CN106633953B - A kind of anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN106633953B CN106633953B CN201610983419.2A CN201610983419A CN106633953B CN 106633953 B CN106633953 B CN 106633953B CN 201610983419 A CN201610983419 A CN 201610983419A CN 106633953 B CN106633953 B CN 106633953B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L95/00—Compositions of bituminous materials, e.g. asphalt, tar, pitch
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08G77/22—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- C08G77/26—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen nitrogen-containing groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/011—Nanostructured additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of anti-ultraviolet ageing pitches and preparation method thereof.The modified pitch includes following raw material components by weight: (1) matrix pitch: 100 parts；(2) composite organic-inorganic material: 1.0~5.0 parts；Wherein, the composite organic-inorganic material is formed by ethyl orthosilicate and the organosilan cohydrolysis containing triazinetrione group and polycondensation reaction.Composite organic-inorganic material used in the present invention has both the characteristics of organic group and inorganic nano material, has excellent compatibility with pitch.The present invention, which reacts organic group, introduces composite organic-inorganic material, to prevent its physical migration or volatilization loss, its inorganic silicon oxide part has stronger shielding action to ultraviolet light, and organic radical moiety has the effects that ultraviolet radiation absorption, capture free radical.The two effect is mutually coordinated, influences each other, and the resistance to UV aging of pitch has been significantly increased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of modified pitch and preparation method thereof, in particular to a kind of road anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch and
Preparation method.
Background technique
Bituminous pavement has excellent pavement performance and comfortable train operation performance, is the main pavement structure shape of highway construction
Formula.But under uv irradiation, a series of physical and chemical change can occur for pitch, and hardening is caused to become fragile, and failure strain becomes smaller,
It is easy to crack, gradually aging, has seriously affected the service performance of pitch.Especially in the stronger area of ultraviolet light, greatly contract
The short service life of bituminous pavement.
It, can be by adding nano-powder, such as titanium dioxide into road asphalt for the ultraviolet ageing for solving the problems, such as bituminous pavement
Titanium valve, CeO2Powder etc.；Light absorber, such as benzophenone and hindered amines derivative can also be added.
CN103880336A discloses a kind of asphalt with anti-ultraviolet aging performance.In the asphalt
Added with anti-ultraviolet ageing agent, anti-ultraviolet ageing agent is nano titanium dioxide powder, and nano titanium dioxide powder is to raising pitch
The resistance to UV aging of mixture is limited.
CN101434472A discloses a kind of method for improving modified pitch resistance to UV aging.This method is in order to improve
The resistance to UV aging of pitch, the doping into pitch, additive are with the CeO for absorbing ultraviolet light function2Nanometer material
Material or ultraviolet-resistant absorbent UV-531.Ultraviolet absorber used in this method is easy to appear the losses such as volatilization when high temperature mixes and asks
Topic, and CeO2Nano material and the compatibility of pitch are excessively poor, are easy to appear isolation layering, affect its uvioresistant performance
It plays, the resistance to UV aging for improving asphalt is limited.
To sum up, nano-powder or light stabilizer are only simply added in pitch by the prior art, will lead to receive in this way
There is isolation lamination problem in rice flour body and pitch and physical migration and volatilization problems occur for light stabilizer, cause uvioresistant old
Change limited capacity.
Summary of the invention
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of anti-ultraviolet ageing pitches and preparation method thereof.The present invention
Modified pitch has very excellent resistance to UV aging, and physical migration and volatilization, while pitch and additive will not occur
With good compatibility.
The present invention provides a kind of anti-ultraviolet ageing pitches, by weight include following raw material components:
(1) matrix pitch: 100 parts；
(2) composite organic-inorganic material: 1.0~5.0 parts, preferably 1.5~3.5 parts；
Wherein, the composite organic-inorganic material is total to by ethyl orthosilicate and the organosilan containing triazinetrione group
Poly-condensation and hydrolysis is formed.
The organosilan containing triazinetrione group is 1,3,5- tri- [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] -1,
3,5- triazines -2,4,6 (1H, 3H, 5H)-triketones, can be indicated by following chemical formula:
Formula (I).
