CN106570817B - Robust reversible watermarking method for resisting geometric attack - Google Patents
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- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
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- G06T2201/0061—Embedding of the watermark in each block of the image, e.g. segmented watermarking
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- G06T2201/0065—Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
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- G06T2201/0203—Image watermarking whereby the image with embedded watermark is reverted to the original condition before embedding, e.g. lossless, distortion-free or invertible watermarking
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Abstract
The invention discloses a robust reversible watermarking method for resisting geometric attack, which divides a picture into two parts of embedded robust watermarking and embedded reversible watermarking according to pixel values; corroding and expanding the embedded robust watermark part, solving two maximum connected areas, and solving the mass centers of the two areas and the slope of the connecting line of the two mass centers; embedding a robust watermark, searching two points with the farthest distance in the robust watermark, and partitioning the part between the two points into blocks by using a slope straight line, wherein the number of the blocks is the same as the embedding capacity; calculating the average pixel value of each block, embedding watermark information by using a quantization method, increasing the pixel value to meet the quantization requirement, recording the modified value diff of each part, and recording overflow points by using a bitmap; embedding reversible watermark, embedding the coordinates of two points, each part of modified value diff and bitmap into the reversible watermark by using PVO method. The invention avoids the distortion sense of the image, ensures that the information can be correctly extracted and the original image can be restored when the image is not attacked, and has higher accuracy in extracting the information when the image is attacked.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of digital watermarking, and particularly relates to a robust reversible watermark for resisting geometric attack.
Background
In recent years, in the fields of military affairs, medicine, remote sensing image processing and the like, scholars analyze and research original images and propose a reversible watermarking technology by adjusting information of regions of human eyes which are insensitive to the images. After extraction of the watermark, the original image can be recovered without error. However, in real-world applications and transmission processes, images are often subjected to various geometric attacks (such as scaling and rotation). Conventional robust reversible watermarking algorithms are roughly divided into two categories: first, two-step embedding. Embedding a robust watermark into an image I to obtain I2, and then embedding the difference between I2 and I into I2 by using a reversible watermark method to obtain a final watermark image I3; and in the second category, the watermark embedding is carried out by utilizing a histogram shifting technology. Both of these methods are not resistant to geometric attacks. After the geometric attack, the watermark information can not be extracted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a robust reversible watermark for resisting geometric attack, aiming at solving the problem that the traditional robust reversible algorithm can not resist the geometric attack; after the geometric attack, the original picture can not be recovered, and the watermark can not be extracted.
The invention is realized in such a way that the robust reversible watermark for resisting the geometric attack divides the picture into two parts according to the pixel value, wherein one part is used for embedding the robust watermark, and the other part is used for embedding the reversible watermark; carrying out corrosion and expansion operations on the embedded robust watermark part to obtain two maximum connected regions, and obtaining the mass centers of the two regions and the slope of the connecting line of the two mass centers;
embedding a robust watermark, searching two points with the farthest distance in the robust watermark, and partitioning the part between the two points into blocks by using a slope straight line, wherein the number of the blocks is the same as the embedding capacity; calculating the average pixel value of each block, embedding watermark information by using a quantization method, increasing the pixel value to meet the quantization requirement, recording the modified value diff of each part, and recording overflow points by using a bitmap;
embedding reversible watermark, embedding the coordinates of two points, each part of modified value diff and bitmap into the reversible watermark by using PVO method.
Further, the embedded robust watermark is 60% with a larger pixel value; the embeddable watermark is 40% with a smaller pixel value.
Further, the robust and reversible watermark embedding method for resisting geometric attacks comprises the following steps:
dividing a picture, dividing an original picture into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for embedding a robust watermark I1, and the other part is used for embedding a reversible watermark I2;
secondly, finding a mass center, and carrying out corrosion and expansion operations on the I1 to obtain I3; searching two connected domains with the largest area in I3, solving centroids P1 and P2, and solving the slope k of a connecting line L of the two centroids;
step three, embedding a robust watermark: searching two points P3 and P4 with the farthest distance L in I1, and partitioning the part between the two points I1 by a straight line with the slope of k, wherein the number of blocks is the same as the embedding capacity; calculating the average pixel value of each block, embedding watermark information by using a quantization method, increasing the pixel value to meet the quantization requirement, recording the modified value diff of each part, and recording overflow points by using a bitmap;
step four, embedding a reversible watermark: the P1, P2 coordinates, each part modified value diff and bitmap are embedded in I2 by PVO method.
