CN106484442A - Server system and the method for updating start image shelves - Google Patents

Server system and the method for updating start image shelves Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106484442A
CN106484442A CN201510532060.2A CN201510532060A CN106484442A CN 106484442 A CN106484442 A CN 106484442A CN 201510532060 A CN201510532060 A CN 201510532060A CN 106484442 A CN106484442 A CN 106484442A
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Prior art keywords
bios
request
control
floor device
image shelves
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CN201510532060.2A
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CN106484442B (en
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曾胜辉
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Mitac Computer Shunde Ltd
Shencloud Technology Co Ltd
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Mitac Computer Shunde Ltd
Shencloud Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of server system, comprising a remote server and an at least home server, the remote server storage one is relevant to the renewal image shelves that start is used, the home server includes an at least mainboard, the mainboard is with a basic input-output unit for including a setting interface and a read-only storage, the current image shelves that the read-only storage storage one is used for starting shooting, the setting interface transmission one updates the request more new command of image file to the Control of floor device, the Control of floor device is made to obtain the renewal image shelves from the remote server and write to the read-only storage, the current image shelves of the read-only storage storage are made to be updated to the renewal image shelves, corresponding execution software is executed in operating system come in the way of being updated image shelves to reach without the need for entering in home server.

Description

Server system and the method for updating start image shelves
Technical field
A kind of method of image shelves the invention relates to server system and renewal are started shooting, particularly relates to a kind of server system being updated without the need for executing corresponding execution software in entrance operating system in home server and the method for updating start image shelves.
Background technology
Existing servomechanism is with least one mainboard for including an internal memory, and an at least hard disk, the mainboard stores current image shelves, when server is started shooting, server configures a corresponding memory address according to the current image file to each memory block in internal memory, one system data of hard disc storage, and then the operating systems such as such as Window, Linux and DOS can be entered after start and subsequently used.
By taking BIOS image shelves as an example, the size of current BIOS image shelves and complexity are continuously increased, and the renewal speed of hardware is accelerated, and therefore BIOS image shelves must be also constantly updated to support new hardware.In addition, existing server is in use, if server is written to the memory block of mistake when executing a specific application program, and cause server operation exception occur, so that the current image shelves cannot solve this problem, user must update the current image shelves, with when server is started shooting again, server reconfigures correct memory address according to the image file after updating to memory block, can just continue executing with the specific application program.
When generation above-mentioned condition, and when needing to update, with renewal image shelves, the current image shelves stored in the mainboard, it is to be given an order to make the mainboard read the system data on the hard disk to enter operating system by user, synchronously, user also needs to store the renewal image shelves by one, after the storage device of the execution software updated with an execution image file is electrically connected with the server, the renewal image file of the storage device storage and the execution software are sent to the mainboard, could so make the execution software that the current image shelves of the mainboard storage are updated to the renewal image shelves, and complete the renewal of image shelves.
As existing server generally configures the mainboard of majority, and the label of each mainboard and model are often not quite similar, so when the process for needing to execute above-mentioned renewal image shelves, user must be ready to specifically update image file for the mainboard to be updated and execute software, and cause to manage and using upper difficulty;Additionally, in current actual application, often most servers are concatenated into server system, consequently, it is possible to use, managerial difficulty is more greatly improved.
Additionally, when hard disk is damaged, server cannot read system data on the hard disk through the mainboard to enter to carry out subsequent action in operating system, cause to update image shelves at all.Therefore, the problem that aforementioned server occurs problem and needs to update image shelves how is solved, is one of direction that current dealer makes great efforts.
Content of the invention
Therefore, present invention is primarily targeted at providing a kind of using setting interface renewal image shelves to solve the home server of known problem.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, home server of the present invention, it is adaptable to be online to the remote server that one BIOS of a storage updates image shelves.
The home server includes an at least mainboard.
The mainboard has a basic input-output unit, and a Control of floor device.
The basic input-output unit includes a setting interface, and a read-only storage, and the current image shelves of BIOS that the read-only storage storage one is used for starting shooting, the setting interface transmission one ask for the request more new command of image file to the Control of floor device.
The Control of floor device obtains the BIOS according to the request more new command from the remote server and updates image shelves and write the read-only storage, to replace the current image shelves of the BIOS.