The raw material of the composite organic-inorganic material includes polyvinylether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymer
Object, hydrochloric acid, ethyl orthosilicate, organosilan and water containing triazinetrione group, the poly- second of polyvinylether-polypropylene ether-
Alkene ether triblock copolymer, hydrochloric acid, ethyl orthosilicate, the organosilan containing triazinetrione group and water weight ratio be (25
~35): (130~200): (35~55): (30~50): 1000, preferably (28~32): (150~180): (85-X): X:
1000, wherein X=30~50, the concentration of hydrochloric acid are 8~12mol/L.
The cohydrolysis and the temperature of polycondensation reaction are 90~120 DEG C, and preferably 100~110 DEG C, the time is 36~48h.
The matrix pitch can be various pitches commonly used in the art, can for asphalt, coal tar asphalt,
One or more of oil sands bitumen, bitumen.The needle penetration of the matrix pitch can be 80~100 1/10mm.Petroleum
Pitch can be selected from one or more of straight asphalt, solvent deoiling pitch, oxidized asphalt, pitch semi-oxidized, straight asphalt
It can be the reduced crude that crude oil atmospheric distillation obtains, be also possible to crude oil through being evaporated under reduced pressure obtained decompression residuum.
The present invention also provides a kind of preparation methods such as above-mentioned anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch comprising following steps:
(1) polyvinylether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymer and hydrochloric acid is soluble in water, be stirred continuously to
It is completely dissolved, adds ethyl orthosilicate and the organosilan containing triazinetrione group, stir evenly, then carry out cohydrolysis
And polycondensation reaction, it is filtered, washed is dried with first after reaction, then add in the mixed solution of ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid, add
Heat reflux is washed out, second dries to get composite organic-inorganic material is arrived；
(2) composite organic-inorganic material is added in the matrix pitch of melting, heats and stir evenly to get to institute
The anti-aging modified pitch stated.
In step (1), the polyvinylether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymer, hydrochloric acid, positive silicic acid second
The weight ratio of ester, the organosilan containing triazinetrione group and water is (25~35): (130~200): (35~55): (30~
50): 1000, preferably (28~32): (150~180): (85-X): X:1000, wherein X=30~50, the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 8~
12mol/L。
In step (1), the temperature of the stirring is 30 DEG C~50 DEG C, time of the stirring is 18~for 24 hours.
In step (1), the cohydrolysis and the temperature of polycondensation reaction are 90~120 DEG C, preferably 100~110 DEG C, when
Between be 36~48h.
In step (1), the weight ratio of the composite organic-inorganic material and ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid mixed solution is 1:
(50~200), the weight ratio of hydrochloric acid and ethyl alcohol is 1:(50~70 in the ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid mixed solution), the hydrochloric acid
Concentration be 8~12mol/L.
In step (1), described to be filtered, washed, dry and use conventional method.Drying evaporates the solvent i.e.
Can, the described first dry temperature can be 80 DEG C~120 DEG C, and the time is 5~12h.Described second dry temperature can be
80 DEG C~120 DEG C, the time is 5~12h.
In step (1), the temperature being heated to reflux is 60~90 DEG C, and preferably 70~80 DEG C, the time is 6~10h.
In step (2), the temperature of the heating stirring is 130 DEG C~150 DEG C, and the time is 0.5~1.0h.
Compared with prior art, anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch and preparation method thereof of the invention has the advantages that
(1) present invention passes through ethyl orthosilicate and the poly- hydrolysis of organosilan cocondensation containing triazinetrione group, from
And the organic group of organosilan is introduced into composite organic-inorganic material, and is distributed in composite organic-inorganic material
Even, to prevent the physical migration or volatilization loss of organic group, such organic group has ultraviolet radiation absorption, capture freely
The effects of base, hydroperoxide decomposition, and inorganic constituents has stronger shielding action to ultraviolet light, and the two effect is assisted mutually
It adjusts, influence each other, the resistance to UV aging of pitch has been significantly increased in comprehensive function.
(2) composite organic-inorganic material of the present invention, the characteristics of having both organic group and inorganic nano material, having broken has
The boundary of machine object and inorganic matter has excellent compatibility with pitch.
(3) composite organic-inorganic material of the present invention is in particle (or powder) shape, convenient for storage and transport.
Specific embodiment
The technical characterstic that the invention is further illustrated by the following examples, but these embodiments cannot limit the present invention.
" cohydrolysis and polycondensation " of the present invention refer to organosilan and tetraethoxysilance occur jointly hydrolysis and
Polycondensation reaction, so that one-step synthesis contains the composite organic-inorganic material of different organic groups.
