CN106589009B - Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method and applications in lamiophlomis rotata - Google Patents
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method and applications in lamiophlomis rotata Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation methods in a kind of lamiophlomis rotata, method includes the following steps: (1) sample treatment: after lamiophlomis rotata herb dissection, extracting through alcohol reflux to get common lamiophlomis root extract；(2) solvent extraction: extracted, be concentrated under reduced pressure to get n-butyl alcohol extract after common lamiophlomis root extract dissolution；(3) macroreticular resin post separation: after n-butyl alcohol extract dissolution, through the elution of D101 macroporous resin column, Phlorigidoside C crude product is concentrated under reduced pressure to give；(4) reverse phase C18Post separation: after the dissolution of Phlorigidoside C crude product, through C18The elution of post separation column, the Phlorigidoside C for being concentrated under reduced pressure to give preliminary purification；(5) reverse phase preparative HPLC: after the Phlorigidoside C dissolution of preliminary purification, inverted preparation HPLC purifying, reduced pressure are to get Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items.Present invention process is simple, easily operated, product yield is high and high-quality, and gained Phlorigidoside C can be used for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Phlorigidoside C natural products marks in field of pharmaceutical chemistry technology more particularly to lamiophlomis rotata
Quasi- product preparation method and applications.
Background technique
Tibet medicine lamivphlomis root (Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo) it is Labiatae lamiophlomis rotata platymiscium, it should
Belong to only a kind of, Tibetan language claims " bus ", " playing cloth bar ", is grown in the rubble beach of height above sea level 3000m or more, is distributed in Gan Sunan
Portion, southeast Qinghai, Northwest Sichuan, the big portion in northwestern Yunnan and Tibet.Its root and all herbal medicine are China hiding, illiteracy, Nahsi etc.
One of national folk common medicine.Record Tibetan's medicine monumental work Four-Volume Medical Code in more than 1200 years, in " Jingzhubencao " earliest.
" Tibetan medicine will " is recorded, and lamiophlomis rotata, which is controlled, flows yellow water after edema, joint product yellow water, cancellous bone inflammation, traumatic injury, arthralgia and myalgia and
The diseases such as rheumatic arthritis.2005 editions " Chinese Pharmacopoeia " have been recorded medicinal material and its preparation Radix Lamiophlomidis Rotatae capsule, have promoting blood circulation and stopping pain, stagnation resolvation
The effect of hemostasis, for treating the edge of a knife pain of various surgical site infections, bleeding, exogenous injury etc..Modern pharmacology research table
It is bright, the medical instrument play the role of analgesia, it is anti-inflammatory, calm, improve microcirculation, resist fat tumor and expansion blood vessel, have good exploitation value
Value and potentiality to be exploited.Chemical constitution study shows that contained chemical component type mainly has Phenylpropanoid Glycosides glycosides, iridoid glycoside in plant
With flavones etc..
At present have in the world the laboratory Duo Jia be engaged in iridoid glycosides compound extraction separation, Structural Identification and
Measurement research work to its bioactivity.Research shows that iridoid glycosides compound has antibacterial anti-inflammatory, antitumor, disease-resistant
Malicious, anti-oxidant, liver protecting and base repair, for diabetes and related disease, and to due to caused by physical and psychological pressure
Sex dysfunction, lowly equal all tools improve significantly learning and remembering ability.What many that the mankind are suffered from can not cure
Disease is caused by human body self immunological regulation system is out of control, and iridoid glycosides compound this is shown it is good
Improvement result.
Phlorigidoside C is largely present in lamiophlomis rotata, belongs to iridoid glycosides compound.The monomer at present
The activity research of compound is seldom, therefore prepares Phlorigidoside C natural products standard using modern isolation and purification method
Product, a variety of pharmacology activity research that it is used for the control of lamiophlomis rotata quality and monomeric compound have very important research
Value.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide in a kind of simple process, easily operated lamiophlomis rotata
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method and applications.
