CN106608727A - Synthetic forsterite checker brick for glass kiln regenerative chamber and preparation method of synthetic forsterite checker brick - Google Patents
Synthetic forsterite checker brick for glass kiln regenerative chamber and preparation method of synthetic forsterite checker brick Download PDFInfo
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- CN106608727A CN106608727A CN201510684259.7A CN201510684259A CN106608727A CN 106608727 A CN106608727 A CN 106608727A CN 201510684259 A CN201510684259 A CN 201510684259A CN 106608727 A CN106608727 A CN 106608727A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
The invention provides a synthetic forsterite checker brick for a glass kiln regenerative chamber and a preparation method of the synthetic forsterite checker brick. The synthetic forsterite checker brick is characterized in that the forsterite checker brick is prepared by adding magnesite clinker to artificial forsterite sand serving as aggregate and carrying out mixing, and the synthetic forsterite checker brick is composed of 26.28-30.98% of SiO2, 0.69-0.84% of Al2O3, 1.59-1.78% of Fe2O3, 1.42-1.63% of CaO and 64.8-69.3% of MgO. The prepared synthetic forsterite checker brick for the glass kiln regenerative chamber is complete in binding phase, excellent in high-temperature performance, high in sulfur-alkali chemical erosion resistance at the temperature of 1000-1200 DEG C and good in high-temperature creep degree performance; a synthetic forsterite material is high in purity, low in iron content, few in harmful oxide content and good in sintering performance compared with a natural forsterite material; and the forsterite checker brick prepared from the synthetic material is superior to a finished product prepared from the natural forsterite material in terms of a chemical mineral structure, physical performance and thermal shock stability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of forsterite checker brick, more particularly to a kind of regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick and preparation method thereof, belong to technical field of refractory materials.
Background technology
At present, the plate glass and container glass that China is produced belongs to sodium calcium series, in the offgas containing alkaline flying dust and alkali vapor.Regenerator chamber of glass kiln checker is chronically in the presence of high temperature load, dust and alkali steam because of it, is weathered serious.One of the blocking of checker, the major reason that becomes the maintenance of cold kiln of collapsing.Particularly brick tissue cracking is made using high-alumina brick and common magnesia chrome brick, the liquefaction repeatedly, solidification due to Natrii Sulfas in middle level, eventually cause brick body spallation and cause to subside.Therefore the requirement of kiln age not hot repair in 4~5 years is not reached.So, the key issue for maintaining glass melter long-lived is increasingly focused in the structure design of regenerator lattice and the quality of refractory material and Fruit variety.Up to the present, the resistance to material of checker experienced four big differentiation, gradually be positioned in the kinds such as high-puritied magnesia brick, forsterite brick, Direct bond magnesia-chrome brick, magnesium zirconia block, Mg-Al spinel brick.Further, since common magnesia chrome brick easily forms in use pollution of chromium, the life of people can be worked the mischief.
Forsterite is used as a kind of alkalescence refractory material, can be used as the good transition material between acid material and basic matterial, it is strong in 1000~1200 DEG C of anti-Natrii Sulfas condensation erosivenesses, and because it belongs to Chrome-free material, poisonous hexavalent chromium polluted problem is formed in use so as to avoid, abroad by forsterite brick as regenerator supplementary material, usage cycles were up to 5 years or so, and using effect is fine.
