CN106437723A - Grouting method for controlling stratum settlement when shield tunneling machine passes through risk source - Google Patents

Grouting method for controlling stratum settlement when shield tunneling machine passes through risk source Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN106437723A
CN106437723A CN201610635655.5A CN201610635655A CN106437723A CN 106437723 A CN106437723 A CN 106437723A CN 201610635655 A CN201610635655 A CN 201610635655A CN 106437723 A CN106437723 A CN 106437723A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
grouting
shield
tunneling machine
grout
shield tunneling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201610635655.5A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
江华
张晋勋
江玉生
武富美
丁彦杰
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
China University of Mining and Technology Beijing CUMTB
Beijing Urban Construction Group Co Ltd
Original Assignee
China University of Mining and Technology Beijing CUMTB
Beijing Urban Construction Group Co Ltd
Beijing Urban Construction Design and Development Group Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by China University of Mining and Technology Beijing CUMTB, Beijing Urban Construction Group Co Ltd, Beijing Urban Construction Design and Development Group Co Ltd filed Critical China University of Mining and Technology Beijing CUMTB
Priority to CN201610635655.5A priority Critical patent/CN106437723A/en
Publication of CN106437723A publication Critical patent/CN106437723A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21DSHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/001Improving soil or rock, e.g. by freezing; Injections
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21DSHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/06Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a grouting method for controlling stratum settlement when a shield tunneling machine passes through a risk source. The grouting method comprises the following steps that (1) construction parameters are determined, and the shear force which can be provided by the shield tunneling machine for the surrounding soil body and the vertical stress of the grouting position are determined before grouting so that the grout proportion can be adjusted accordingly under the condition that normal propelling of the shield tunneling machine is not affected, and the compressive strength of grout is changed accordingly; (2) the volume of a gap between a shield tunneling machine shell and the excavated soil body is calculated, so that the grouting quantity is determined; (3) the grouting pressure is determined, so that the grout is prevented from flowing out from a cutterhead of the shield tunneling machine; (4) grouting materials are mixed in a shield tunnel, grouting is conducted in time, and since the initial setting time of the grout is extremely short, materials required for preparing the grout need to be conveyed to the grouting position, and then the grout is prepared while grouting is conducted in the shield tunnel; and (5) the grout is injected into the gap between the shield tunneling machine shell and the soil body through a radial grouting pipe reserved on a middle-front shield of the shield tunneling machine.