Another technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide Phlorigidoside C in the lamiophlomis rotata and naturally produces
The application of object standard items.
To solve the above problems, in lamiophlomis rotata of the present invention prepared by Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items
Method, comprising the following steps:
(1) sample treatment
After lamiophlomis rotata herb dissection, the alcohol reflux for being 45% ~ 75% through mass concentration is extracted to get common lamiophlomis root extract；
(2) solvent extraction
First it is the deionized water dissolving of 1:5 ~ 7 with mass volume ratio by the common lamiophlomis root extract, then successively uses acetic acid second
Ester, extracting n-butyl alcohol 4 ~ 6 times, obtain butanol extraction liquid；The butanol extraction liquid is through being concentrated under reduced pressure to get extracting n-butyl alcohol
Object；
(3) macroreticular resin post separation
With mass volume ratio be by the n-butyl alcohol extract 1:5 ~ 7 deionized water dissolving after, upper D101 macroreticular resin
Column after being eluted to color with 5 ~ 7 times of bed volume aqueous solutions, obtains the eluent A containing Phlorigidoside C, this is washed
De- liquid A is concentrated under reduced pressure to give Phlorigidoside C crude product；
(4) reverse phase C18Post separation
With mass volume ratio be by the Phlorigidoside C crude product 1:3 ~ 5 deionized water dissolving after, upper C18Column
Splitter is eluted with 10 times of bed volumes, the methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 10 ~ 20%, is obtained containing Phlorigidoside
The eluent B of C, eluent B are concentrated under reduced pressure to give the Phlorigidoside C of preliminary purification；
(5) reverse phase preparative HPLC
After the Phlorigidoside C of the preliminary purification is dissolved with water, inverted preparation HPLC purifying is collected most
The eluent C of big chromatographic peak, eluent C are concentrated under reduced pressure to get Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items.
The step (1) in the condition of refluxing extraction refer to that solid-liquid ratio be 1:5 ~ 10(w/v), temperature be 60 ~ 80 DEG C, extraction
Number is 2 ~ 4 times, every time 1 ~ 3 h.
The step (5) in the condition of reverse phase preparative HPLC refer to reverse phase preparative column XDB-C18Aperture be 10 μm,
Having a size of 20 × 250 mm；Column temperature is 25 DEG C；The methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 10 ~ 20% elutes；Flow velocity is 0.8 ~ 1.0
ml/min。
The step (2) ~ (5) in be concentrated under reduced pressure condition refer to temperature be 60 ~ 70 DEG C, vacuum degree be 0.6 ~ 0.8MPa.
In lamiophlomis rotata as described above obtained by Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method
Application of the Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items in rheumatoid arthritis treatment, it is characterised in that: should
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items can be used as effective component according to a conventional method with pharmaceutically acceptable any load
System is at all kinds of pharmaceutical formulations.
Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:
1, present invention relates solely to the extraction of Phlorigidoside C concentration, extraction, macroreticular resin and reverse phase C18Column enrichment,
Four steps of reverse phase preparative HPLC, separation process is simple, therefore, simple process, easily operated.
2, the present invention uses macroreticular resin and reverse phase C18The method that post separation combines, by Phlorigidoside C crude extract
Carry out fast separating concentration.Therefore, separative efficiency and separation purity are high.Using the method for the present invention, can be obtained about in 1kg lamiophlomis rotata
2.1g Phlorigidoside C, Chun Du≤98.0%.