Embodiment 1
(1) by 29.14 weight account polyethylene ether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymers (P123) and 168.40
Parts by weight concentrated hydrochloric acid (12mol/L) is dissolved in 1000 parts by weight water, is stirred continuously to being completely dissolved, is measured the positive silicic acid of 35 parts by weight
Ethyl ester and 50 parts by weight 1,3,5- tri- [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] -1,3,5- triazine -2,4,6 (1H, 3H, 5H) -
Triketone is added in above-mentioned solution, while 40 DEG C are stirred continuously for 24 hours, are then charged into reaction kettle, in an oven 100 DEG C of standings
48h, to complete cohydrolysis and polycondensation reaction, filter and be washed with water, after 100 DEG C of dry 12h, be added to 600 parts by weight without
In the mixed solution of water-ethanol and 10 parts by weight concentrated hydrochloric acids (12mol/L), 80 DEG C are heated to reflux 8h, are then washed to neutrality, second
After alcohol washing, 100 DEG C of dry 8h are to get to about 37.4 parts by weight composite organic-inorganic materials.
(2) 3.5 parts by weight composite organic-inorganic materials are added to matrix pitch (the decompression slag of 100 parts by weight melting
Oil, 25 DEG C of needle penetrations are 93 1/10mm) in, at 140 DEG C, 1h is persistently stirred, is scattered in it uniformly in matrix pitch,
Obtain the anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch.
Embodiment 2
(1) by 29.14 weight account polyethylene ether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymers (P123) and 168.40
Parts by weight concentrated hydrochloric acid (12mol/L) is dissolved in 1000 parts by weight water, is stirred continuously to being completely dissolved, is measured the positive silicic acid of 45 parts by weight
Ethyl ester and 40 parts by weight 1,3,5- tri- [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] -1,3,5- triazine -2,4,6 (1H, 3H, 5H) -
Triketone is added in above-mentioned solution, while 40 DEG C are stirred continuously 20h, are then charged into reaction kettle, in an oven 100 DEG C of standings
48h filters and is washed with water after cooling, after 100 DEG C of dry 12h, is added to 540 parts by weight dehydrated alcohols and the dense salt of 9 parts by weight
In the mixed solution of sour (12mol/L), 80 DEG C are heated to reflux 8h, are then washed to neutrality, after ethanol washing, 100 DEG C of dry 8h,
Obtain about 34.8 parts by weight composite organic-inorganic materials.
(2) 2.5 parts by weight composite organic-inorganic materials are added to matrix pitch (the decompression slag of 100 parts by weight melting
Oil, 25 DEG C of needle penetrations are 93 1/10mm) in, at 140 DEG C, 1h is persistently stirred, is scattered in it uniformly in matrix pitch,
Obtain the anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch.
Embodiment 3
(1) by 31 weight account polyethylene ether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymers (P123) and 160 parts by weight
Concentrated hydrochloric acid (12mol/L) is dissolved in 1000 parts by weight water, is stirred continuously to being completely dissolved, measure 55 parts by weight ethyl orthosilicates and
30 parts by weight 1,3,5- tri- [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] -1,3,5-triazines -2,4,6 (1H, 3H, 5H)-triketones add
Enter in above-mentioned solution, while 40 DEG C are stirred continuously 18h, are then charged into reaction kettle, in an oven 100 DEG C of standing 36h, after cooling
It filters and is washed with water, after 100 DEG C of dry 12h, be added to 480 parts by weight dehydrated alcohols and 8 parts by weight concentrated hydrochloric acids (12mol/L)
Mixed solution in, 80 DEG C are heated to reflux 8h, are then washed to neutrality, and after ethanol washing, 100 DEG C of dry 8h are to get to about
32.2 parts by weight composite organic-inorganic material.
(2) 1.5 parts by weight composite organic-inorganic materials are added to matrix pitch (the decompression slag of 100 parts by weight melting
Oil, 25 DEG C of needle penetrations are 93 1/10mm) in, at 140 DEG C, 0.75h is persistently stirred, it is made uniformly to be scattered in matrix pitch
In to get arrive the anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch.