Description

The grouting method of stratum settlement during a kind of control shield crossing risk source
Technical field
The present invention relates to stratum during a kind of shield synchronization slip casting technical field, more particularly to control shield crossing risk source The grouting method of sedimentation.
Background technology
Shield machine is a kind of special engineering machinery of tunnel piercing, has the excavation cutting soil body, conveying soil quarrel, assembled tunnel The functions such as lining cutting, measurement guiding correction, be related to geology, building, machinery, mechanics, hydraulic pressure, electrically, control, the multi-door subject such as measurement Technology.Shield driving is widely used in the Tunnel Engineering such as subway, railway, highway, municipal administration, water power.Recently as city underground The continuous development built with urban water conservancy, shield machine occupies main status in the construction of subterranean tunnel, becomes underground developing tunnel The plant equipment that road mainly uses, shield machine produces disturbance to surrounding soil in construction progradation, will deviate from section of jurisdiction Between the soil body and section of jurisdiction, during shield tail, form the gap of 90~140mm, this will lead to serious ground settlement.Therefore, it is necessary to it is logical Cross grouting behind shaft or drift lining filling space, control ground settlement, improve the stress of tunnel duct piece.
According to existing result of study, shield tail synchronous grouting can only control the ground settlement after shield tail abjection.However, shield When the strict material risk engineering of penetrating ground requirement of settlement control or region, before cannot being recovered by back synchronous injection again The stratum settlement that phase shield-tunneling construction causes.Current arrangement and method for construction is that excavation region is reinforced in advance mostly, and then shield is worn again Construction more.Although this scheme is relatively safe, necessarily require the condition that can there is reinforcing, but due to current city City ground and superficial part Underground Space Resource have been developed totally, and the material risk region of a lot of shields does not have the bar reinforced in advance Part, and reinforce in advance and considerably increase construction costs.Therefore, the change based on Suporting structure and risk zones stratum self-condition Shape control technology is most important.
It is desirable to the grouting method of stratum settlement can improve existing shield when having a kind of control shield crossing risk source The stratum settlement problem that construction causes.
Content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of grouting method of stratum settlement when controlling shield crossing risk source is overcoming The above-mentioned problems in the prior art.
For achieving the above object, the grouting method of stratum settlement when the present invention provides a kind of control shield crossing risk source, It is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
(1) determine construction parameter, first determine before slip casting shield machine to the size of the shearing force that the periphery soil body can be provided by with And at slip casting vertical stress size thus accordingly being adjusted to grout coordinate ratio under conditions of not affecting that shield machine is normal and advancing Rectification becomes its comprcssive strength;
(2) calculate shield casing and excavate the volume in space between the soil body so that it is determined that grouting amount;
(3) determine that grouting pressure prevents serosity from flowing out at the cutterhead of shield machine;
(4) carry out the mixing of injecting paste material in shield tunnel and carry out slip casting in time, because the serosity presetting period is very short, It is thus desirable to being transported at slip casting the material needed for configuration grouting serous fluid, in shield tunnel, then carrying out existing note now join;
(5) by the radial grouting pipe that the middle anterior shield of shield machine is reserved, the space between shield machine shell and the soil body is carried out Slip casting.
Preferably, before reaching risk zones, therefrom anterior shield injects to fill out described grouting serous fluid the shield machine in step (5) Mend and excavate the shield body space producing, after grouting serous fluid initial set, side propulsion shield machine marginal not is starched with stratum when controlling shield to pass through Sedimentation, meanwhile need to carry out in time wall thickness synchronous grouting to control the sedimentation on stratum after shield tail abjection.
Preferably, the setting time of described grouting serous fluid is 120s.
Preferably, the described grouting serous fluid condensation shearing strength of 1 hour is between 10-20Kpa.
Preferably, the comprcssive strength that described grouting serous fluid condenses 3 hours is 0.1Mpa.
Preferably, the described grouting serous fluid condensation modulus of compressibility of 3 hours is in 2Mpa.
The invention provides a kind of control shield crossing risk source when stratum settlement grouting method, in shield-tunneling construction process In in time to shield shell and excavate the space between stratum and carry out slip casting, efficiently control the bottom sedimentation before shield tail abjection, Final settlement after shield-tunneling construction is controlled within zone of reasonableness.
Brief description
Fig. 1 is the slip casting step schematic diagram of stratum settlement when controlling shield crossing risk source.
Specific embodiment
For making purpose, technical scheme and advantage that the present invention is implemented clearer, below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention Accompanying drawing, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is further described in more detail.In the accompanying drawings, identical from start to finish or class As the label element that represents same or similar element or there is same or like function.Described embodiment is the present invention A part of embodiment, rather than whole embodiments.Embodiment below with reference to Description of Drawings is exemplary it is intended to use In the explanation present invention, and it is not considered as limiting the invention.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, ordinary skill people The every other embodiment that member is obtained under the premise of not making creative work, broadly falls into the scope of protection of the invention.Under Face combines accompanying drawing and embodiments of the invention is described in detail.