The applicant is to specialize in the enterprise that alkalescence is fired into bricks production, all the time by cooperating with Beijing China Building Materials Academy, institutes of Liaoning Technology University, is devoted to magnesite abandoned mine(Mine tailing, Bian add rear powder)Research and development, try hard to find out one is reasonably turned waste into wealth using approach.Make great efforts through for many years, using the magnesite abandoned mine containing magnesium oxide and high silicon a kind of Artificial forsterite sand material has been synthesized.The product has applied for patent, sees what publication number 102942370A was provided《A kind of Artificial forsterite sand and its application》, it is characterised in that preparation method is as follows:1)It is 2 by the mol ratio of MgO/SiO2:1 takes mixed material, is mixed in mixer after crushing;2)Mixing:Above-mentioned 92 ~ 94 parts of the mixed material containing MgO and SiO2 is taken, 6 ~ 8 parts of spent pulping liquor is subsequently adding, is mixed 4 ~ 6 minutes;3)Base;4)It is dried:Molding blank is put into into temperature to be dried 45 ~ 50 hours for 90 ~ 110 DEG C be dried in cellar for storing things;5)Sintering:Dried base substrate is delivered in tunnel cellar for storing things, firing temperature is 1500 ~ 1700 DEG C, sintering time is 3 ~ 5 hours;6)Finally crush, grinding is obtained forsterite sand.But the patent application technical research is only in laboratory stage, made artificial forsterite brick there is no method to use as the supplementary material of regenerator chamber of glass kiln, such as to form industrialization and also have many technical barriers urgently to be resolved hurrily, such as synthesis material uniformity, stability problem.The design of siliceous addition material formula and firing process design are restraining factors in synthesis mechanism research, synthesis technique.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is that and solves the problems referred to above that prior art is present, and the applicant is in original patent《A kind of Artificial forsterite sand and its application》On the basis of further develop, through study repeatedly with after lot of experiments, there is provided a kind of regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick and preparation method thereof.The present invention adds siliceous material by research and other additives, iron removal technology, pre-synthesis, pre-reaction method and technology are obtained artificial synthesis magnesium Fructus Canarii albi sand, then goes to produce forsterite brick, i.e., the mol ratio for first pressing MgO/SiO2 is 2:1 takes mixed material, be dried Jing mixing base, artificial synthetic forsterite sand be obtained after sintering, then again in specific proportions will after artificial synthesis magnesium Fructus Canarii albi sand and magnesia mixing Jing mixing base, the synthetic forsterite checker brick that can be used for regenerator chamber of glass kiln will be made after drying and sintering.It is excellent that the obtained synthetic forsterite checker brick of the Bian present invention combine mutually complete, high-temperature behavior, it is strong in the ability of 1000-1200 degree sulfur resistive alkali chemical attacks, the features such as compacted degree performance of high temperature is good, synthetic forsterite material purity compared with natural magnesium Fructus Canarii albi material is high, iron content is low, detrimental oxide content is few, the advantages of sintering character is good.Forsterite brick minerals commonly used in chemical industry structure, physical property, thermal shock resistance are superior to finished product obtained in natural boltonite material obtained in synthesis material.
The technical scheme that the present invention is given is:A kind of regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick, are characterized in:Aggregate is made by Artificial forsterite sand and adds magnesia mixing, the ratio of weight and number of addition is 68~72:28~32, wherein granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 1-4mm is:44~46%, granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 0-1mm is:24~26%, granularity is the magnesia 28~32% of 200 mesh.
The regenerator chamber of glass kiln composition of synthetic forsterite checker brick(Weight %)For.
SiO2
26.28~30.98 %, Al2O3
0.69~0.84 %, Fe2O3
1.59~1.78 %, CaO
1.42~1.63 %, MgO
64.8~69.3 %.
The preparation method of the regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick that the present invention is given is.
1. raw material configuration.
Magnesite(Mine tailing)+ quartz sand;By MgO/Si02(Mol ratio)2/1 is set to, weight ratio is 1.34.
The composition of wherein magnesite tailings and quartz sand is shown in Table 1-1.
Igloss | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Mg0 | |
Magnesite tailings | 48.48 | 4.61 | 0.40 | 45.18 |
Quartz sand | 0.38 | 97.73 | 0.36 | 0.16 |
Magnesite(Mine tailing)Altogether pulverizing prepares mix to+quartz sand:Magnesite tailings=77.0%, quartz sand=23.0%.
2nd, preparation technology.
(1)Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand method one.
A is by magnesite(Tail)Ore deposit presses 77 with quartz sand:The common grinds of 23 proportional quantities, critical granularity is controlled in 400 mesh or so.
B dispensings are with super thickened pulp(Viscosity more than 500)For bonding agent, add according to the 5.0%-6.0% of ore grinding amount, be blended pug;
C is pressed into base using 630T press one is gently double.
D sends in dry kiln and is dried, temperature 80-100 DEG C, and the time is more than 24h.
E burns till:1650 DEG C of insulation 240min of calcining system.
Or(2)Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand method two.
A is by magnesite(Tail)Ore deposit presses 77 with quartz sand:The common grinds of 23 proportional quantities, critical granularity is controlled in 400 mesh or so;
B dispensings are with super thickened pulp(Viscosity more than 500)For bonding agent, add according to the 7.0%-8.0% of ore grinding amount, be blended pug;
C is adopted to rod formula formed by balling machine.
D sends in dry kiln and is dried, temperature 80-100 DEG C, and the time is more than 24h.
E burns till:1650 DEG C of insulation 240min of calcining system.
Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand Exemplary chemical value table 4-2.
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | Mg0 | IL | M/S | The place of production | |
Natural boltonite | 38.37 | 0.64 | 7.80 | 0.98 | 48.45 | 3.76 | 1.26 | Henan somewhere |
Artificial forsterite | 41.38 | 0.63 | 1.06 | 1.55 | 55.14 | 0.24 | 1.33 | The applicant |
Theoretical forsterite | 42.71 | --- | --- | --- | 57.29 | --- | 1.34 | ---- |
(3)Brickmaking.
