CN106405771A - High-sensitivity metal baseband armored vibration sensing optical cable - Google Patents
High-sensitivity metal baseband armored vibration sensing optical cable Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106405771A CN106405771A CN201611084110.6A CN201611084110A CN106405771A CN 106405771 A CN106405771 A CN 106405771A CN 201611084110 A CN201611084110 A CN 201611084110A CN 106405771 A CN106405771 A CN 106405771A
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- metal
- optical cable
- base band
- sensitivity
- optical fiber
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
- G02B6/4401—Optical cables
- G02B6/4403—Optical cables with ribbon structure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01H9/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means
- G01H9/004—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means using fibre optic sensors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
- G02B6/4401—Optical cables
- G02B6/4429—Means specially adapted for strengthening or protecting the cables
- G02B6/443—Protective covering
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a high-sensitivity metal baseband armored vibration sensing optical cable. The vibration sensing optical cable comprises optical cables, metal basebands, metal through holes, and adhesive. The optical fibers are placed in the metal basebands with semi-elliptic slots, and the two metal basebands and the optical fibers are solidified into a whole armored optical cable through opposite adhesion. By designing the metal baseband armored vibration sensing optical cable, a simple-to-process and low-cost way of armored enhanced protection is provided for optical fibers. The service life of the vibration sensing optical cable is prolonged greatly. The sensing optical cable can be welded onto an area to be monitored, and can be kept in a high-sensitivity vibration to-be-received state for a long time. By designing the metal baseband armored vibration sensing optical cable, more vibration disturbance can be converted into deformation of the optical fibers, the vibration sensing sensitivity is improved greatly, and long-distance distributed optical fiber real-time monitoring of ultra-weak vibration signals such as sound wave is realized. The high-sensitivity metal baseband armored vibration sensing optical cable can be applied to the field of distributed optical fiber vibration sensing applications.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to distributed optical fiber vibration sensing field of measuring technique is and in particular to one kind can further improve vibration
The sensing optic cable of response sensitivity.
Background technology
Based on the distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system of phase sensitive optical time domain reflection technology, with optical fiber as sensing unit
Realize full distributed oscillation real time monitoring, great innovation and application is worth in three aspects.First, made using common communications optical fiber
For vibrating sensing unit, its have small volume, lightweight, insulation, high temperature resistant, corrosion-resistant, can ultra-long span transmission, anti-electromagnetism do
The advantages of ability of disturbing is strong and easy to use, possesses crypticity and confidentiality, can be widely applied to various dangerous situations, and is easy to
Incoming fiber optic communication network, and then the high-performance optical fiber sensing network of internet of things oriented application also be can achieve on application.
Secondly as injection is light pulse signal, according to scattered light with respect to the time difference injecting light pulse, you can real
Existing space orientation, distributed optical fiber sensing technology makes full use of the feature of optical fiber one-dimensional space continuous distributed, can accurately measure
The measured field of any point gone up along the line by optical fiber(As deformation, vibration, impact etc.)Information distribution over time and space, whole optical fiber
Link is continuous induction element, is low-loss transmission passage again, can achieve to each position remote real-time monitoring of defence area scope.
Finally, by the use of high coherent laser as sensing light source(Typically require lasing light emitter live width<10kHz), from optical fiber one
High coherent laser pulse is injected at end, pulsed light optical fiber excite along the line high relevant after to Rayleigh scattering light, due to the pulse of injection
Light has regular hour pulsewidth(Tens ns magnitudes), in optical fiber, keep the backward Rayleigh scattering light of space-time synchronous that multiple beam will occur
Interference, when there is disturbance due to vibration, impact, invasion or sound wave etc. in fibre circuit, the folding of corresponding position optical fiber
Penetrate rate and length will occurrence dynamics change, lead to the interference spectrum of Rayleigh scattering light at this position respective change to occur, by right
The amplitude of Rayleigh scattering light interference spectrum and phase information are demodulated, you can obtain the full detail of vibrational perturbation.
Distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system belongs to the cutting edge technology of sensory field, and single channel vibrating sensing distance can be real
Existing more than 50 kilometers, vibration monitoring frequency range can achieve more than 1kHz, within spatial positioning accuracy can reach 5 meters, at present
Most of research work substantially also in laboratory, but some engineer applied also progressively carry out among, in practical application engineering
In, optical fiber is to be applied in the form of optical cable, and different application scenarios all has harshness to want to optical cable and its using arrangement
Ask.