3, P hlorigidoside C obtained by the method for the present invention is iridoid glycosides compound (referring to Fig. 1, figure
2, Fig. 3), structural formula is as follows:
Phlorigidoside C, yellow needles, ESI-MS m/z: 403 [M-H]-; 1H NMR
(DMSO-d 6, 600 MHz) δ = 7.48 (s, 1H, H-3), 5.18 (d, 1H, J = 9.6 Hz, H-1), 4.60
(d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz, Glu H-1), 3.87 (dd, 1H, J = 2.7 Hz, J = 8.1 Hz, H-6),
3.67 (d, 1H, J = 10.5 Hz, Glu Hb-6), 3.63 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.39 (dd, 1H, J =
11.6 Hz, J = 7.3 Hz, Glu Ha-6), 3.27 (s, 1H, H-7), 3.17-3.14 (m, 2H, Glu H),
3.02-2.97 (m, 2H, Glu H), 2.55 (t, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, H-5), 2.20 (dd, 1H, J =
9.5 Hz, J = 7.3 Hz, H-9), 1.42 (s, 3H, H-10); 13C NMR (DMSO-d 6, 600 MHz) δ=
167.9 (C-11), 151.9 (C-3), 107.3 (C-4), 98.3 (C-1'), 94.7 (C-1), 77.5 (C-6),
77.2 (C-3'), 76.6 (C-5'), 73.4 (C-2'), 70.0 (C-4'), 63.1 (C-7), 61.4 (C-8), ,
60.7 (C-6'), 51.4 (OMe), 42.9 (C-9), 36.1 (C-5), 17.3 (C-10).The above spectral data with
Document report is almost the same, confirms that its structure is phlorigidoside C.
4, the drug activity of monomer Phlorigidoside C:
(1) experimental material
Test medicine: isolated monomeric compound Phlorigidoside C is extracted in lamiophlomis rotata.
Cell/animal: mouse macrophage RAW264.7；SD rat.
Reagent: complete Freund's adjuvant (sigma)；Fetal calf serum FBS (Invitrogen)；Freund's complete adjuvant CFA
(Sigma)；ConA, LPS(Sigma).
(2) laboratory apparatus
NO kit (Nanjing of China builds up Bioengineering Research Institute A013-2), Desk type constant-temperatureoscillator oscillator (Chinese Shanghai
Jing Hong experimental facilities Co., Ltd THZ-312), electric heating Fufeng drying box (Chinese Shanghai Sheng Xin scientific instrument Co., Ltd
101AS-3), refrigerator (China's Haier BCD-258A/C), balance (German Sai Duolisi E200), microplate reader (U.S. MD
SpectraMax M3)；Carbon dioxide incubator (U.S. REVCO 3000T)；High speed freezing centrifuge (German SIGMA 3-18K
Type)；ERICOMPinc PCR instrument (U.S. Pharmacia Bioteeh)；Ultrospec3000 ultraviolet specrophotometer (English
State)；ZF type uv analyzer (upper Haikang metaplasia instrument manufacturing factory).
(3) Phlorigidoside anti-inflammatory activity research
RAW264. 7 cell suspensions press 1 × 104/ hole is inoculated in 96 orifice plates, every hole 200 μ L, adherent 4 h
Afterwards, the culture medium that 100 μ L drug containing mass concentrations are 5,10,20 μ g/mL is added, it is dense eventually to add 100 μ L for every group of 3 multiple holes
LPS stimulation (100 μ L culture mediums are added in Normal group) 8h that degree is 10 μ g/mL.Again in Griess method measurement supernatant
NO content (referring to table 1).
Table 1 operates table
NO(umol/L)=(measurement OD value-blank OD value)/(standard OD value-blank OD value) * standard concentration (20umol/
L) * extension rate.
The experimental results showed that handling macrophage RAW264.7 with Phlorigidoside C, it can be reduced LPS induction and generate
NO release, low dose group inhibiting rate reaches 67%.With significant difference (referring to fig. 4).
(4) influence of the Phlorigidoside C to the secondary foot swelling of adjuvant arthritic rats
Prepared by the model of AA rat: taking out Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) from refrigerator before use, sufficiently oscillation, mixing.Greatly
Its right hind is straightened after mouse routine disinfection, with the intracutaneous injection in the middle part of vola pedis of 1ml syringe needle, every rat injection
0.1ml CFA modeling.
Experiment uses rat 48, and random 6 component is Normal group, model control group, indomethacin(0.125mg/
Kg), administration group (8,16,32mg/kg) every group 8.The intraperitoneal injection on the day of modeling, once a day, according to rat body weight
1ml/100g is administered, normal group and model group give DMSO.