In describing the invention it is to be understood that term " " center ", " longitudinal ", " horizontal ", "front", "rear", "left", "right", " vertical ", " level ", " top ", " bottom " are interior ", the orientation of instruction such as " outward " or position relationship be based on shown in accompanying drawing Orientation or position relationship, be for only for ease of description the present invention and simplify description, rather than instruction or hint indication device Or element must have specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, therefore it is not intended that protecting model to the present invention The restriction enclosed.
In the present invention one broad embodiment:The present invention provides a kind of note of stratum settlement when controlling shield crossing risk source Paste-making method comprises the following steps:
(1) determine construction parameter, first determine before slip casting shield machine to the size of the shearing force that the periphery soil body can be provided by with And the size of vertical stress is accordingly adjusted thus joining this to serosity under conditions of not affecting the normal propulsion of shield machine at slip casting Rectification becomes its comprcssive strength;
(2) calculate shield casing and excavate the volume in space between the soil body so that it is determined that grouting amount;
(3) determine that grouting pressure prevents serosity from flowing out at the cutterhead of shield machine;
(4) carry out the mixing of injecting paste material in shield tunnel and carry out slip casting in time, because the serosity presetting period is very short, It is thus desirable to being transported at slip casting the material needed for configuration grouting serous fluid, in shield tunnel, then carrying out existing note now join;
(5) by the radial grouting pipe that the middle anterior shield of shield machine is reserved, the space between shield machine shell and the soil body is carried out Slip casting.
As shown in figure 1, traditional synchronous grouting mode is shield tail synchronous grouting, shield tail synchronous grouting can only control fourth order The ground settlement of section.
As shown in figure 1, wearing under running into, the complex engineering such as wired that continues is disclosed by the invention to control ground during shield crossing risk source The grouting method of layer sedimentation is to inject serosity from shield machine middle front part, for filling the whole skies between shield machine shell and the soil body Gap, can control the soil body in the third and fourth stage to settle, thus to meeting requirement of engineering.
Studied by substantial amounts of laboratory test, for ensureing being smoothed out of shield-tunneling construction, stratum settlement is controlled simultaneously Within claimed range, finally satisfactory serosity property is as follows:
(1) the serosity presetting period, serosity setting time is all in 120s.
(2) shearing strength after serosity condenses, the shearing strength after serosity condensation 1h is between 10~20Kpa.
(3) comprcssive strength after serosity condenses, serosity condense 3d after comprcssive strength in 0.1Mpa.
(4) modulus of compressibility after serosity condenses, serosity condense 3d after modulus of compressibility in 2Mpa.
Last it is to be noted that:Above example only in order to technical scheme to be described, is not intended to limit.To the greatest extent Pipe has been described in detail to the present invention with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those within the art that:It is still Technical scheme described in foregoing embodiments can be modified, or wherein some technical characteristics are carried out with equivalent replacing Change;And these modifications or replacement, do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution depart from the essence of various embodiments of the present invention technical scheme God and scope.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of control shield crossing risk source when stratum settlement grouting method it is characterised in that comprising the following steps:
(1) determine construction parameter, before slip casting, first determine shield machine to the size of the shearing force that the periphery soil body can be provided by and note At slurry, the size of vertical stress changes thus adjusting accordingly to grout coordinate ratio under conditions of not affecting the normal propulsion of shield machine Become its comprcssive strength;
(2) calculate shield casing and excavate the volume in space between the soil body so that it is determined that grouting amount;
(3) determine that grouting pressure prevents serosity from flowing out at the cutterhead of shield machine;
(4) carry out the mixing of injecting paste material in shield tunnel and carry out slip casting in time, because the serosity presetting period is very short, therefore Need to be transported at slip casting by the material needed for configuration grouting serous fluid, in shield tunnel, then carry out existing note now join;
(5) by the radial grouting pipe that the middle anterior shield of shield machine is reserved, the space between shield machine shell and the soil body is noted Slurry.
2. as claimed in claim 1 control shield crossing risk source when stratum settlement grouting method it is characterised in that:Step (5) before reaching risk zones, therefrom anterior shield injection excavates, to fill up, the shield body sky producing to described grouting serous fluid to the shield machine in Gap, after grouting serous fluid initial set, side propulsion shield machine marginal not is starched with the sedimentation on stratum when controlling shield to pass through, and meanwhile needs Carry out wall thickness synchronous grouting in time to control the sedimentation on stratum after shield tail abjection.
3. as claimed in claim 1 control shield crossing risk source when stratum settlement grouting method it is characterised in that:Described The setting time of grouting serous fluid is 120s.
4. as claimed in claim 1 control shield crossing risk source when stratum settlement grouting method it is characterised in that:Described Grouting serous fluid condenses the shearing strength of 1 hour between 10-20Kpa.
5. as claimed in claim 1 control shield crossing risk source when stratum settlement grouting method it is characterised in that:Described The comprcssive strength that grouting serous fluid condenses 3 hours is 0.1Mpa.
6. as claimed in claim 1 control shield crossing risk source when stratum settlement grouting method it is characterised in that:Described Grouting serous fluid condenses the modulus of compressibility of 3 hours in 2Mpa.
CN201610635655.5A 2016-08-08 2016-08-08 Grouting method for controlling stratum settlement when shield tunneling machine passes through risk source Pending CN106437723A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201610635655.5A CN106437723A (en) 2016-08-08 2016-08-08 Grouting method for controlling stratum settlement when shield tunneling machine passes through risk source