A makees aggregate and adds magnesia mixing by Artificial forsterite sand, and the ratio of weight and number of addition is 68~72:28~32, wherein granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 1-4mm is:44~46%, granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 0-1mm is:24~26%, granularity is the magnesia 28~32% of 200 mesh.
B. puddle mixer is blended, super thickened pulp addition 4.3%, and do time 15min only.
C. 630t press-moldings, briquetting pressure is more than 240Mpa, and base substrate is close:3.05g/cm3.
D. burn till:1600 DEG C of insulation 270min of calcining system.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect of present invention acquirement is:The present invention adds siliceous material by research and other additives, iron removal technology, pre-synthesis, pre-reaction method and technology are obtained artificial synthesis magnesium Fructus Canarii albi sand, then goes to produce forsterite brick, i.e., the mol ratio for first pressing MgO/SiO2 is 2:1 takes mixed material, be dried Jing mixing base, artificial synthesis magnesium Fructus Canarii albi sand be obtained after sintering, then again in specific proportions will after artificial synthesis magnesium Fructus Canarii albi sand and magnesia mixing Jing mixing base, the synthetic forsterite checker brick that can be used for regenerator chamber of glass kiln will be made after drying and sintering.It is excellent that the obtained synthetic forsterite checker brick of the Bian present invention combine mutually complete, high-temperature behavior, it is strong in the ability of 1000-1200 degree sulfur resistive alkali chemical attacks, the features such as compacted degree performance of high temperature is good, synthetic forsterite material purity compared with natural magnesium Fructus Canarii albi material is high, iron content is low, detrimental oxide content is few, the advantages of sintering character is good.Forsterite brick minerals commonly used in chemical industry structure, physical property, thermal shock resistance are superior to finished product obtained in natural boltonite material obtained in synthesis material.
Specific embodiment
Technical scheme is described in detail with reference to instantiation.
Embodiment 1.
1. raw material configuration.
Magnesite tailings+quartz sand;By MgO/Si02(Mol ratio)2/1 is set to, weight ratio is 1.34.
The composition of magnesite tailings and quartz sand.
Igloss | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Mg0 | |
Magnesite tailings | 48.48 | 4.61 | 0.40 | 45.18 |
Quartz sand | 0.38 | 97.73 | 0.36 | 0.16 |
Altogether pulverizing prepares mix to magnesite tailings+quartz sand:Magnesite tailings=77.0%, quartz sand=23.0%.
2nd, preparation technology.
(1)Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand.
A is by magnesite(Tail)Ore deposit presses 77 with quartz sand:The common grinds of 23 proportional quantities, critical granularity is controlled in 400 mesh or so.
B dispensings are with super thickened pulp(Viscosity more than 500)For bonding agent, add according to the 5.0%-6.0% of ore grinding amount, be blended pug.
C is pressed into base using 630T press one is gently double.
D sends in dry kiln and is dried, temperature 80-100 DEG C, and the time is more than 24h.
E burns till:1650 DEG C of insulation 240min of calcining system.
Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand Exemplary chemical value.
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | Mg0 | IL | M/S | The place of production | |
Natural boltonite | 38.37 | 0.64 | 7.80 | 0.98 | 48.45 | 3.76 | 1.26 | Henan somewhere |
Artificial forsterite | 41.38 | 0.63 | 1.06 | 1.55 | 55.14 | 0.24 | 1.33 | The applicant |
(3)Brickmaking.
A makees aggregate and adds magnesia mixing by Artificial forsterite sand, and the ratio of weight and number of addition is 72:28, wherein granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 1-4mm is:46%, granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 0-1mm is:26%, granularity is the magnesia 28% of 200 mesh.
B. puddle mixer is blended, super thickened pulp addition 4.3%, and do time 15min only.
C. 630t press-moldings, briquetting pressure is more than 240Mpa, and base substrate is close:3.05g/cm3.
D. burn till:1600 DEG C of insulation 270min of calcining system.
The composition and performance of the regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick of preparation see the table below.
Embodiment 2.
1. raw material configuration.
Magnesite tailings+quartz sand;By MgO/Si02(Mol ratio)2/1 is set to, weight ratio is 1.34.
The composition of magnesite tailings and quartz sand.
Igloss | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Mg0 | |
Magnesite tailings | 48.48 | 4.61 | 0.40 | 45.18 |
Quartz sand | 0.38 | 97.73 | 0.36 | 0.16 |
Altogether pulverizing prepares mix to magnesite tailings+quartz sand:Magnesite tailings=77.0%, quartz sand=23.0%.
