CN106271464B - The processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket - Google Patents

The processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket Download PDF

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CN106271464B
CN106271464B CN201610865469.0A CN201610865469A CN106271464B CN 106271464 B CN106271464 B CN 106271464B CN 201610865469 A CN201610865469 A CN 201610865469A CN 106271464 B CN106271464 B CN 106271464B
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forging
broaching tool
tongue
knife
casket
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CN106271464A (en
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李海
韩秀湘
李平
李展前
方湘华
熊双建
周晓勇
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AECC South Industry Co Ltd
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China National South Aviation Industry Co Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23PMETAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23DPLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D41/00Broaching machines or broaching devices characterised only by constructional features of particular parts

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of processing methods of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket, include the following steps:A, it chooses forging and carries out mechanical roughing for the first time, leave and take forging surplus;B, normalizing is heat-treated, with the processing performance for adjusting forging material hardness and improving forging material;C, second of mechanical roughing, reduces forging surplus;D, carburizing is heat-treated, and carburizing depth is 1.5mm~1.8mm, and forging is made to obtain high surface hardness, high-wearing feature and high contact fatigue strength and bending fatigue strength;E, the mechanical roughing of third time, reduces forging surplus, carries out surface structure roughing;F, quenching treatment, so that forging material hardness reaches 56HRC~62HRC;G, machine finishing is to final size;H, molding tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket product is obtained after oxidation processes.Broaching tool knife casket surface abrasion resistance, hardness are high, substantially increase its service life, can effectively improve broaching tool knife casket machining accuracy, service life and overall technology economic benefit.