Influence of the drug to AA model Articular swelling: it with homemade rat foot capacity measurer, tests the 1st day, with note
Number pen makees upper mark and is straightened to be put into sufficient capacity measurer device pipe around big white mouse hind leg ankle-joint, make foot mark and its
Scale is equal, measures metapedes volume when every mouse does not inject CFA and records.In the 20th, 28 day measurement left foot volume of experiment
(secondary swelling).And the difference according to left back whole plantar to volume sufficient before and after adjuvant calculates swelling (ml).
Influence table of the big polar portion of 2 lamiophlomis rotata of table to the secondary foot swelling of adjuvant arthritis rats
The experimental results showed that (referring to table 2), Phlorigidoside C has significantly adjuvant-induced arthritis secondary symptom
Inhibiting effect can significantly mitigate the arthroncus of rat.
Detailed description of the invention
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is monomeric compound Phlorigidoside C hydrogen of the present invention spectrum.
Fig. 2 is monomeric compound Phlorigidoside C carbon of the present invention spectrum.
Fig. 3 is that monomeric compound Phlorigidoside C purifying of the present invention prepares spectrogram.
Fig. 4 is that monomeric compound Phlorigidoside C of the present invention induces mouse macrophage strain RAW264.7 raw LPS
At the inhibiting effect of NO.
Specific embodiment
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method in 1 lamiophlomis rotata of embodiment, comprising the following steps:
(1) sample treatment
Lamiophlomis rotata herb 1kg dissection is placed on small-size multifunction and extracts concentration tank, the alcohol reflux for being 45% through mass concentration
It extracts to get common lamiophlomis root extract.
Wherein: the condition of refluxing extraction refers to that solid-liquid ratio is 1:5(w/v), temperature be 60 DEG C, extraction time is 4 times, every time
1 h。
(2) solvent extraction
It is the deionized water dissolving of 1:5 that common lamiophlomis root extract is first used to mass volume ratio (kg/L), then successively uses acetic acid second
Ester, extracting n-butyl alcohol 4 times, obtain butanol extraction liquid；The butanol extraction liquid is temperature is 60 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.8MPa's
Under the conditions of through being concentrated under reduced pressure to get n-butyl alcohol extract.
(3) macroreticular resin post separation
After the deionized water dissolving for being 1:5 by n-butyl alcohol extract mass volume ratio (kg/L), upper D101 macroreticular resin
Column after being eluted to color with 5 times of bed volume aqueous solutions, obtains the eluent A containing Phlorigidoside C, the elution
Liquid A is concentrated under reduced pressure to give Phlorigidoside C crude product under conditions of temperature is 60 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.8MPa.
(4) reverse phase C18Post separation
After the deionized water dissolving for being 1:3 by Phlorigidoside C crude product mass volume ratio (kg/L), upper C18Column
Splitter is eluted with 10 times of bed volumes, the methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 10%, is obtained containing Phlorigidoside C
Eluent B, eluent B is under conditions of temperature is 60 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.6MPa through being concentrated under reduced pressure to give preliminary purification
Phlorigidoside C.
(5) reverse phase preparative HPLC
After the Phlorigidoside C of preliminary purification is dissolved with water, maximum color is collected in inverted preparation HPLC purifying
The eluent C of spectral peak, eluent C are under conditions of temperature is 60 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.6MPa through being concentrated under reduced pressure to get 2.1g
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items, purity 98.4%.
Wherein: the condition of reverse phase preparative HPLC refers to reverse phase preparative column XDB-C18Aperture be 10 μm, having a size of 20
×250 mm；Column temperature is 25 DEG C；The methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 10% elutes；Flow velocity is 1.0 ml/min.
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method in 2 lamiophlomis rotata of embodiment, comprising the following steps:
(1) sample treatment
Lamiophlomis rotata herb 1kg dissection is placed on small-size multifunction and extracts concentration tank, the alcohol reflux for being 65% through mass concentration
It extracts to get common lamiophlomis root extract.