Further, the method for extracting the watermark when the watermark is not attacked comprises the following steps:
(1) picture segmentation: dividing an original image into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for extracting a robust watermark IW1, and the other part is used for extracting a reversible watermark IW 2; obtaining IW1 used for extracting the robust watermark and IW2 used for extracting the reversible watermark;
(2) extracting reversible watermarks, namely extracting a centroid coordinate, a modified value diff _ ex of each part and a bitmap in IW2 by a PVO method;
(3) extracting a robust watermark, searching two points P3 and P4 which are farthest from L in IW1, and partitioning a part between the two points I1 by using a straight line with a slope of k, wherein the number of blocks is the same as the embedding capacity; extracting robust watermark information by a quantization method;
(4) restoring the original image: the value of diff _ ex is subtracted from the corresponding block according to diff _ ex and the bitmap.
Further, the method for extracting the watermark under attack comprises the following steps:
1) picture segmentation: dividing an original image into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for extracting a robust watermark IW1, and the other part is used for extracting a reversible watermark IW 2; obtaining IW1 used for extracting the robust watermark and IW2 used for extracting the reversible watermark;
2) finding the centroid: performing corrosion and expansion operations on IW1 to obtain IW 3; searching two connected domains with the largest area in IW3, solving a centroid IWP1 and an centroid 2, and solving a slope IWK of a connecting line L of the two centroids;
3) and (3) extracting a robust watermark: dividing IW1 into blocks by using the obtained IWP1, IWP2 and slope IWK; and obtaining the average pixel value of each block, and extracting watermark information by using a quantization method.
It is another object of the invention to provide a digital watermarking system that utilizes said geometric attack resistant robust invertible.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an image processing system using the robust and reversible medical image resistant to geometric attacks.
It is another object of the invention to provide a remote sensing image processing system that utilizes said robust and reversible resistance to geometric attacks.
The robust reversible watermarking method for resisting geometric attack, provided by the invention, divides a picture into two parts to be respectively embedded with a robust watermark and a reversible watermark, selects a smaller embedding strength derta in the robust watermarking stage to ensure that the modification quantity of a pixel value is smaller, and only one pixel value is changed in a 4 x 4 block in the reversible watermarking stage, the modification value is 1, and the embedding capacity is small. Therefore, the method avoids the sense of distortion of the image to a certain extent, ensures that the information can be correctly extracted and the original image can be restored when the image is not attacked, and has higher accuracy in extracting the information when the image is attacked, such as tables 1 to 4. The invention can be used for hiding the secret information; reversible and robust information is respectively embedded by dividing the picture into two parts, so that the robust reversibility of the algorithm is realized.
Table 1 error rate when picture Lena is attacked, PSNR is 36.67
Table 2 error rate when the picture airpan is attacked, PSNR 36.92
| Attack type | BER |
| JPEG compression (90) | 0％ |
| JPEG compression (80) | 1％ |
| JPEG compression (70) | 1％ |
| Zoom (0.9) | 0 |
| Zoom (1.1) | 1％ |
| Zoom (1.2) | 1％ |
| Rotating (5) | 0％ |
| Rotation (10) | 0％ |
| Rotating (15) | 5％ |
Table 3 error rate of the picture Elaine under attack, PSNR 37.5
| Attack type | BER |
| JPEG compression (90) | 2％ |
| JPEG compression (80) | 2％ |
| JPEG compression (70) | 28％ |
| Zoom (0.9) | 7％ |
| Zoom (1.1) | 18％ |
| Zoom (1.2) | 30％ |
| Rotating (5) | 0％ |
| Rotation (10) | 0％ |
| Rotating (15) | 0％ |
Table 4 error rate under attack, PSNR 37.26, for picture Barbara
| Attack type | BER |
| JPEG compression (90) | 1％ |
| JPEG compression (80) | 1％ |
| JPEG compression (70) | 2％ |
| Zoom (0.9) | 7％ |
| Zoom (1.1) | 23％ |
| Zoom (1.2) | 35％ |
| Rotating (5) | 0％ |
| Rotation (10) | 0％ |
| Rotating (15) | 0％ |
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a watermark embedding method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a flow chart of an extraction method (not under attack) for a watermark provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a flowchart of an extraction method (under attack) for a watermark according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The following detailed description of the principles of the invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings.
The robust reversible watermark capable of resisting geometric attack provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: watermark embedding method, watermark extraction method (not under attack) and watermark extraction method (under attack).
As shown in fig. 1, a watermark embedding method provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
s101: dividing the picture, and dividing the original picture into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for embedding a robust watermark I1 (60% of the larger pixel value), and the other part is used for embedding a reversible watermark I2 (40% of the smaller pixel value);
s102: finding a mass center, and carrying out corrosion and expansion operations on the I1 to obtain I3; searching two connected domains with the largest area in I3, solving centroids P1 and P2, and solving the slope k of a connecting line L of the two centroids;
s103: embedding a robust watermark, searching two points (one on each side of a straight line) P3 and P4 which are farthest from L in I1, and partitioning the part between the two points I1 by the straight line with the slope of k, wherein the number of the blocks is the same as the embedding capacity; calculating the average pixel value of each block, embedding watermark information by using a quantization method, increasing the pixel value to meet the quantization requirement, recording the modified value diff of each part, and recording overflow points by using a bitmap;
s104: reversible watermarks were embedded, P1, P2 coordinates, modified values per part diff and bitmaps were embedded in I2 by way of PVO (with minimum and next-smallest pairs of pixel values, thus only reducing the minimum).
