颗粒是优选的。尽管固体硝酸铵颗粒(或ANFO)的用量可高达80%,但优选约20-50%。
水的用量最好大约为总组合物重量的1-30%(重量)。尽管可以配制基本上不含水的乳液,但在乳液中通常使用大约9-20%的水。尿素的含量较高例如15%或更多时,该组合物可被制成无水的。
与水混溶的有机液体可至少部分代替水作所述盐的溶剂,而且这样的液体还起组合物的燃料的作用。此外,某些有机化合物还能降低所述氧化剂盐在溶液中的结晶温度。除尿素外,所述的可溶混固体或液体燃料可包括醇类例如糖和甲基醇。二醇类例如乙二醇类,酰胺类例如甲酰胺,胺类,胺的硝酸盐,和类似的含氮燃料,正如本领域公知的那样,所用的水可溶混的液体(一种或多种)或固体(一种或多种)的量和类型可按所需的物理性质变动。正如已经解释的那样,本发明的特别的优点在于:相当大量的尿素降低了该氧化剂溶液的结晶点。
化学产气剂最好包含能在该组合物中进行化学反应产生气泡的硝酸钠和产气促进剂例如硫脲以加速该分解过程。除加入化学产气剂外或代替化学产气剂,还可加入由玻璃、塑料或珍珠岩制成的空心圆球体或颗粒以降低密度。
本发明的乳液可按常规方法配制,通常是,先将所述氧化剂盐(一种或多种)、尿素和其它水溶性成分于高温或大约25-90℃或更高的温度溶于水(或水和可溶混液体燃料的水溶液)中。所述温度取决于该盐溶液的结晶温度。然后将该水溶液加至乳化剂和不溶混液体有机燃料的溶液中。所述溶液最好处于相同的高温;并将得到的混合物足够剧烈地搅拌以制得该水溶液在连续的液体烃燃料相中的乳液。通常这可与快速搅拌基本上同时完成。(该组合物还可以通过将该有机液体加至该水溶液中来制备)。搅拌应继续直到制剂均匀。当需要产气时,这可以是在乳液刚一形成或至多形成后几个月,加入产气剂和其它有利的微量添加剂并将乳液充分混合均匀以获得以期望的速率均匀产气的结果。固体成分(如果有的话)可与产气剂和/或微量添加剂一同加入,并用常规方法将该制剂充分搅拌。该配制法也可按本领域公知的连续法来实施。
参考下列表进一步说明本发明。
已发现在将有机燃料加至该水溶液之前将乳化剂预溶解在该液体有机燃料中是有利的。此方法能使乳液快速形成且搅拌最少。然而若期望,可将乳化剂作为第三成分单独加入。
表Ⅰ包括两种乳液爆炸剂组合物的比较。实施例A不含尿素,而实施例B与实施例A相同,只是实施例B含有6.59%(重量)尿素。实施例B的含尿素组合物,不但具有高得多的助爆剂最低限度(MB),而且还具有较高的爆燃速度(D)。实施例A由于不含尿素,还含有附加的1.3%燃料油。实施例A的总水含量为12.86%,而实施例B的总水含量为9.86%。
表Ⅱ比较了表Ⅰ中实施例的计算的理论能量和气体体积。该表表明,尿素具有足够的燃料值对消实施例A中燃料油部分。
表Ⅲ比较了在有和没有导爆索引线存在两种情况下表Ⅰ的实施例A和B的爆燃和烟雾结果。在所有情况下,均将这些实施例在150mmPVC管中在水下进行试验。无导爆索情况下由这两个实施例产生的烟雾是适当的,实施例A仅产生一缕黄/橙色烟,表明有氮的氧化物存在。实施例B未产生可见的氮的氧化物烟雾。当将这两个实施例用通到该PVC管底部中的引爆药包的25英厘(grain)导爆索引线引爆时,会产生更显著的差别。含有尿素的实施例B显示爆炸后氮氧化物(黄/橙色)烟雾明显降低。定量的烟雾等级在0(无可见的烟雾)至5(强烈,显著的黄/橙色烟)范围内。
表Ⅳ还提供了对比例。表Ⅴ显示了具有较高水平尿素的组合物,该组合物现场应用爆炸良好,产生令人满意的能量,而且未见到爆炸后氮的氧化物烟雾。
尽管已参考某些说明性实施例和优选的实施方案描述了本发明,但各种变更对本领域技术人员将是显而易见,任何这样的变更均在如所附权利要求书中所述的本发明的范围内。
表Ⅰ
A B氧化剂溶液1 63.8 -氧化剂溶液2 - 65.9燃料溶液 4.8 4.0AN颗粒 30.0 30.0燃料油 1.3 -产气剂 0.1 0.1结果(5℃)密度(g/cc) 1.18 1.20D,150mm(km/sec) 4.5 5.5125mm 4.4 5.5100mm 4.1 4.975mm 3.7 3.3MB,150 mm,Det/Fail(g) 4.5/2.0 18/9氧化剂溶液1 AN NHCN H-O 产气剂 HNO366.8 15.0 17.9 0.2 0.1Fudge Point:57℃比重 :1.42pH:3.73 at 73℃氧化剂溶液2 AN 尿素 H∶O 产气剂 HNO374.7 10.0 15.0 0.2 0.1Fudge Point:54℃比重 :1.36pH:3.80 at 73℃燃料溶液 SMO 矿物油 燃料油16 42 42温度:60℃Norsk Hydro CN:79/6/15:CM/AN/H2O
表Ⅱ
A BAN 42.62 49.24NHCN 9.57 -尿素 - 6.59水 11.42 9.86产气剂 0.12 0.14硝酸 0.06 0.07SMO 0.77 0.64FO 2.02 1.68矿物油 2.02 1.68AN颗粒 30.00 30.00FO 1.30 -氧平衡(%) -1.49 -2.32N(摩尔气体/kg 42.35 44.26Q总(kcal/kg) 734 698Q气体(Kcal/kg) 701 689Q固体(kcal/kg) 34 8Q/880 0.8 0.79A(kcal/kg) 729 697A/830 0.88 0.84
表Ⅲ
A B结果(25℃)D,150mm PVC(km/sec) 4.7 5.04.5 4.94.7 5.0烟雾等级 0-0.5 00-0.5 00-0.5 0D,150mm PVC(km/sec) 4.1 4.825 Grain Cord Traced 4.0 4.5- 4.9烟雾等级 3 0-0.53 10.5
表Ⅳ
A BAN 37.48 32.85H2O 8.80 5.56尿素 - 7.87乳化剂 0.66 0.66矿物油 0.33 0.33燃料油 2.28 2.28K15微球 0.45 0.45ANFO 50.00 -AN颗粒 - 50.00氧平衡(%) -3.89 -0.54N(摩尔/kg) 43.81 43.65Q总(kcal/kg) 756 742D,150mm(km/sec) 3.5 3.43.6 3.33.4 3.43.7 3.53.5 3.3烟雾等级 5 15 15 15 15 1
表ⅤAN 34.15H2O 6.46尿素 14.54(9.00为干燥添加物)乳化剂 0.54矿物油 0.70燃料油 2.11K15微球 0.50AN颗粒 40.00添加的燃料油 1.00氧平衡(%) -10.82N(摩尔/kg) 43.45Q总(kcal/kg) 645