Existing long-distance distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system technology at present, is primarily present two in application aspect and asks
Topic, one, part occasion vibrating sensing insufficient sensitivity, the detectivity that this technology is realized at present can reach 100n ε amount substantially
Level, but monitor occasion in some high-sensitivity vibrations, such as weak vibration, sound wave such as intercept at the field, and sensitivity is still far from enough;
2nd, in severe outdoor utility environment, how optical fiber is valid protected, but can give full play to it and pass as vibration
The effect of sense unit, this is an engineer applied problem highly studied.And current distance(>10 kilometers)Sense light
Cable is mainly with all kinds of conventional optic communication optical cables, sheath mostly plastics Polymer material.During for vibrating sensing, have and mould
The optical cable of material oversheath has Vibrant buffer to act on, and reduces vibration signal and reduces sensing sensitivity, and profile is round
Optical cable and vibration wave are linear contact lay, thus vibration information transmission efficiency is extremely low;Even if profile is the optical cable of flat, protect outside plastics
The mechanical performance of set and the vibration frequency that can respond are all relatively low.Require higher occasion at some, these optical cables all can not completely
Meet application requirement.
Content of the invention
In order to overcome the shortcoming of sensing optic cable used by current distributed optical fiber vibration sensing system, preferably meet and keeping
Distance, high vibration response frequency performance parameter simultaneously, realize the optimization of lifting further and the sensing of vibratory response sensitivity
The protection of optical cable is strengthened, and the present invention provides the sensing optic cable design that a kind of metal base band armouring is strengthened, and tool in the application
Body method for arranging.
A kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable, it includes optical fiber, metal base band, metal throuth hole and glues
Mixture;It can be implemented as optical fiber provides a kind of simple and inexpensive armouring of processing to strengthen protected mode, improves vibrating sensing
Optical cable service life;Enable vibrational perturbation is more transformed on optical-fiber deformation, improve vibrating sensing sensitivity;It is permissible
It is welded to region to be monitored, long-term holding is in high-sensitivity vibration state to be received.Metal base band is by the mutually symmetrical band of two panels
The sheet metal of groove is constituted, optical fiber be fixed between the mutually symmetrical sheet metal with groove of two panels by coat or adhesive and
It is located at by described groove, sheet metal described in optical fiber and two panels is solidified integral by adhesives.
Further, described groove is half elliptic groove.
Further, optical fiber is one or more, and fibre core is circle, and core diameter is 3 ~ 15 μm;Fibre cladding is circle,
Cladding diameter is 80 ~ 440 μm.
Further, optical fiber is the general single mode with coat or multimode fibre, and fiber size is 250 μm.
Further, the material of metal base band is copper, aluminium or stainless steel, and the thickness of base band is 0.1 ~ 0.6mm, and width is 30
~ 100mm, length determines according to distance sensing.
Further, described metal throuth hole is the hollow out sequence on metal base band, and through hole is circular hole, square hole or rectangular
Shape hole, its aperture or the length of side are 2 ~ 10mm, facilitate implementation, by metal throuth hole, vibrating sensing optical cable are welded to hardware
On.
Further, described adhesive is from the adhesive being applied to metal and glass of high intensity high stability.
Its general principles are as follows:It is used general communication single-mode fiber can realize over distance as sensing optic cable
Vibration monitoring, because optical fiber core diameter is very thin(250 microns of coat diameter of band)It is impossible to vibration signal is well received and
Transmission, thus vibration leads to optical-fiber deformation too small, there is respective change also pole in the refractive index of corresponding position optical fiber and length
It is faint, and ultimately resulting in vibration signal cannot be monitored to.In addition, this bare fibre does not take protection to strengthen, actual
Easily broken in engineering-environment and lead to not use.And commonly having protection enhanced routine sensing optic cable, sheath is mostly moulded
Material Polymer material, during vibrating sensing, plastic sheath has Vibrant buffer effect, reduces vibration signal, and profile is circle
Its vibration information transmission efficiency of the optical cable of type is extremely low;Even if profile be flat optical cable, the mechanical performance of plastic sheath and
The vibration frequency that can respond is all relatively low.
In order to solve to realize above-mentioned purpose, the technical solution used in the present invention is:A kind of flat being combined of metal base band is shaken
Dynamic sensing optic cable, including optical fiber and metal base band, Metal Substrate carries symmetrical two panels, is all machined with half elliptic groove, by patch
Optical fiber is fixed in oval groove mode, then passes through coat or adhesive, by optical fiber and two panels metal base band adhesive solidification
Integral.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that and technique effect:
(1)This metal base band armouring is strengthened sensing optic cable and is designed as a kind of simple and inexpensive armouring enhancing of processing of optical fiber offer
Protected mode, is greatly improved sensing optic cable service life, and sensing optic cable may be welded to region to be monitored, and long-term holding is in height
State to be received is vibrated in sensitivity;
(2)This metal base band armouring is strengthened sensing optic cable design and vibrational perturbation more can be transformed in the deformation of optical fiber, pole
The big sensitivity improving vibration monitoring, can achieve the long-distance distributed real-time monitoring of ultraweak vibration signal such as sound wave.