Additionally, the second object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method for updating image shelves.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, a kind of method for updating image shelves of the present invention, executed by a home server, the home server is online to a remote server, and the home server includes an at least mainboard, and the mainboard has a basic input-output unit and a Control of floor device, the basic input-output unit includes a setting interface, and a read-only storage, remote server storage one is relevant to the BIOS that start uses and updates image shelves, comprise the steps of:
(A) the setting interface indicates, according to one, the input for updating and transmits a request more new command to the Control of floor device;
(B) the Control of floor device obtains BIOS renewal image shelves according to the request more new command from the remote server;And
(C) BIOS is updated image shelves and writes to the read-only storage of the basic input-output unit by the Control of floor device.
Additionally, the third object of the present invention is to provide a kind of home server.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, the home server is applied to the remote server for being online to that one BIOS of a storage updates image shelves.
The home server includes an at least mainboard, the mainboard has a basic input-output unit, and a Control of floor device, and the basic input-output unit includes a setting interface, the Control of floor device includes a read-only storage, and the read-only storage stores the current image shelves of a BMC.
The setting interface is according to an input for indicating renewal, and transmits one and ask for the request more new command of image file to the Control of floor device.
The Control of floor device obtains the BMC according to the request more new command from the remote server and updates image shelves, and the BMC is updated the read-only storage that image shelves write the Control of floor device, to replace the current image shelves of the BMC.
The fourth object of the present invention, that is, providing a kind of method for updating image shelves.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, the method of the renewal image shelves of the present invention is executed by a home server, the home server is online to a remote server, the home server includes an at least mainboard, the mainboard has a basic input-output unit and a Control of floor device, and the basic input-output unit includes a setting interface, and the Control of floor device includes a read-only storage, the remote server stores a BMC and updates image shelves, comprises the steps of:
(A) the setting interface indicates, according to one, the input for updating and transmits a request more new command to the Control of floor device;
(B) the Control of floor device obtains BMC renewal image shelves according to the request more new command from the remote server;And
(C) BMC is updated image shelves and writes to the read-only storage of the Control of floor device by the Control of floor device.
Compared with prior art, the present invention transmits the request more new command to the Control of floor device by the basic input-output unit and completes according to this to update start image shelves, and without the need for preparing the execution software in order to execute renewal for mainboard in advance.
【Description of the drawings】
Fig. 1 is a kind of system diagram of a first embodiment of server system of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the block diagram of a mainboard of the first embodiment.
Fig. 3 is the method flow diagram that the first embodiment updates BIOS image shelves.
Fig. 4 is a kind of system diagram of a second embodiment of server system of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the method flow diagram that the second embodiment updates BMC image shelves.
【Specific embodiment】
Before the present invention is described in detail, it shall be noted that in the following description content, similar component is represented with being identically numbered.
Refering to Fig. 1, one first embodiment of server system of the present invention includes a remote server 1, and an at least signal connects the home server 2 of the remote server 1, the user that the offer of home server 2 is located locally end carries out the associative operations such as execution application program, storage data, and the home server 2 includes an at least mainboard 21(The first mainboard as depicted in Fig. 1 is to the n-th mainboard), the remote server 1 through network on-line mode managing the home server 2, and store more new archive(For example, image shelves and the edition data of the image file is relevant to)Use, the species with regard to image shelves and purposes is updated to provide the home server 2, will below illustrate further.
Refering to Fig. 2(The present embodiment is only lifted a mainboard and is illustrated for convenience of description, but not limited to this)The remote server 1 stores one and is relevant to the BIOS renewal image shelves 11 that start is used, and one be relevant to the BIOS and update the BIOS of image shelves 11 and update edition data 12, required particular version when updating image shelves 11 for corresponding to the latest edition on the time point that this updates BIOS image shelves or updating every time of the BIOS, and be stored in the remote server 1, and use as start image shelves are updated in order to provide the home server 2.Wherein, in the art, the proper noun of image shelves is image File, and BIOS is defined as basic input output system(Basic Input Output System), BMC is defined as Baseboard Management Controller(Baseboard Management Controller), then write a Chinese character in simplified form BIOS, BMC for convenience of description in full.