Claims (7)
1.降低由乳液爆炸剂爆炸形成的爆炸后烟雾中氮的氧化物生成量的方法,该方法包括使用含有乳化剂、连续的有机燃料相和不连续的氧化剂盐溶液相的乳液爆炸剂,后一相包含无机氧化剂盐、水或与水混溶的液体和含量约占该乳液爆炸剂重量的5-30%(重量)的尿素。
2.按照权利要求1的方法,其中尿素以大约5-20%的量存在。
3.按照权利要求1的方法,其中所述无机氧化剂盐是硝酸铵。
4.按照权利要求1的方法,其中所述乳液爆炸剂还包含大约20-50%硝酸铵颗粒。
5.按照权利要求1的方法,其中所述乳液爆炸剂还包含至多约80%ANFO。
6.按照权利要求1的方法,其中乳液爆炸剂被装入炮眼并由助爆剂和导爆索引线配合引爆。
7.按照权利要求1的方法,其中乳液爆炸剂的连续的有机燃料相含量大约低于7%。
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US5907119A (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 1999-05-25 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Method of preventing afterblast sulfide dust explosions |
US6051086A (en) * | 1998-06-08 | 2000-04-18 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd. | Buffered emulsion blasting agent |
AUPP600198A0 (en) * | 1998-09-17 | 1998-10-08 | Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Limited | Emulsion explosive composition |
US6539870B1 (en) * | 2000-11-22 | 2003-04-01 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Blasting method for reducing nitrogen oxide fumes |
KR20060047086A (ko) * | 2004-11-15 | 2006-05-18 | 주식회사 스웰테크 | 전기식 파암용 팽창제 조성물 |
US20120180915A1 (en) * | 2007-06-28 | 2012-07-19 | Maxam North America | Explosive emulsion compositions and methods of making the same |
CN103936535A (zh) * | 2014-04-03 | 2014-07-23 | 安徽盾安民爆器材有限公司 | 一种粉状乳化炸药及其制备方法 |
CA2965705C (en) * | 2014-10-27 | 2021-02-23 | Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited | Explosive composition for soft and wet ground and method of delivery |
US11203555B2 (en) * | 2015-09-01 | 2021-12-21 | The University of Sydney Commercial Development & Industry Partnerships | Blasting agent |
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WO1988003522A1 (en) * | 1986-11-14 | 1988-05-19 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Explosive compositions |
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US5271779A (en) * | 1988-02-22 | 1993-12-21 | Nitro Nobel Ab | Making a reduced volume strength blasting composition |
US4872929A (en) * | 1988-08-29 | 1989-10-10 | Atlas Powder Company | Composite explosive utilizing water-soluble fuels |
US4931110A (en) * | 1989-03-03 | 1990-06-05 | Ireco Incorporated | Emulsion explosives containing a polymeric emulsifier |
ZA902603B (en) * | 1989-04-11 | 1991-01-30 | Ici Australia Operations | Explosive composition |
US4960475A (en) * | 1990-03-20 | 1990-10-02 | Cranney Don H | Surfactant for gassed emulsion explosive |
US5159153A (en) * | 1990-06-07 | 1992-10-27 | Cranney Don H | Emulsion that is compatible with reactive sulfide/pyrite ores |
US5278289A (en) * | 1991-11-12 | 1994-01-11 | Johnson Alan J | Antihemophilic factor stabilization |
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