Brief description
Fig. 1 is to realize improving the schematic diagram of vibrating sensing sensitivity based on optical fiber and metal base band composite construction in example;
Fig. 2 is the structure front view that in example, sensing optic cable strengthened by high-sensitivity metal base band armouring;
Fig. 3 is the side view that in example, sensing optic cable strengthened by high-sensitivity metal base band armouring;
Fig. 4 is the application scheme of installation that in example, sensing optic cable strengthened by high-sensitivity metal base band armouring.
Specific embodiment
With reference to embodiment and accompanying drawing to the present invention be embodied as be described further, but the enforcement of the present invention and guarantor
Shield not limited to this, if it is noted that in place of having below and especially not describing in detail, it is existing to be all that those skilled in the art can refer to
Technology is realized.
The present invention proposes high-sensitivity metal base band armouring and strengthens sensing optic cable is flat composite construction, as shown in figure 1,
First, this flat composite construction provides a kind of extremely simple armouring enhancing protection so that optical fiber is difficult to be rolled over for optical fiber
Break or crush, improve its service life;Secondly, this flat composite construction provides a more good vibration receiving plane, shakes
Dynamic ripple conducts to sheet metal, causes sheet metal to deform upon, because sheet metal and optical fiber are fixed into an entirety, metal
The deformation of thin slice will drive optical-fiber deformation, and this structure can more be transformed into vibrational perturbation in the deformation of optical fiber so that phase
Answer that at position, the refractive index of optical fiber and length change are more violent, lead to the interference spectrum of Rayleigh scattering light at this position to change more
Substantially, by being demodulated to the amplitude of Rayleigh scattering light interference spectrum and phase information, you can obtain highly sensitive vibration letter
Breath monitoring;Finally, sheet metal flat composite sensing optical cable is conducive to concrete engineering application arrangement, and sheet metal can stretch tight
It is directly welded in metal fix bar after tight so that composite sensing optical cable is constantly in highly sensitive vibration state to be received.
Fig. 2 is this example high-sensitivity metal base band armouring sensing optic cable structure schematic elevation view, this high-sensitivity metal
Base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable includes optical fiber 1, metal base band 2, metal throuth hole 3 and adhesive 4;It can be implemented as optical fiber and carries
Strengthen protected mode for a kind of simple and inexpensive armouring of processing, improve vibrating sensing optical cable service life;Enable to shake
Dynamic disturbance is more transformed on optical-fiber deformation, improves vibrating sensing sensitivity;It can be soldered to region to be monitored, long-term guarantor
Hold and be in high-sensitivity vibration state to be received.Metal base band 2 is made up of the mutually symmetrical sheet metal with groove of two panels, optical fiber 1
It is fixed between the mutually symmetrical sheet metal with groove of two panels by coat or adhesive 4 and be located at by described groove, light
It is integral that fine and sheet metal described in two panels passes through adhesive 4 adhesive solidification.Described groove is half elliptic groove.
Fig. 3 is sensing optic cable design structure schematic side view, and this example includes three optical fiber(11、12、13), two panels band
The base band of half elliptic groove(21、22), metal throuth hole sequence 3, for the adhesive 4 between optical fiber and metal base band;Three light
Fine 1 is respectively placed in the groove of half elliptic groove metal tape, and two panels carries the base band 2 of half elliptic groove, by light by way of to patch
Fibre is fixed in oval groove, then will be integral to optical fiber 1 and two panels metal base band 2 adhesive solidification by adhesive 4.Wherein optical fiber 1
For the general single mode with coat or multimode fibre, its a size of 0.25mm;Metal base band 2 is sheet metal, and its material is permissible
For copper, aluminium, stainless steel etc., the thickness of base band is 0.1 ~ 0.6mm, and width is 30 ~ 100mm, and length is related to distance sensing, can root
Determine according to practical situations;Metal throuth hole 3 is by the hollow hole sequence on metal base band 2, can be circular hole, square hole or length
Square opening etc., its aperture is 2 ~ 10mm, hollow hole be designed with 2 points of purposes, one is to reduce metal base band armouring sensing optic cable
Weight, and be easy to the curling preservation of long-distance sensing optical cable and transport, two is in Practical Project construction, can be led to by metal
Sensing optic cable is welded on hardware in hole.