As shown in fig. 2, the method for extracting a watermark (not under attack) provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
s201: picture segmentation: dividing an original image into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for extracting a robust watermark IW1, and the other part is used for extracting a reversible watermark IW 2; obtaining IW1 used for extracting the robust watermark and IW2 used for extracting the reversible watermark;
s202: extracting reversible watermarks, namely extracting a centroid coordinate, a modified value diff _ ex of each part and a bitmap in IW2 by a PVO method;
s203: extracting a robust watermark, searching two points (one on each side of a straight line) P3 and P4 which are farthest from L in IW1, and partitioning a part between the two points I1 by using the straight line with the slope of k, wherein the number of the blocks is the same as the embedding capacity; extracting robust watermark information by a quantization method;
s204: restoring the original image: the value of diff _ ex is subtracted from the corresponding block according to diff _ ex and the bitmap.
As shown in fig. 3, the watermark extracting method (under attack) provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
s301: picture segmentation: dividing an original image into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for extracting a robust watermark IW1, and the other part is used for extracting a reversible watermark IW 2; obtaining IW1 used for extracting the robust watermark and IW2 used for extracting the reversible watermark;
s302: finding the centroid: performing corrosion and expansion operations on IW1 to obtain IW 3; searching two connected domains with the largest area in IW3, solving a centroid IWP1 and an centroid 2, and solving a slope IWK of a connecting line L of the two centroids;
s303: and (3) extracting a robust watermark: dividing IW1 into blocks by using the obtained IWP1, IWP2 and slope IWK to obtain the average pixel value of each block, and extracting watermark information by using a quantization method.
The application of the principles of the present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments.
1. Embedding process of watermark
Step 1, segmenting the picture.
The original image is divided into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for embedding the robust watermark I1 (60% of the larger pixel value) and the other part is used for embedding the reversible watermark I2 (40% of the smaller pixel value).
And 2, finding the mass center.
Step 1, image preprocessing: the erosion and dilation operations were performed on I1 to smooth the contours of the image, breaking the narrow discontinuities and eliminating the fine protrusions, resulting in I3.
Step 2, finding a mass center: in I3, two connected domains with the largest area are searched, centroids P1 and P2 are obtained, and the slope k of a connecting line L of the two centroids is obtained.
And 3, embedding the robust watermark.
Step 1, picture blocking: searching two points (one on each side of a straight line) P3 and P4 which are farthest from the L in I1, and partitioning the part between the two points I1 by the straight line with the slope of k, wherein the number of blocks is the same as the embedding capacity;
step 2, embedding a watermark: calculating the average pixel value aver of each block, increasing the aver to the odd number or even number times of the embedding strength derta according to the embedded information (if the embedded information is 1, the aver is increased to the odd number times of the derta; if the embedded information is 0, the aver is increased to the even number times of the derta), recording the modified value diff of each part, and recording overflow points by using a bitmap;
and 4, embedding the reversible watermark.
The coordinates of P1 and P2, the modified value diff of each part and the bitmap are PVO (the picture is divided into 4-4 blocks and is sorted from large to small according to the pixel value (X)1,X2…X16) Obtaining the difference D ═ X of the minimum two values15-X16If D is 0, the block does not change and does not embed reversible information; if D is more than or equal to 2, translating D, and setting the minimum value X16Decrease 1, no invertible information is embedded; if D is 1, when the embedded reversible information is 1, the minimum value X is set16Decrease 1, no change when the embedded invertible information is 0) is embedded in I2.
2. Watermark extraction process (not under attack)
Step 1, segmenting the picture.
Obtaining IW1 used for extracting robust watermark and IW2 used for extracting reversible watermark in the same step 1 of the watermark embedding process;
and 2, extracting the reversible watermark.
In IW2, PVO (divide the picture into 4 x 4 blocks, ordered by pixel value from large to small) (Y)1,Y2,…Y16) Obtaining the difference D' ═ Y of the minimum two values15-Y16. When D' is 0This block has no watermark information embedded; when D' ≧ 3, this block has no watermark information embedded, Y16Increasing 1 and restoring to the value before embedding; when D 'is 1, watermark information 0 is extracted, and when D' is 2, watermark information 1 is extracted, and Y is added16Increase 1, restore to the value before embedding) to extract the centroid coordinates, the modified value diff _ ex of each part and the bitmap;
and 3, extracting the robust watermark.