The mainboard 21 has a basic input-output unit 211, and a Control of floor device 216 of the electrical connection between basic input-output unit 211 and the remote server 1, the basic input-output unit 211 includes read-only storage 212 of the storage one for the current image shelves 213 of BIOS for using of starting shooting, one BIOS instruction module 214, and setting interfaces 215 for receiving multiple different inputs, the Control of floor device 216 includes a BMC instruction module 218, the BIOS instruction module 214 is identical with the form of the BMC instruction module 218, and store the OEM instruction of most corresponding different inputs(Original Equipment Manufacturer command, original equipment manufacturer are instructed, and are hereinafter referred to as instructed), in the present embodiment, grade OEM instruction is to be relevant to intelligent platform supervision interface(Intelligent Platform Management Interface, IPMI), but be not limited.
The setting interface 215 can access the read-only storage 212 and interaction communicates with the BIOS instruction module 214 and the Control of floor device 216.Wherein, set interface 215 and be built into the setting menu in BIOS(bios setup utility).
Refering to Fig. 3, the home server 2 executes a kind of method for updating BIOS image shelves, and the method for the renewal start image shelves comprises the steps of 31 to step 39.
In step 31, the setting interface 215 is transmitted a request version according to the input of a request version and is instructed to the Control of floor device 216, in the present embodiment, the function of the request version instruction is request BIOS image shelves, specifically, the input of the request version is to manipulate the setting interface 215 by user to produce, the setting interface 215 can be made comparisons with each instruction in the BIOS instruction module 214 according to the input of the request version, when comparative result is for being consistent, then the corresponding request version instruction is sent to the Control of floor device 216 by basic input-output unit 211, edition data 12 is updated to indicate that the Control of floor device 216 provides the BIOS.
In the step 32, the Control of floor device 216 obtains the BIOS from the remote server 1 and updates edition data 12, specifically, after the Control of floor device 216 receives the request version instruction, just through the interpretation of the BMC instruction module 218 request version instruction, to learn that need to obtain the BIOS by the remote server 1 updates edition data 12.
In step 33, BIOS renewal edition data 12 is sent to the setting interface 215 by the Control of floor device 216.
In step 34, the setting interface 215 shows that the current edition data 217 of the BIOS and the BIOS update edition data 12, judges whether to be updated BIOS image shelves to provide user.Here remarks additionally, and basic input-output unit 211 will appreciate that the current version data of BIOS of the current image shelves 213 of the corresponding BIOS oneself being stored in its read-only storage 212, and current for BIOS edition data 217 is shown in its setting interface 215.
In step 35, the setting interface 215 receives an input for indicating whether to update, specifically, when the current version data of the BIOS is not corresponded with BIOS renewal edition data 12, user just manipulates the setting interface 215 to produce the input that the instruction updates, if the content that the current edition data of the BIOS updates edition data 12 with the BIOS is consistent, user can produce an input that need not be updated by the setting interface 215, then the setting interface 215 need not carry out any operation.
In step 36, the request more new command is transmitted to the Control of floor device 216 according to the input of instruction renewal in the setting interface 215, specifically, the input that the setting interface 215 is updated according to the instruction is made comparisons with each instruction in the BIOS instruction module 214, when comparative result is for being consistent, then the corresponding request more new command is sent to the Control of floor device 216, to indicate that the Control of floor device 216 is updated BIOS image shelves.
In step 37, the Control of floor device 216 obtains a BIOS according to the request more new command from the remote server 1 and updates image shelves 11, specifically, after the Control of floor device 216 receives the request more new command, just the request more new command is interpreted through the BMC instruction module 218, to learn that need to obtain the BIOS by the remote server 1 updates image shelves 11.
In step 38, during the Control of floor device 216 writes BIOS renewal image shelves 11 to the read-only storage 212 of the basic input-output unit 211.
In step 39, the signal that the basic input-output unit 211 is restarted according to one is restarted, specifically, after the BIOS is updated image shelves 11 and writes to the read-only storage 212 by the Control of floor device 216, and complete to update BIOS image shelves, the Control of floor device 216 sends the signal that the request restarts, the signal for making the basic input-output unit 211 restart according to the request restarts according to this, and the home server 2 just can be allowed to update image shelves 11 using the BIOS.