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201610635655.5A CN106437723A (en) 2016-08-08 2016-08-08 Grouting method for controlling stratum settlement when shield tunneling machine passes through risk source

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN106437723A true CN106437723A (en) 2017-02-22

Family

ID=58185167

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201610635655.5A Pending CN106437723A (en) 2016-08-08 2016-08-08 Grouting method for controlling stratum settlement when shield tunneling machine passes through risk source

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN106437723A (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107165642A (en) * 2017-06-06 2017-09-15 中铁十九局集团轨道交通工程有限公司 Accurately control the shield construction method of ground settlement
CN108678758A (en) * 2018-04-28 2018-10-19 青岛新华友建工集团股份有限公司 Major diameter slurry shield passes through shanty town settlement Control construction over long distances under the conditions of non-reinforced
CN110210145A (en) * 2019-06-05 2019-09-06 中北大学 Extruding-enlarging branch tray grouting behind shaft or drift lining bored concrete pile single pile settlement calculation method
CN111594190A (en) * 2020-05-19 2020-08-28 北京市政建设集团有限责任公司 Method for controlling shield tunneling parameters when shield passes through different risk sources
CN114135302A (en) * 2021-12-09 2022-03-04 中交天和机械设备制造有限公司 Grouting control method and device for shield tunneling machine
CN114152511A (en) * 2022-02-07 2022-03-08 中国矿业大学(北京) Method for measuring and calculating compression modulus and grouting rate of shield grouting slurry-soil complex

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3808714A1 (en) * 1988-03-16 1989-10-05 Westhaus Karl Heinz Prof Dr In Method of constructing a tunnel, in particular a traffic tunnel, and shield driving machine for carrying out the method
CN1854462A (en) * 2005-04-28 2006-11-01 上海市基础工程公司 Shiedling construction without influence on top layer of earth
CN102312673A (en) * 2010-07-09 2012-01-11 上海市基础工程有限公司 Construction method for allowing shield to pass through operated subway tunnel in short distance under complex working conditions
CN103291312A (en) * 2013-06-06 2013-09-11 中国水电顾问集团华东勘测设计研究院 Shield tunneling machine capable of realizing three-dimensional grouting
CN103899323A (en) * 2014-05-06 2014-07-02 中铁二十五局集团轨道交通工程有限公司 Construction method of shield passing through railway yard
CN104863118A (en) * 2015-04-17 2015-08-26 中国矿业大学(北京) Stratum settlement control method based on shield excavation gap

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3808714A1 (en) * 1988-03-16 1989-10-05 Westhaus Karl Heinz Prof Dr In Method of constructing a tunnel, in particular a traffic tunnel, and shield driving machine for carrying out the method
CN1854462A (en) * 2005-04-28 2006-11-01 上海市基础工程公司 Shiedling construction without influence on top layer of earth
CN102312673A (en) * 2010-07-09 2012-01-11 上海市基础工程有限公司 Construction method for allowing shield to pass through operated subway tunnel in short distance under complex working conditions
CN103291312A (en) * 2013-06-06 2013-09-11 中国水电顾问集团华东勘测设计研究院 Shield tunneling machine capable of realizing three-dimensional grouting
CN103899323A (en) * 2014-05-06 2014-07-02 中铁二十五局集团轨道交通工程有限公司 Construction method of shield passing through railway yard
CN104863118A (en) * 2015-04-17 2015-08-26 中国矿业大学(北京) Stratum settlement control method based on shield excavation gap

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
钱新等: "盾构下穿建(构)筑物控制沉降注浆技术研究与应用", 《现代隧道技术》 *

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107165642A (en) * 2017-06-06 2017-09-15 中铁十九局集团轨道交通工程有限公司 Accurately control the shield construction method of ground settlement
CN108678758A (en) * 2018-04-28 2018-10-19 青岛新华友建工集团股份有限公司 Major diameter slurry shield passes through shanty town settlement Control construction over long distances under the conditions of non-reinforced
CN110210145A (en) * 2019-06-05 2019-09-06 中北大学 Extruding-enlarging branch tray grouting behind shaft or drift lining bored concrete pile single pile settlement calculation method
CN111594190A (en) * 2020-05-19 2020-08-28 北京市政建设集团有限责任公司 Method for controlling shield tunneling parameters when shield passes through different risk sources
CN114135302A (en) * 2021-12-09 2022-03-04 中交天和机械设备制造有限公司 Grouting control method and device for shield tunneling machine
CN114135302B (en) * 2021-12-09 2024-03-22 中交天和机械设备制造有限公司 Grouting control method and device for shield tunneling machine
CN114152511A (en) * 2022-02-07 2022-03-08 中国矿业大学(北京) Method for measuring and calculating compression modulus and grouting rate of shield grouting slurry-soil complex
CN114152511B (en) * 2022-02-07 2022-04-29 中国矿业大学(北京) Method for measuring and calculating compression modulus and grouting rate of shield grouting slurry-soil complex