Dividing the picture IW1 into blocks in the step 1 of the step 2 and the step 3 in the same watermark embedding process, and extracting robust watermark information by a quantization method (calculating the average value aver ' of each block of pixels, wherein the average value aver ' is odd times of embedding intensity derta, the watermark information is 1, and the average value aver ' is even times of embedding intensity derta, and the watermark information is 0);
and 4, restoring the original image.
The value of diff _ ex is subtracted from the corresponding block according to diff _ ex and the bitmap.
3. Watermark extraction process (under attack).
Step 1, segmenting the picture.
With step 1 of the watermark embedding process, IW1 is obtained for extracting the robust watermark.
And 2, extracting the robust watermark.
In the same watermark embedding process as the step 1 of the step 2 and the step 3, the picture IW1 is divided into blocks, and the robust watermark information is extracted by a quantization method (the average value aver ' of each block of pixels is calculated, wherein the average value aver ' is odd times of the embedding intensity derta, the watermark information is 1, and the average value aver ' is even times of the embedding intensity derta, and the watermark information is 0).
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A robust reversible watermarking method for resisting geometric attacks is characterized by comprising the following steps:
dividing a picture, dividing an original picture into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for embedding a robust watermark I1, and the other part is used for embedding a reversible watermark I2;
secondly, finding a mass center, and carrying out corrosion and expansion operations on the I1 to obtain I3; searching two connected domains with the largest area in I3, solving centroids P1 and P2, and solving the slope k of a connecting line L of the two centroids;
embedding a robust watermark, searching two points P3 and P4 which are farthest from the L in I1, and partitioning the part between the two points P3 and P4 of the I1 by using a straight line with the slope of k, wherein the number of the blocks is the same as the embedding capacity; calculating the average pixel value aver of each block, increasing the aver to the odd number or even number times of the embedding strength derta according to the embedded information, wherein the embedded information is 1, and increasing the aver to the odd number times of the derta; the embedded information is 0, aver is increased to be even times of derta, pixel values are increased to meet the quantization requirement, modified values diff of each part are recorded, and overflow points are recorded by using a bitmap;
embedding reversible watermarks, namely embedding the coordinates P1 and P2, the modified value diff and the bitmap of each part into the I2 by using a PVO method.
2. The robust reversible watermarking method resistant to geometric attacks according to claim 1, characterized in that the embedded robust watermark is 60% with a larger pixel value; the embeddable watermark is 40% with a smaller pixel value.
3. The robust reversible watermarking method resistant to geometric attacks according to claim 1, characterized in that the extraction method of the watermark when not under attack comprises the following steps:
(1) picture segmentation: dividing an original image into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for extracting a robust watermark IW1, and the other part is used for extracting a reversible watermark IW 2; obtaining IW1 used for extracting the robust watermark and IW2 used for extracting the reversible watermark;
(2) extracting reversible watermarks, namely extracting a centroid coordinate, a modified value diff _ ex of each part and a bitmap in IW2 by a PVO method;
(3) extracting a robust watermark, searching two points P3 and P4 which are farthest from L in IW1, and partitioning a part between the two points I1 by using a straight line with a slope of k, wherein the number of blocks is the same as the embedding capacity; extracting robust watermark information by a quantization method;
(4) restoring the original image: the value of diff _ ex is subtracted from the corresponding block according to diff _ ex and the bitmap.
4. The robust reversible watermarking method resistant to geometric attacks according to claim 1, characterized in that the extraction method of the watermark under attack comprises the following steps:
1) picture segmentation: dividing an original image into two parts according to pixel values, wherein one part is used for extracting a robust watermark IW1, and the other part is used for extracting a reversible watermark IW 2; obtaining IW1 used for extracting the robust watermark and IW2 used for extracting the reversible watermark;
2) finding the centroid: performing corrosion and expansion operations on IW1 to obtain IW 3; searching two connected domains with the largest area in IW3, solving a centroid IWP1 and an centroid 2, and solving a slope IWK of a connecting line L of the two centroids;
3) and (3) extracting a robust watermark: dividing IW1 into blocks by using the obtained IWP1, IWP2 and slope IWK; and obtaining the average pixel value of each block, and extracting watermark information by using a quantization method.
5. A robust reversible digital watermark processing system resisting geometric attacks, which utilizes the robust reversible watermark method resisting geometric attacks of any one of claims 1-4.
6. An image processing system for a robust reversible medical image resistant to geometric attacks, using the robust reversible watermarking method resistant to geometric attacks of any one of claims 1 to 4.
7. A robust reversible remote sensing image processing system for resisting geometric attacks by using the robust reversible watermarking method for resisting geometric attacks as claimed in any one of claims 1-4.
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