Refering to Fig. 4, a second embodiment of server system of the present invention is from the different places of first embodiment:The remote server 1 one BMC of storage updates image shelves 13 and and is relevant to the BMC renewal edition data 14 that the BMC updates image shelves 13, required particular version when being the corresponding latest edition that this is updated on the time point of BMC image shelves or each renewal of BMC renewal image shelves 13.The Control of floor device 216 further includes a read-only storage 219, and the read-only storage 219 stores the current image shelves of a BMC.
Refering to Fig. 5, the home server 2 executes a kind of method of renewal BMC image shelves, and the method for renewal BMC image shelves comprises the steps of 41 to step 49.
In step 41, the setting interface 215 is transmitted a request version according to the input of a BMC request version and is instructed to the Control of floor device 216, place in second embodiment different from first embodiment is, the function of the request version instruction is request BMC image shelves, specifically, the input of the BMC request version is to manipulate the setting interface 215 by user to produce, the setting interface 215 can be made comparisons with each instruction in the BIOS instruction module 214 according to the input of the request version, when comparative result is for being consistent, then the corresponding request version instruction is sent to the Control of floor device 216 by basic input-output unit 211, edition data 14 is updated to indicate that the Control of floor device 216 provides the BMC.
In step 42, after the Control of floor device 216 receives the request version instruction, just through the interpretation of the BMC instruction module 218 request version instruction, edition data 14 is updated to obtain the BMC from the remote server 1.
At step 43, current for BMC edition data and BMC renewal edition data 14 are sent to the setting interface 215 by the Control of floor device 216.Here remarks additionally, and Control of floor device 216 will appreciate that the current version data of BMC of the current image file of corresponding BMC oneself being stored in its read-only storage 219, and current for BMC edition data is sent to the setting interface 215 of basic input-output unit 211.
In step 44, the setting interface 215 shows that the current edition data of the BMC and the BMC update edition data 14, judges whether to be updated BMC image shelves to provide user.
In step 45, the setting interface 215 receives an input for indicating whether to update, specifically, when the current version data of the BMC is not corresponded with BMC renewal edition data 14, user just manipulates the setting interface 215 to produce the input that the instruction updates, if the content that the current edition data of the BMC updates edition data 14 with the BMC is consistent, user can produce an input that need not be updated by the setting interface 215, then the setting interface 215 need not carry out any operation.
In step 46, the request more new command is transmitted to the Control of floor device 216 according to the input of instruction renewal in the setting interface 215, specifically, the input that the setting interface 215 is updated according to the instruction is made comparisons with each instruction in the BIOS instruction module 214, when comparative result is for being consistent, the corresponding request more new command that will then be consistent is sent to the Control of floor device 216, to indicate that the Control of floor device 216 is updated BMC image shelves.
In step 47, the Control of floor device 216 obtains one according to the request more new command from the remote server 1 and updates image shelves 11, specifically, after the Control of floor device 216 receives the request more new command, just the request more new command is interpreted through the BMC instruction module 218, to learn that need to obtain the BMC by the remote server 1 updates image shelves 13.
In step 48, during the Control of floor device 216 writes BMC renewal image shelves 13 to the read-only storage 219 of the Control of floor device 216, and after completing to update, the Control of floor device 216 exports a notification signal to the basic input-output unit 211.
In step 49, the basic input-output unit 211 is restarted according to the notification signal, and the Control of floor device 216 also restarts.
One 3rd embodiment of server system of the present invention place different from first embodiment is that the mainboard of this second embodiment also has the nextport hardware component NextPort that plural number electrically connects the Control of floor device 216, and such as complexity can program logic device(Complex Programmable Logic Device, abbreviation CPLD)And backboard (Backplane) etc. can also store its current image shelves needed for being initialized respectively for start, and the more storages of the remote server 1 are in order to update the renewal image file of nextport hardware component NextPort, and the renewal edition data of the renewal image file version of corresponding nextport hardware component NextPort, when a certain specific hardware components are upgraded or broken down and need to be repaired, just need to be updated for the image file of the specific hardware components.