Wherein: the condition of refluxing extraction refers to that solid-liquid ratio is 1:7(w/v), temperature be 70 DEG C, extraction time is 3 times, every time
2 h。
(2) solvent extraction
It is the deionized water dissolving of 1:6 that common lamiophlomis root extract is first used to mass volume ratio (kg/L), then successively uses acetic acid second
Ester, extracting n-butyl alcohol 5 times, obtain butanol extraction liquid；The butanol extraction liquid is temperature is 65 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.7MPa's
Under the conditions of through being concentrated under reduced pressure to get n-butyl alcohol extract.
(3) macroreticular resin post separation
After the deionized water dissolving for being 1:6 by n-butyl alcohol extract mass volume ratio (kg/L), upper D101 macroreticular resin
Column after being eluted to color with 6 times of bed volume aqueous solutions, obtains the eluent A containing Phlorigidoside C, the elution
Liquid A is concentrated under reduced pressure to give Phlorigidoside C crude product under conditions of temperature is 65 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.7MPa.
(4) reverse phase C18Post separation
After the deionized water dissolving for being 1:4 by Phlorigidoside C crude product mass volume ratio (kg/L), upper C18Column
Splitter is eluted with 10 times of bed volumes, the methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 15%, is obtained containing Phlorigidoside C
Eluent B, eluent B is under conditions of temperature is 65 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.7MPa through being concentrated under reduced pressure to give preliminary purification
Phlorigidoside C.
(5) reverse phase preparative HPLC
After the Phlorigidoside C of preliminary purification is dissolved with water, maximum color is collected in inverted preparation HPLC purifying
The eluent C of spectral peak, eluent C are under conditions of temperature is 65 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.7MPa through being concentrated under reduced pressure to get 1.8g
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items, purity 98.7%.
Wherein: the condition of reverse phase preparative HPLC refers to reverse phase preparative column XDB-C18Aperture be 10 μm, having a size of 20
×250 mm；Column temperature is 25 DEG C；The methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 15% elutes；Flow velocity is 0.9 ml/min.
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method in 3 lamiophlomis rotata of embodiment, comprising the following steps:
(1) sample treatment
Lamiophlomis rotata herb 1kg dissection is placed on small-size multifunction and extracts concentration tank, the alcohol reflux for being 75% through mass concentration
It extracts to get common lamiophlomis root extract.
Wherein: the condition of refluxing extraction refers to that solid-liquid ratio is 1:10(w/v), temperature be 80 DEG C, extraction time is 2 times, often
Secondary 3 h.
(2) solvent extraction
It is the deionized water dissolving of 1:7 that common lamiophlomis root extract is first used to mass volume ratio (kg/L), then successively uses acetic acid second
Ester, extracting n-butyl alcohol 6 times, obtain butanol extraction liquid；The butanol extraction liquid is temperature is 70 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.6MPa's
Under the conditions of through being concentrated under reduced pressure to get n-butyl alcohol extract.
(3) macroreticular resin post separation
After the deionized water dissolving for being 1:7 by n-butyl alcohol extract mass volume ratio (kg/L), upper D101 macroreticular resin
Column after being eluted to color with 7 times of bed volume aqueous solutions, obtains the eluent A containing Phlorigidoside C, the elution
Liquid A is concentrated under reduced pressure to give Phlorigidoside C crude product under conditions of temperature is 70 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.6MPa.
(4) reverse phase C18Post separation
After the deionized water dissolving for being 1:5 by Phlorigidoside C crude product mass volume ratio (kg/L), upper C18Column
Splitter is eluted with 10 times of bed volumes, the methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 20%, is obtained containing Phlorigidoside C
Eluent B, eluent B is under conditions of temperature is 70 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.6MPa through being concentrated under reduced pressure to give preliminary purification
Phlorigidoside C.