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN106437723A (en) Grouting method for controlling stratum settlement when shield tunneling machine passes through risk source
CN105041325B (en) Construction method of high-tension water-rich extra-large-section weak breccia tunnel
CN104265307B (en) Non-uniform-hardness stratum earth pressure balance shield tunnel underpassing railway existing line construction method
CN103334770B (en) One is grown up reverse-slope tunnel ultra high water pressure rich water zone of fracture construction method
CN103899323B (en) A kind of construction method of shield crossing rail yard
CN105804761B (en) Construction method suitable for liquefied sand stratum shield near-distance passing through building
CN207377565U (en) Constructing metro tunnel structure containing complicated geological and without shield launching place
CN110924967B (en) Fine control construction method for shield proximity sensitive building in water-rich sandy gravel stratum
CN107842374B (en) The novel inert slurry of shield and combination grouting process for upper soft lower hard water rich strata
CN107762533A (en) A kind of front pre-grouting method of high-pressure water-enriched weak surrounding rock mountain tunnel
CN102352757B (en) Method for controlling upward floating of pipe piece during shield machine air pushing through mining tunnel
CN105736004A (en) Balanced shield mud air-pressure cabin opening pressure maintaining and wall protecting construction method for shield tunneling
CN103306684A (en) Process for grouting on back of shield segment
CN103089275A (en) Control method of surrounding rocks in water-rich very-broken surrounding rock tunnel collapse sections
CN203961994U (en) Under balancing earth-pressure shielding machine, wear the concealed tunneling structure of having runed shield tunnel
CN106761782A (en) A kind of tunneling construction method for wearing operation tunnel under shield in rich water powder land floor
CN108775244A (en) A kind of Mining Method receives shield machine and shield sky pushes away construction method
CN106050185B (en) A kind of coal mining bottom plate meets the control method that tomography produces water inrush channel
CN109681236A (en) Big cross section water-rich sand layer shield driving synchronous grouting method
CN108386202A (en) City underground running tunnel list shield TBM constructions
CN109403997A (en) Earth pressure balanced shield, EPBS warehouse entry construction method
CN108412509A (en) The anti-card machine method of double-shielded TBM
CN109763828A (en) Push-bench tunneling construction method
CN103306713A (en) Networked reinforcement method for cross-layer drilling of outburst coal seam
CN110005422B (en) Shield grouting wrapping method

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
C06 Publication
PB01 Publication
C10 Entry into substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
CB03 Change of inventor or designer information
CB03 Change of inventor or designer information

Inventor after: Jiang Hua

Inventor after: Zhang Jinxun

Inventor after: Jiang Yusheng

Inventor after: Wu Fumei

Inventor after: Ding Yanjie

Inventor before: Jiang Hua

Inventor before: Zhang Jinxun

Inventor before: Jiang Yusheng

Inventor before: Wu Fumei

Inventor before: Ding Yanjie

TA01 Transfer of patent application right
TA01 Transfer of patent application right

Effective date of registration: 20170310

Address after: 100083 Beijing City, Haidian District Institute of Rutosids No. 11

Applicant after: China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing

Applicant after: Beijing City Building Group Co., Ltd.

Applicant after: BEIJING URBAN CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GROUP CO., LIMITED

Applicant after: Beijing Urban Rail Transit Construction Engineering Co., Ltd.

Address before: 100083 Beijing City, Haidian District Institute of Rutosids No. 11

Applicant before: China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing

Applicant before: Beijing City Building Group Co., Ltd.

Applicant before: BEIJING URBAN CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GROUP CO., LIMITED

TA01 Transfer of patent application right
TA01 Transfer of patent application right

Effective date of registration: 20180302

Address after: 100083 Beijing City, Haidian District Institute of Rutosids No. 11

Applicant after: China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing

Applicant after: Beijing City Building Group Co., Ltd.

Address before: 100083 Beijing City, Haidian District Institute of Rutosids No. 11

Applicant before: China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing

Applicant before: Beijing City Building Group Co., Ltd.

Applicant before: BEIJING URBAN CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GROUP CO., LIMITED

Applicant before: Beijing Urban Rail Transit Construction Engineering Co., Ltd.

WD01 Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication
WD01 Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication

Application publication date: 20170222