Therefore,When the Control of floor device 216 receives request version and instructs,Also the renewal edition data of all hardware component can be obtained in the lump in the remote server 1,The setting interface 215 is enable to show the current edition data (being pre-stored in the Control of floor device) of all hardware component in the lump and update edition data,While judging whether all hardware component version data for showing are consistent by user,When the edition data for finding wherein specific hardware components is not inconsistent,User can be same the manipulation setting interface 215 produce the input that indicate renewal corresponding with the specific hardware components,To indicate that the Control of floor device 216 is updated image file for the specific hardware components,After the Control of floor device 216 writes the renewal image file of the specific hardware components to the specific hardware components,And complete to be updated image file to the specific hardware components,The specific hardware components will receive signal that the request that transmits of the Control of floor device 216 restarts to restart according to this,Just the home server 2 can be allowed using the renewal image file of the specific hardware components.
In sum, above-described embodiment is completed to update start image shelves with giving an order to the Control of floor device 216 according to this using the 215 display map file version information of setting interface, the present invention is compared to prior art, user only need to operate the setting interface 215 of the home server 2 in local side, just can complete to update start image shelves, and prepare the execution software in order to execute renewal in advance without the need for the mainboard specially for various difference labels or model, managerial efficiency can be substantially improved, therefore the purpose of the present invention can be reached really.
Only as described above, only the preferred embodiments of the invention, when the scope that the present invention is implemented, i.e., the simple equivalence changes that is made generally and modification can not be limited according to scope of the present invention patent and patent specification content with this, all it is still covered by the present invention within the scope of the patent.

Claims (14)

1. a kind of home server, it is adaptable to be online to the remote server that one BIOS of a storage updates image shelves, it is characterised in that the home server includes:
An at least mainboard, the mainboard have a basic input-output unit, and a Control of floor device,
The basic input-output unit includes a setting interface, and a read-only storage, the read-only storage stores the current image shelves of a BIOS, the setting interface is according to an input for indicating renewal, and transmit one and ask for the request more new command of image file to the Control of floor device, the Control of floor device obtains the BIOS according to the request more new command from the remote server and updates image shelves, and the BIOS is updated the read-only storage that image shelves write the basic input-output unit, to replace the current image shelves of the BIOS.
2. home server according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the basic input-output unit has more a BIOS instruction module, the instruction of the most corresponding different inputs of the BIOS instruction module storage, the Control of floor device is same as the BMC instruction module of the BIOS instruction module with a form, the corresponding request more new command is found out in the input that the setting interface is updated according to the instruction from the BIOS instruction module, and export the request more new command, and the Control of floor device receives the request more new command from the setting interface, and interpret the request more new command according to its BMC instruction module and need to obtain the renewal image shelves to the remote server to learn.
3. home server according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, the remote server storage is relevant to the BIOS renewal edition data that BIOS updates image shelves version, the setting interface is found out the corresponding request version from the BIOS instruction module according to the input of a request version and instructs and export the request version instruction, the Control of floor device receives the request version instruction, and interpret the request version instruction to learn that the BIOS need to be obtained to the remote server updates edition data according to its BMC instruction module, and BIOS renewal edition data is sent to the setting interface.
4. home server according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the current edition data of the setting interface display BIOS and the BIOS update edition data, and receive an input for indicating whether to update.
5. home server according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, after the BIOS is updated image shelves and writes the read-only storage to the basic input-output unit by the Control of floor device, the signal that the basic input-output unit is restarted according to a request is restarting.
6. a kind of update image shelves method, executed by a home server, the home server is online to a remote server, the home server includes an at least mainboard, and the mainboard has a basic input-output unit and a Control of floor device, and the basic input-output unit includes a setting interface, and a read-only storage, the remote server stores a BIOS and updates image shelves, it is characterised in that comprise the steps of:
The setting interface indicates, according to one, the input for updating and transmits a request more new command to the Control of floor device;
The Control of floor device obtains the BIOS according to the request more new command from the remote server and updates image shelves;And
The BIOS is updated image shelves and writes to the read-only storage of the basic input-output unit by the Control of floor device.
7. according to claim 6 update image shelves method, it is characterized in that, the basic input-output unit has more a BIOS instruction module, the instruction of the most corresponding different inputs of the BIOS instruction module storage, the Control of floor device is same as the BMC instruction module of the BIOS instruction module with a form, the corresponding request more new command is found out in the input that the setting interface in the step (A) is updated according to the instruction from the BIOS instruction module, and export the request more new command, and the Control of floor device in the step (B) receives the request more new command, and interpret the request more new command to learn that the BIOS need to be obtained to the remote server updates image shelves according to its BMC instruction module.