(5) reverse phase preparative HPLC
After the Phlorigidoside C of preliminary purification is dissolved with water, maximum color is collected in inverted preparation HPLC purifying
The eluent C of spectral peak, eluent C are under conditions of temperature is 70 DEG C, vacuum degree is 0.6MPa through being concentrated under reduced pressure to get 1.7g
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items, purity 98.2%.
Wherein: the condition of reverse phase preparative HPLC refers to reverse phase preparative column XDB-C18Aperture be 10 μm, having a size of 20
×250 mm；Column temperature is 25 DEG C；The methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 20% elutes；Flow velocity is 0.8 ml/min.
Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items obtained by above-described embodiment 1 ~ 3 are controlled in rheumatoid arthritis
In treatment application refer to: the Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items can be used as effective component according to a conventional method with pharmacy
All kinds of pharmaceutical formulations are made in upper acceptable any carrier.
Claims (5)
1. Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method in lamiophlomis rotata, comprising the following steps:
(1) sample treatment
After lamiophlomis rotata herb dissection, the alcohol reflux for being 45% ~ 75% through mass concentration is extracted to get common lamiophlomis root extract；
(2) solvent extraction
It is the deionized water dissolving of the L of 1 kg:5 ~ 7 that the common lamiophlomis root extract, which is first used mass volume ratio, then successively uses acetic acid second
Ester, extracting n-butyl alcohol 4 ~ 6 times, obtain butanol extraction liquid；The butanol extraction liquid is through being concentrated under reduced pressure to get extracting n-butyl alcohol
Object；
(3) macroreticular resin post separation
After the deionized water dissolving for being the L of 1 kg:5 ~ 7 by the n-butyl alcohol extract mass volume ratio, upper D101 macroreticular resin
Column after being eluted to color with 5 ~ 7 times of bed volume aqueous solutions, obtains the eluent A containing Phlorigidoside C, this is washed
De- liquid A is concentrated under reduced pressure to give Phlorigidoside C crude product；
(4) reverse phase C18Post separation
After the deionized water dissolving for being the L of 1 kg:3 ~ 5 by the Phlorigidoside C crude product mass volume ratio, upper C18Column
Splitter is eluted with 10 times of bed volumes, the methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 10 ~ 20%, is obtained containing Phlorigidoside
The eluent B of C, eluent B are concentrated under reduced pressure to give the Phlorigidoside C of preliminary purification；
(5) reverse phase preparative HPLC
After the Phlorigidoside C of the preliminary purification is dissolved with water, maximum color is collected in inverted preparation HPLC purifying
The eluent C of spectral peak, eluent C are concentrated under reduced pressure to get Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items.
2. Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method, feature in lamiophlomis rotata as described in claim 1
Be: the step (1) in the condition of refluxing extraction refer to that solid-liquid ratio is 1:5 ~ 10, temperature is 60 ~ 80 DEG C, extraction time is 2 ~ 4
It is secondary, 1 ~ 3 h every time.
3. Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method, feature in lamiophlomis rotata as described in claim 1
Be: the step (5) in the condition of reverse phase preparative HPLC refer to reverse phase preparative column XDB-C18Aperture be 10 μm, size
For 20 × 250 mm；Column temperature is 25 DEG C；The methanol aqueous solution that mass concentration is 10 ~ 20% elutes；Flow velocity is 0.8 ~ 1.0 ml/
min。
4. Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method, feature in lamiophlomis rotata as described in claim 1
Be: the step (2) ~ (5) in be concentrated under reduced pressure condition refer to temperature be 60 ~ 70 DEG C, vacuum degree be 0.6 ~ 0.8MPa.
5. in lamiophlomis rotata as described in claim 1 obtained by Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items preparation method
Application of the Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items in preparation treatment medicine for treating rheumatoid arthritis, feature exist
In: the Phlorigidoside C natural products standard items can be used as effective component according to a conventional method with pharmaceutically acceptable
All kinds of pharmaceutical formulations are made in what carrier.
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