CN106505945A - 用于操作光伏系统的方法 - Google Patents

用于操作光伏系统的方法 Download PDF

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CN106505945A
CN106505945A CN201610922807.XA CN201610922807A CN106505945A CN 106505945 A CN106505945 A CN 106505945A CN 201610922807 A CN201610922807 A CN 201610922807A CN 106505945 A CN106505945 A CN 106505945A
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solar panel
circuit
photovoltaic system
switching state
switch element
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CN106505945B (zh
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G·赫里斯特
G·皮尔斯特尔
A·特恩卡
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Siemens AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/30—Electrical components
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/36—Means for starting or stopping converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/30—Electrical components
    • H02S40/32—Electrical components comprising DC/AC inverter means associated with the PV module itself, e.g. AC modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/30—Electrical components
    • H02S40/38—Energy storage means, e.g. batteries, structurally associated with PV modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及用于操作光伏系统的方法，所述光伏系统包括太阳能电池板、至少一个DC‑DC转换器和中间DC电路，其特征在于：在所述太阳能电池板的卸载和加载状态之间的转移阶段中，使所述DC‑DC转换器的开关元件进入切换状态，所述切换状态在所述太阳能电池板的输出和所述中间电路之间形成永久电流路径。

Description

用于操作光伏系统的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于操作光伏系统的方法，该光伏系统包括太阳能电池板、至少一个DC/DC转换器和中间DC电路。
背景技术
光伏系统用于将太阳辐射转换成电能。它们包括个体的太阳能电池单元，这些个体的太阳能电池单元被组合以形成称为太阳能电池板或光伏电池板的事物。取决于系统的大小和类型，这些被依次串联电连接以形成称为串的事物。
这一起添加了个体面板的电压。如果必要的话，这些串中的几个也可以彼此并联电连接。
如果这是并网光伏系统，则在太阳能电池板中生成的直流借助于逆变器转换成交流，从而将所生成的电能馈送到交流网络中，例如公共市电电源中。
如果太阳能电池板在它们输出最大电功率的操作点中操作，则获得电能的最大产率。
该最优操作点MPP(最大功率点)是通过使用MPP跟踪方法控制太阳能电池板的负荷来获得的。
为了为MPP跟踪提供足够大的变化范围并且还能够配置太阳能电池板用于较低的电压，可以针对由太阳能电池板供应的电压的多级转换做出规定。为此，DC-DC转换器被布置在逆变器的上游。它们的电压传输比是潜在高度可变的，作为此的结果，连接到DC-DC转换器的太阳能电池板的操作点可以在宽范围内改变。因此，利用被体现为升压转换器的DC-DC转换器，如果太阳能电池板的输出电压小于逆变器的最小要求电压，则也仍然有可能馈送到电源网络中。
具体地，由于成本的原因，DC-DC转换器仅被设计用于围绕最优操作点MPP(最大功率点)的有限输入电压范围。
因此，它们不被设计用于太阳能电池板的空载电压。如果没有电力从太阳能电池单元汲取，此空载电压例如在日出期间或太阳能电池板的临时遮光之后发生。
在这些情况下，为了防止归因于过电压对DC-DC转换器的损坏，太阳能电池板通常在这些阶段期间利用合适的设施被加载，所述合适的设施诸如接触器和电阻器，所述接触器和电阻器例如并联连接。
发明内容
本发明的根本目的是进一步发展现有技术。
根据本发明，这利用如权利要求1中所要求保护的方法发生。
有利的实施方式将从从属权利要求中浮现。
附图说明
基于示出了本发明的光伏系统的示意性表示的附图对本发明进行更详细解释。
根据图1的系统包括：太阳能电池板PV；主接触器H；由半导体开关S1、S2、S3、S4、线圈和续流二极管D1、D2、D3、D4组装成的DC-DC转换器；以及中间DC电路ZK。
具体实施方式
太阳能电池板PV由个体太阳能电池单元组装成；它们可以串联电连接以形成称为串的事物，从而因此实现较高的输出电压。
例如可以提供基于硅的晶体或无定形太阳能电池单元作为太阳能电池单元。
然而，本发明的方法不局限于特定类型的太阳能电池单元。
在示例性的实施例中，SINAMICS DCP型的DC-DC转换器被提供为DC-DC转换器，它的设计对应于降-升压(buck-boost)转换器，其中DC-DC转换器的开关元件被体现为IGBT晶体管。
逆变器可以连接到中间DC电路ZK，通过该逆变器，将由太阳能电池板通过转换太阳光的辐射能量所生成的电能馈送至AC电压网络中。
然而，可以设想到的是，所生成的电DC电压用于向电池系统充电或直接向电负载供应DC电压。
一个有利的应用还可以在于太阳能电池板PV连同诸如例如风力发电站的其他电流发生器一起在多发电机系统中使用。
中间DC电路和逆变器可以例如使用SINAMICS S120型的逆变器组件来实现。
用于所引用的DC-DC转换器的正确操作的输入电压的容许值位于30V和800V之间。
对于空载操作中的太阳能电池板的对应连接的情况，该值可能被超过。
根据现有技术，因此通常借助于使用接触器的太阳能电池板的短路来减少空载电压，以便将电压拉到容许范围。
本解决方案涉及根据本发明被避免的设计工程费用，因为在太阳能电池板的卸载和加载状态之间的转移阶段中，使DC-DC转换器的开关元件进入切换状态，该切换状态在太阳能电池板的输出和中间电路之间形成永久电流路径。
在示例性实施例中，这被实现在于：主接触器H和第四开关元件S4闭合，并且经由主接触器H、第四开关元件S4、线圈SP和第一续流二极管D1的电流路径SPF闭合，使得太阳能电池板被加载并且不能发展出满空载电压。只要太阳能电池板的操作准备就绪、即达到所要求的最小功率输出，DC-DC转换器就切换进入正常操作状态，该正常操作状态实施通过使用MPP跟踪方法控制太阳能电池板的负载而汲取的最优功率。
参考标记列表
PV 太阳能电池板
H 主接触器
S1、S2、S3、S4 半导体开关
D1、D2、D3、D4 二极管
SP 线圈
ZK 中间电路
SPF 电流路径