Comparative example 1
3.45 parts by weight nano-titanium dioxides, 0.05 parts by weight silane resin acceptor kh-550 are added to 100 parts by weight to melt
In the matrix pitch melted, at 140 DEG C, 0.75h is persistently stirred, is scattered in it uniformly in matrix pitch, institute can be obtained
The modified pitch stated.
Comparative example 2
By 3.45 parts by weight nano Ce O2With the 0.05 just pungent oxygen of parts by weight ultraviolet-resistant absorbent UV-531(2- hydroxyl -4-
Base benzophenone) it is added in the matrix pitch of 100 parts by weight melting, at 140 DEG C, 0.75h is persistently stirred, keeps it uniform
It is scattered in matrix pitch, the modified pitch can be obtained.
Comparative example 3
(1) by 29.14 weight account polyethylene ether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymers (P123) and 168.40
Parts by weight concentrated hydrochloric acid (12mol/L) is dissolved in 1000 parts by weight water, is stirred continuously to being completely dissolved, is measured the positive silicic acid of 45 parts by weight
Ethyl ester is added in above-mentioned solution, while 40 DEG C are stirred continuously 20h, are then charged into reaction kettle, in an oven 100 DEG C of standings
48h is filtered and is washed with water after cooling, and after 100 DEG C of dry 12h, 540 parts by weight dehydrated alcohols and 9 parts by weight concentrated hydrochloric acids are added
In the mixed solution of (12mol/L), 80 DEG C are heated to reflux 8h, are then washed to neutrality, after ethanol washing, 100 DEG C of dry 8h, i.e.,
Obtain about 13.0 parts by weight of inorganic materials.
(2) by 1.0 parts by weight of inorganic materials and 2.5 parts by weight 1,3,5- tri- [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl]-
1,3,5-triazines -2,4,6 (1H, 3H, 5H)-triketones are added to matrix pitch (decompression residuum, the 25 DEG C of needles of 100 parts by weight melting
In-degree is 93 1/10mm) in, at 140 DEG C, 1h is persistently stirred, is scattered in it uniformly in matrix pitch to get described in
Anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch.
Test case
Ultraviolet ageing test carries out in ultraviolet ageing case, and uitraviolet intensity is 1200 μ w/cm2, aging temperature is 60 DEG C,
Ageing time is 6 days, and test result is shown in Table 1 as follows.
Property after the matrix pitch of the present invention of table 1 and modified pitch ultraviolet ageing compares
| Matrix pitch | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Comparative example 1 | Comparative example 2 | Comparative example 3 | |
| Penetration ratio/% | 55 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 57 |
| Softening point increment/DEG C | 17 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 12 |
| 10 DEG C of ductility/cm after aging | 24 | 49 | 44 | 42 | 29 | 32 | 35 |
| Remain Ductility ratio/10 DEG C, % | 28 | 55 | 50 | 48 | 35 | 38 | 40 |
By as it can be seen that compared with comparative example 1,2 and 3, modified pitch of the invention, after ultraviolet ageing test, needle enters in table 1
Degree ratio and residual Ductility ratio are significantly higher, have smaller softening point increment, this shows that the organic and inorganic that uses of the present invention is answered
Condensation material can improve the resistance to UV aging of pitch significantly.Its anti-ultraviolet ageing effect it can be seen from comparative example 1-3
Not as good as embodiment 1-3, main reason is that: comparative example 1,2 and 3 is only simply added into nano-titanium dioxide, nano Ce O2Or
Inorganic material, cannot be compatible well with pitch, and organosilan and/or ultraviolet absorber have volatilization, physical migration etc. now
As causing damages.Therefore, anti-ultraviolet ageing effect is not so good as modified pitch of the invention.
Claims (13)
1. a kind of anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch, which is characterized in that by weight include following raw material components:
(1) matrix pitch: 100 parts；
(2) composite organic-inorganic material: 1.0~5.0 parts；
Wherein, the composite organic-inorganic material is by ethyl orthosilicate and the organosilan cohydrolysis containing triazinetrione group
It is formed with polycondensation reaction；
The raw material of the composite organic-inorganic material includes polyvinylether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymer, salt
Acid, ethyl orthosilicate, organosilan and water containing triazinetrione group, the polyvinylether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether three
Block copolymer, hydrochloric acid, ethyl orthosilicate, the organosilan containing triazinetrione group and water weight ratio be (25~35):
(130~200): (35~55): (30~50): 1000, the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 8~12mol/L；
The cohydrolysis and the temperature of polycondensation reaction are 90~120 DEG C, and the time is 36~48h.
2. pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: by weight, the composite organic-inorganic material is
1.5~3.5 parts.
3. pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the organosilan containing triazinetrione group is 1,3,
5- tri- [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] -1,3,5- triazine -2,4,6 (1H, 3H, 5H)-triketone.
4. pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the polyvinylether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether three block
Copolymer, hydrochloric acid, ethyl orthosilicate, the organosilan containing triazinetrione group and water weight ratio be (28~32): (150
~180): (85-X): X:1000, wherein X=30~50.
5. pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the cohydrolysis and the temperature of polycondensation reaction are 100~110
℃。
6. pitch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the matrix pitch is asphalt, coal tar asphalt, oil
One or more of sand pitch, bitumen；The needle penetration of the matrix pitch is 80~100 1/10mm.
7. a kind of preparation method of the anti-ultraviolet ageing pitch as described in any one of claim 1-6 comprising following step
It is rapid:
(1) polyvinylether-polypropylene ether-polyvinylether triblock copolymer and hydrochloric acid is soluble in water, it is stirred continuously to complete
Dissolution, adds ethyl orthosilicate and the organosilan containing triazinetrione group, stirs evenly, and then carries out cohydrolysis and contracting
Poly- reaction, is filtered, washed dries with first after reaction, then add in the mixed solution of ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid, heat back
Stream is washed out, second dries to get composite organic-inorganic material is arrived；
(2) composite organic-inorganic material is added in the matrix pitch of melting, heats and stir evenly and is described to get arriving
Anti-ultraviolet ageing modified pitch.
8. preparation method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: in step (1), the stirring bar stirred evenly
Part are as follows: the temperature of stirring is 30 DEG C~50 DEG C, time of stirring is 18~for 24 hours.
9. preparation method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: in step (1), the Organic-inorganic composite material
Material is 1:(50~200 with the weight ratio of ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid mixed solution), the hydrochloric acid in the ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid mixed solution
Weight ratio with ethyl alcohol is 1:(50~70), the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is 8~12mol/L.
10. preparation method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: in step (1), the described first dry temperature
It is 80 DEG C~120 DEG C, the time is 5~12h；Described second dry temperature is 80 DEG C~120 DEG C, and the time is 5~12h.
11. preparation method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: in step (1), the temperature being heated to reflux
It is 60~90 DEG C, the time is 6~10h.
12. preparation method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: in step (1), the temperature being heated to reflux
It is 70~80 DEG C.
13. preparation method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: in step (2), the heating and the temperature stirred
Degree is 130 DEG C~150 DEG C, and the time is 0.5~1.0h.
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| CN103146207A (en) * | 2013-03-19 | 2013-06-12 | 湖北国创高新材料股份有限公司 | Ultraviolet aging-resistant compound modified asphalt and preparation method thereof |
| CN103275502A (en) * | 2013-06-19 | 2013-09-04 | 湖南大学 | Anti-aging asphalt and preparation method thereof |
| JP2014234451A (en) * | 2013-06-03 | 2014-12-15 | アイカ工業株式会社 | Self-adhesive filling resin composition |
| CN105384914A (en) * | 2015-12-18 | 2016-03-09 | 无锡创达新材料股份有限公司 | High-temperature-resistant ultraviolet-resistant epoxy resin prepolymer and preparation method thereof |
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2016
- 2016-11-09 CN CN201610983419.2A patent/CN106633953B/en active Active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5674936A (en) * | 1996-05-10 | 1997-10-07 | General Electric Company | Non-corrosive translucent RTV compositions having good rheology |
| CN102051121A (en) * | 2009-12-02 | 2011-05-11 | 合肥凯蒙新材料有限公司 | Antireflection coating for 193-nano-wavelength photolithography and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN103146207A (en) * | 2013-03-19 | 2013-06-12 | 湖北国创高新材料股份有限公司 | Ultraviolet aging-resistant compound modified asphalt and preparation method thereof |
| JP2014234451A (en) * | 2013-06-03 | 2014-12-15 | アイカ工業株式会社 | Self-adhesive filling resin composition |
| CN103275502A (en) * | 2013-06-19 | 2013-09-04 | 湖南大学 | Anti-aging asphalt and preparation method thereof |
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