2nd, preparation technology.
(1)Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand.
A is by magnesite(Tail)Ore deposit presses 77 with quartz sand:The common grinds of 23 proportional quantities, critical granularity is controlled in 400 mesh or so.
B dispensings are with super thickened pulp(Viscosity more than 500)For bonding agent, add according to the 5.0%-6.0% of ore grinding amount, be blended pug;
C is pressed into base using 630T press one is gently double.
D sends in dry kiln and is dried, temperature 80-100 DEG C, and the time is more than 24h.
E burns till:1650 DEG C of insulation 240min of calcining system.
Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand Exemplary chemical value.
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | Mg0 | IL | M/S | The place of production | |
Natural boltonite | 38.37 | 0.64 | 7.80 | 0.98 | 48.45 | 3.76 | 1.26 | Henan somewhere |
Artificial forsterite | 41.38 | 0.63 | 1.06 | 1.55 | 55.14 | 0.24 | 1.33 | The applicant |
(2)Brickmaking.
A makees aggregate and adds magnesia mixing by Artificial forsterite sand, and the ratio of weight and number of addition is 70:30, wherein granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 1-4mm is:46%, granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 0-1mm is:24%, granularity is the magnesia 30% of 200 mesh.
B. puddle mixer is blended, super thickened pulp addition 4.3%, and do time 15min only.
C. 630t press-moldings, briquetting pressure is more than 240Mpa, and base substrate is close:3.05g/cm3.
D. burn till:1600 DEG C of insulation 270min of calcining system.
The composition and performance of the regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick of preparation see the table below.
Embodiment 3.
1. raw material configuration.
Magnesite tailings+quartz sand;By MgO/Si02(Mol ratio)2/1 is set to, weight ratio is 1.34.
The composition of magnesite tailings and quartz sand.
Igloss | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Mg0 | |
Magnesite tailings | 48.48 | 4.61 | 0.40 | 45.18 |
Quartz sand | 0.38 | 97.73 | 0.36 | 0.16 |
Altogether pulverizing prepares mix to magnesite tailings+quartz sand:Magnesite tailings=77.0%, quartz sand=23.0%.
2nd, preparation technology.
(1)Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand.
A is by magnesite(Tail)Ore deposit presses 77 with quartz sand:The common grinds of 23 proportional quantities, critical granularity is controlled in 400 mesh or so.
B dispensings are with super thickened pulp(Viscosity more than 500)For bonding agent, add according to the 7.0%-8.0% of ore grinding amount, be blended pug;
C is adopted to rod formula formed by balling machine.
D sends in dry kiln and is dried, temperature 80-100 DEG C, and the time is more than 24h.
E burns till:1650 DEG C of insulation 240min of calcining system.
Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand Exemplary chemical value.
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | Mg0 | IL | M/S | The place of production | |
Natural boltonite | 38.37 | 0.64 | 7.80 | 0.98 | 48.45 | 3.76 | 1.26 | Henan somewhere |
Artificial forsterite | 41.38 | 0.63 | 1.06 | 1.55 | 55.14 | 0.24 | 1.33 | The applicant |
(2)Brickmaking.
A makees aggregate and adds magnesia mixing by Artificial forsterite sand, and the ratio of weight and number of addition is 68:32, wherein granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 1-4mm is:44%, granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 0-1mm is:24%, granularity is the magnesia 32% of 200 mesh.
B. puddle mixer is blended, super thickened pulp addition 4.3%, and do time 15min only.
C. 630t press-moldings, briquetting pressure is more than 240Mpa, and base substrate is close:3.05g/cm3.
D. burn till:1600 DEG C of insulation 270min of calcining system.
The composition and performance of the regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick of preparation see the table below.
The current domestic typical index for adding magnesia to produce forsterite brick using natural Fructus Canarii albi stone ore.
The typical index of current external production forsterite brick
Claims (2)
1. a kind of regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick, it is characterised in that:Aggregate is made by Artificial forsterite sand and adds magnesia mixing, the ratio of weight and number of addition is 68~72:28~32, wherein granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 1-4mm is:44~46%, granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 0-1mm is:24~26%, granularity is the magnesia 28~32% of 200 mesh, the regenerator chamber of glass kiln composition of synthetic forsterite checker brick(Weight %)For:
SiO226.28~30.98 %, Al2O3
0.69~0.84 %, Fe2O3
1.59~1.78 %,
CaO 1.42~1.63 %, MgO
64.8~69.3 %.