Claims (6)

1.一种用于操作光伏系统的方法，所述光伏系统包括太阳能电池板、至少一个DC-DC转换器和中间DC电路(ZK)，其特征在于：在所述太阳能电池板的卸载和加载状态之间的转移阶段中，使所述DC-DC转换器的开关元件(S1、S2、S3、S4)进入切换状态，所述切换状态在所述太阳能电池板(PV)的输出和所述中间电路(ZK)之间形成永久电流路径(SPF)。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：所述DC-DC转换器被体现为降-升压转换器(S1、S2、S3、S4、D1、D2、D3、D4、SP)。
3.如权利要求1或2之一所述的方法，其特征在于：所述DC-DC转换器的开关元件(S1、S2、S3、S4)被体现为IGBT晶体管。
4.如权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征在于：用于连接到AC电压网络的至少一个逆变器被连接到所述中间DC电路(ZK)。
5.如权利要求1至4之一所述的方法，其特征在于：用于存储电能的电池系统被连接到所述中间DC电路。
6.一种光伏系统，其被配置为执行如权利要求1至4之一所述的方法，其特征在于：太阳能电池板(PV)、至少一个DC-DC转换器和中间DC电路(ZK)被提供，并且装置被提供来致动DC-DC转换器，使得在太阳能电池板的卸载和加载状态之间的转移阶段中，DC-DC转换器的开关元件(S1、S2、S3、S4、D1、D2、D3、D4、SP)具有切换状态，所述切换状态在太阳能电池板的输出和所述中间电路之间形成永久电流路径(SPF)。
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CN106505945B (zh) 2020-01-24
US10305287B2 (en) 2019-05-28

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