Fig. 4 is that the high-sensitivity metal base band armouring of this example strengthens sensing optic cable application schematic diagram, many support metals
Post 6 is fixed in the engineering-environment of required measurement, by vibrating sensing optical cable 5 along perpendicular to the direction cloth supporting metal column 6 to erect
Put over, by metal throuth hole 3, vibrating sensing optical cable 5 is welded on support metal column 6, can be by vibrating sensing light during welding
Cable 5 is tightened in advance, and then so that can keep for a long time being in high-sensitivity vibration state to be received after welding.Wherein metal base band armouring
Three composite fibers strengthened on vibrating sensing optical cable 5 are used equally to vibrating sensing, and the vibrating sensing sensitivity of intermediate fibres is
Height, on side, the vibrating sensing sensitivity of optical fiber is slightly weak.Support metal column 6 be metal support structure part, its material can for copper,
Aluminium, stainless steel etc., the size of metal column is 10 ~ 100mm.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable is it is characterised in that include optical fiber(1), metal base band(2)、
Metal throuth hole(3)And adhesive(4);Metal base band(2)It is made up of the mutually symmetrical sheet metal with groove of two panels, optical fiber(1)Logical
Cross coat or adhesive(4)It is fixed between the mutually symmetrical sheet metal with groove of two panels and be located at by described groove, light
Fine and sheet metal described in two panels passes through adhesive(4)Adhesive solidification is integral.
2. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable it is characterised in that described recessed
Groove is half elliptic groove.
3. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable it is characterised in that optical fiber
(1), optical fiber is one or more, and fibre core is circle, and core diameter is 3 ~ 15 μm;Fibre cladding be circle, cladding diameter be 80 ~
440μm.
4. as claimed in claim 3 a kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable it is characterised in that optical fiber is
General single mode with coat or multimode fibre.
5. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable it is characterised in that Metal Substrate
Band(2)Material be copper, aluminium or stainless steel, the thickness of base band is 0.1 ~ 0.6mm, and width is 30 ~ 100mm, and length is according to sensing
Distance determines.
6. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable it is characterised in that described
Metal throuth hole(3)For metal base band(2)On hollow out sequence, through hole is circular hole, square hole or slot, its aperture or the length of side
For 2 ~ 10mm.
7. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable it is characterised in that described
Adhesive(4)Using the adhesive being applied to metal and glass.
Priority Applications (1)
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CN201611084110.6A CN106405771A (en) | 2016-11-30 | 2016-11-30 | High-sensitivity metal baseband armored vibration sensing optical cable |
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CN201611084110.6A CN106405771A (en) | 2016-11-30 | 2016-11-30 | High-sensitivity metal baseband armored vibration sensing optical cable |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107543568A (en) * | 2017-09-15 | 2018-01-05 | 南京大学(苏州)高新技术研究院 | A kind of distributed sensing optical cable with boring distribution method and device |
CN113899440A (en) * | 2021-09-06 | 2022-01-07 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Distributed sound-sensitive optical fiber sensor and manufacturing method thereof |
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US5594819A (en) * | 1995-07-26 | 1997-01-14 | Electric Power Research Institute | Field-mountable fiber optic sensors for long term strain monitoring in hostile environments |
JPH11173820A (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-07-02 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | Strain sensor, its manufacture, and measuring system using the strain sensor |
CN201594154U (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2010-09-29 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Whisker non-metal vibration sensing optical cable |
CN103383246A (en) * | 2012-05-04 | 2013-11-06 | 电子科技大学 | High-sensitivity fiber Bragg grating strain sensor |
CN103955037A (en) * | 2014-04-21 | 2014-07-30 | 江苏通光海洋光电科技有限公司 | Metal band sensing optical cable and production device and method thereof |
CN206270563U (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2017-06-20 | 华南理工大学 | A kind of high-sensitivity metal base band armouring vibrating sensing optical cable |
-
2016
- 2016-11-30 CN CN201611084110.6A patent/CN106405771A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
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US5594819A (en) * | 1995-07-26 | 1997-01-14 | Electric Power Research Institute | Field-mountable fiber optic sensors for long term strain monitoring in hostile environments |
JPH11173820A (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-07-02 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | Strain sensor, its manufacture, and measuring system using the strain sensor |
CN201594154U (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2010-09-29 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | Whisker non-metal vibration sensing optical cable |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN107543568A (en) * | 2017-09-15 | 2018-01-05 | 南京大学(苏州)高新技术研究院 | A kind of distributed sensing optical cable with boring distribution method and device |
CN107543568B (en) * | 2017-09-15 | 2023-07-21 | 南京大学(苏州)高新技术研究院 | Distributed sensing optical cable while-drilling layout method and device |
CN113899440A (en) * | 2021-09-06 | 2022-01-07 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Distributed sound-sensitive optical fiber sensor and manufacturing method thereof |
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