2. the preparation method of synthetic forsterite checker brick of the regenerator chamber of glass kiln described in claim 1, it is characterised in that
(1)Raw material is configured:
Magnesite(Mine tailing)+ quartz sand;By MgO/Si02(Mol ratio)2/1 is set to, weight ratio is 1.34;
The composition of magnesite tailings and quartz sand is as follows:
Magnesite(Mine tailing)Altogether pulverizing prepares mix to+quartz sand:Magnesite tailings=77.0%, quartz sand=23.0%;
(2)Preparation technology
1)Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand method one
A is by magnesite(Tail)Ore deposit presses 77 with quartz sand:The common grinds of 23 proportional quantities, critical granularity is controlled in 400 mesh or so;
B dispensings are with super thickened pulp(Viscosity more than 500)For bonding agent, add according to the 5.0%-6.0% of ore grinding amount, be blended pug;
C is pressed into base using 630T press one is gently double;
D sends in dry kiln and is dried, temperature 80-100 DEG C, and the time is more than 24h;
E burns till:1650 DEG C of insulation 240min of calcining system;
Or 2)Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand method two
A is by magnesite(Tail)Ore deposit presses 77 with quartz sand:The common grinds of 23 proportional quantities, critical granularity is controlled in 400 mesh or so;
B dispensings are with super thickened pulp(Viscosity more than 500)For bonding agent, add according to the 7.0%-8.0% of ore grinding amount, be blended pug;
C is adopted to rod formula formed by balling machine;
D sends in dry kiln and is dried, temperature 80-100 DEG C, and the time is more than 24h;
E burns till:1650 DEG C of insulation 240min of calcining system;
Synthesis of artificial forsterite sand Exemplary chemical value
3)Brickmaking
A. Artificial forsterite sand makees aggregate addition magnesia mixing, and the ratio of weight and number of addition is 68~72:28~32, wherein granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 1-4mm is:44~46%, granularity is that the Artificial forsterite sand of 0-1mm is:24~26%, granularity is the magnesia 28~32% of 200 mesh;
B. puddle mixer is blended, super thickened pulp addition 4.3%, and do time 15min only
C. 630t press-moldings, briquetting pressure is more than 240Mpa, and base substrate is close:3.05g/cm3;
D. burn till:1600 DEG C of insulation 270min of calcining system;
The composition and performance of the regenerator chamber of glass kiln synthetic forsterite checker brick of preparation see the table below:
。
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN112250435A (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2021-01-22 | 彰武县联信铸造硅砂有限公司 | Forsterite spherical sand and preparation method and application thereof |
CN114249580A (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2022-03-29 | 大石桥市中建镁砖有限公司 | High-performance magnesia brick for glass kiln and preparation method thereof |
CN116874309A (en) * | 2023-07-20 | 2023-10-13 | 营口全顺佳明耐火材料有限公司 | Modified forsterite spinel brick of regenerator |
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CN1727302A (en) * | 2005-07-29 | 2006-02-01 | 密淑玉 | Method for fabricating zirconium checker brick in four low indexes in use for regenerator chamber of glass kiln |
CN104876557A (en) * | 2015-04-29 | 2015-09-02 | 瑞泰科技股份有限公司 | High-purity forsterite brick for glass furnace regenerative chamber |
CN104909734A (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2015-09-16 | 河南瑞泰耐火材料科技有限公司 | Magnesium-rich forsterite-spinel composite brick and preparation method thereof |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1727302A (en) * | 2005-07-29 | 2006-02-01 | 密淑玉 | Method for fabricating zirconium checker brick in four low indexes in use for regenerator chamber of glass kiln |
CN104876557A (en) * | 2015-04-29 | 2015-09-02 | 瑞泰科技股份有限公司 | High-purity forsterite brick for glass furnace regenerative chamber |
CN104909734A (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2015-09-16 | 河南瑞泰耐火材料科技有限公司 | Magnesium-rich forsterite-spinel composite brick and preparation method thereof |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN112250435A (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2021-01-22 | 彰武县联信铸造硅砂有限公司 | Forsterite spherical sand and preparation method and application thereof |
CN114249580A (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2022-03-29 | 大石桥市中建镁砖有限公司 | High-performance magnesia brick for glass kiln and preparation method thereof |
CN116874309A (en) * | 2023-07-20 | 2023-10-13 | 营口全顺佳明耐火材料有限公司 | Modified forsterite spinel brick of regenerator |
CN116874309B (en) * | 2023-07-20 | 2024-02-09 | 营口全顺佳明耐火材料有限公司 | Modified forsterite spinel brick of regenerator |
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