8. according to claim 7 update image shelves method, it is characterized in that, the read-only storage of the basic input-output unit stores the current image shelves of a BIOS, the remote server storage is relevant to the BIOS renewal edition data that BIOS updates image shelves version, further includes following steps before step (A):
(A1) the setting interface please according to the input transmission one of a request version
Version command is sought to the Control of floor device;
(A2) the Control of floor device obtains BIOS renewal edition data to the remote server;
(A3) BIOS renewal edition data is sent to the setting interface by the Control of floor device;
(A4) the current edition data of the setting interface display BIOS and the BIOS more redaction data;And
(A5) the setting interface receives an input for indicating whether to update.
9. according to claim 8 update image shelves method, it is characterized in that, the setting interface in the step (A1) is found out the corresponding request version from the BIOS instruction module according to the input of a request version and instructs and export the request version instruction, and the Control of floor device in the step (A2) receives the request version instruction, and interpret request version instruction according to its BMC instruction module and need to obtain the BIOS more redaction data to the remote server to learn, and current for BIOS edition data and BIOS renewal edition data are sent to the setting interface.
10. the method for updating start image shelves according to claim 6, it is characterised in that further include a step after the step (C):The basic input-output unit asks, according to one, the signal for restarting to restart.
11. a kind of home servers, it is adaptable to be online to the remote server that one BIOS of a storage updates image shelves, it is characterised in that the home server includes:
An at least mainboard, the mainboard have a basic input-output unit, and a Control of floor device, and the basic input-output unit includes a setting interface, and the Control of floor device includes a read-only storage, and the read-only storage stores the current image shelves of a BMC,
The setting interface is according to an input for indicating renewal, and transmits one and ask for the request more new command of image file to the Control of floor device,
The Control of floor device obtains the BMC according to the request more new command from the remote server and updates image shelves, and the BMC is updated the read-only storage that image shelves write the Control of floor device, to replace the current image shelves of the BMC.
12. home servers according to claim 11, characterized in that, the basic input-output unit has more a BIOS instruction module, the instruction of the most different inputs of the BIOS instruction module storage, the Control of floor device is same as the BMC instruction module of the BIOS instruction module with a form
The corresponding request more new command is found out in the input that the setting interface is updated according to the instruction from the BIOS instruction module, and exports the request more new command,
And the Control of floor device is via the setting interface to receive the request more new command, and interpret the request more new command to learn that the BMC need to be obtained to the remote server updates image shelves according to the BMC instruction module.
A kind of 13. methods for updating image shelves, executed by a home server, the home server is online to a remote server, the home server includes an at least mainboard, and the mainboard has a basic input-output unit and a Control of floor device, and the basic input-output unit includes a setting interface, the Control of floor device includes a read-only storage, the remote server stores a BMC and updates image shelves, it is characterised in that comprise the steps of:
(A) the setting interface indicates, according to one, the input for updating and transmits a request more new command to the Control of floor device;
(B) the Control of floor device obtains BMC renewal image shelves according to the request more new command from the remote server;And
(C) BMC is updated image shelves and writes to the read-only storage of the Control of floor device by the Control of floor device.
14. methods for updating image shelves according to claim 13, it is characterized in that, the basic input-output unit has more a BIOS instruction module, the instruction of the most corresponding different inputs of the BIOS instruction module storage, the Control of floor device is same as the BMC instruction module of the BIOS instruction module with a form
The corresponding request more new command is found out in the input that the setting interface in the step (A) is updated according to the instruction from the BIOS instruction module, and export the request more new command, and the Control of floor device in the step (B) receives the request more new command, and interpret the request more new command to learn that the BMC need to be obtained to the remote server updates image shelves according to its BMC instruction module.
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CN110515634A (en) * 2018-05-22 2019-11-29 广达电脑股份有限公司 Method, computer system and the medium of firmware are updated by Distal tool program
CN113312198A (en) * 2020-02-26 2021-08-27 广达电脑股份有限公司 System and method for monitoring and restoring heterogeneous elements

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