Description

The processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket
Technical field
The present invention relates to aviation part processing technique fields, particularly, are related to a kind of high-precision tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket Processing method.
Background technology
Broaching tool uses extensively in fields such as automobile, aviation, power and mechanical engineerings, and aviation field has the precision of broaching tool There is higher requirement.Broaching tool is typically mounted in knife casket and is fixedly mounted on broaching machine, so as to ensure that lathe draws the suitable of work Profit carries out;Knife casket plays very important effect in the course of work is drawn, and precision directly affects the essence of processing part Degree.
In the tongue-and-groove processing of aero-engine turbine disk, typically using the method for broaching tool drawing, this is in addition to requiring to draw Cutter has outside high precision, and the high-precision of broaching tool knife casket is the important guarantee of turbine disc mortise machining accuracy.Added using traditional Work method processes broaching tool knife casket, however it remains the problems such as making is difficult, machining accuracy is not easy to control, especially complicated, The tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket that length span is big, cross-sectional area is small, required precision is high, processing removal surplus is big, and forming difficulty is high, ruler Very little precision is difficult to ensure that, and the geometric tolerance of each working face is more difficult to control.
Invention content
The present invention provides a kind of processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket, to solve to process using traditional processing method Broaching tool knife casket there is technical issues that make difficult, machining accuracy.
The present invention provides a kind of processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket, includes the following steps:A, it chooses forging and carries out first Secondary machinery roughing, leaves and takes forging surplus;B, normalizing is heat-treated, with the processing for adjusting forging material hardness and improving forging material Performance;C, second of mechanical roughing, reduces forging surplus;D, carburizing is heat-treated, and carburizing depth is 1.5mm~1.8mm, makes forging Part obtains high surface hardness, high-wearing feature and high contact fatigue strength and bending fatigue strength;E, third time machinery is thick adds Work reduces forging surplus, carries out surface structure roughing;F, quenching treatment so that forging material hardness reach 56HRC~ 62HRC;G, machine finishing is to final size;H, molding tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket product is obtained after oxidation processes.
Further, in step a mechanical roughing for the first time the specific steps are:Forging using 20CrMnTi forging material into Row mechanical roughing for the first time, the work facial contour surplus in knife pocket are machined to unilateral 2mm~4mm, remaining working face adds Work stays remaining 5mm~10mm to unilateral, and knuckle is made in each corner, does not make empty knife and mitigates slot.
Further, in step b normalizing heat treatment the specific steps are:By forging be heated to 920 DEG C~950 DEG C heat preservation 2h~ 2.5h is cooled down in air after coming out of the stove, and to adjust the hardness of material, is improved the processing performance of material, is avoided machining In " viscous knife " the phenomenon that, shorten the production cycle, improve the mechanical performance of utilization rate of equipment and installations and material;Also it is simultaneously follow-up carburizing heat Processing is prepared, to reduce the deflection of forging.
Further, second of mechanical roughing specific steps in step c:Work facial contour surplus processing in knife pocket To unilateral 0.6mm-0.8mm, for the surplus design of remaining working face into unilateral 0.7mm-0.9mm, knuckle is made in each corner, makees Good sky knife and bottom surface mitigate slot.
Further, in step d carburizing heat treatment the specific steps are:Using pack carburizing method, one is put at cementing pot bottom The solid carburizer of thickness 70mm~80mm, and beat real, forging is laid on solid carburizer, between forging and tank wall and Interval between same layer forging is filled out therebetween with solid carburizer not less than 50mm, slightly beats reality, to reduce gap, and make forging Part obtains stable support, fills up solid carburizer later, in pack carburizing oxidant layer upper berth lid asbestos board, case lid surrounding before joint sealing It is sealed with fire clay, carburizing sample is inserted into 150mm or so in case, and bind securely from case lid upper end, facilitates taking-up, carburizing examination Material entrance is sealed with fire clay;By cementing pot heat stepwise:3h~4h, 800 DEG C~850 DEG C heat preservations are kept the temperature at 500 DEG C~550 DEG C 3.5h~4h, 910 DEG C~930 DEG C heat preservation 15h~18h, takes a carburizing sample to check carburized (case) depth, according to carburized (case) depth Decision is come out of the stove the time, is cooled down in air with case after coming out of the stove;Taken out after forging is as cold as room temperature, then carry out one time 620 DEG C ~650 DEG C of high tempering, and be straightened while hot.
Further, in step e the mechanical roughing of third time the specific steps are:Each working face made allowance 0.6mm of forging, It performs each threaded hole, empty knife, shape skewed slot and bottom surface and mitigates slot.
Further, in step f quenching treatment the specific steps are:Forging is placed in channel steel, using resistance carbon agent protection; After bench vehicle type electrical resistance furnace is heated to 800 DEG C~850 DEG C, channel steel and forging are put into, is heated to 810 DEG C~820 DEG C heat preservation 3h~4h Quenching, is straightened while hot after oil cooling, and carries out 330 DEG C~350 DEG C of temper.
Further, in step g machine finishing the specific steps are:Mechanical semifinishing processing is carried out to forging, is carried out The processing of first time artificial aging, carries out first time finishing processing, carries out second of artificial aging processing, carries out second of finishing Work is handled to final size;It is handled by first time artificial aging and second of artificial aging is handled, to eliminate forging internal stress, Reduce forging to deform caused by high-rate grinding;When finishing is ground working face, the nonmagnetic cushion block of cushioning below forging, with It eliminates or reduces workbench to act on the magnetically attractive of forging, prevent because forging is resiliently deformed when workbench magnetic force unloads;Grinding Grinding wheel used in the knife pocket of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket is form grinding wheel, to reduce the contact area of grinding wheel and working face, improves and adds Work surface quality;It is fully cooled in grinding process using cutting fluid;Finishing makes forging appearance and size allowance control in 0.01mm Within, each facial plane degree, the depth of parallelism and degree control within 0.01mm, the dimensional tolerance control of wall thickness 0.005mm it It is interior.
Further, mechanical semifinishing processing the specific steps are:The modified method grinding tongue-and-groove of step grinding is taken to draw The knife casket straight slot of knife knife casket from knife casket straight slot both ends is ground, and control grinding wheel stroke, both ends working face is avoided to participate in separately Grinding, and grinding and feeding amount 0.005mm is controlled, interlude bulge phenomenon is eliminated with this;It is adjusted repeatedly in grinding process Whole workpiece avoids the working face of milled from participating in follow-up grinding, until tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket overall length uniform wall thickness, and reach size Tolerance.
Further, for the first time finishing processing the specific steps are:In the case where other grinding parameters remain unchanged, root Pre-adjustment amendment is carried out according to the practical exposure value of the knife pocket of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket, the method that packing paper adjusts is taken to eliminate because of grinding wheel Open error caused by knife is allowed, so as to reach workpiece Geometrical Tolerance Principle.
Further, second finishing processing the specific steps are:It finishes in grinding process, the grinding process ginseng of use Number is:Grinding wheel graininess 60-80;Grinding wheel peripheral speed 17m/s~35m/s;Moving speed of table 15m/min~20m/min; Per knife amount of feeding 0.005mm.
The invention has the advantages that:
The processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket of the present invention makes forging surface quality reach high-precision requirement, cooperation high-precision The long broaching tool of tongue-and-groove smoothly completes the processing of aero-engine turbine disk tongue-and-groove, ensures the processing quality of tongue-and-groove.And broaching tool knife casket Surface abrasion resistance, hardness are high, substantially increase its service life, can effectively improve broaching tool knife casket machining accuracy, service life and whole Body technique economic benefit.
Other than objects, features and advantages described above, the present invention also has other objects, features and advantages. Below with reference to figure, the present invention is described in further detail.
Description of the drawings
The attached drawing for forming the part of the application is used to provide further understanding of the present invention, schematic reality of the invention Example and its explanation are applied for explaining the present invention, is not constituted improper limitations of the present invention.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the structure diagram of the processing method of the tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structure diagram of the tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket of the machine-shaping of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
The embodiment of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with attached drawing, but the present invention can be limited by following and The multitude of different ways of covering is implemented.
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, the processing method of the tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket of the present embodiment, includes the following steps:A, forging is chosen Part carries out mechanical roughing for the first time, leaves and takes forging surplus;B, normalizing is heat-treated, to adjust forging material hardness and improve forging The processing performance of material;C, second of mechanical roughing, reduces forging surplus;D, carburizing be heat-treated, carburizing depth for 1.5mm~ 1.8mm makes forging obtain high surface hardness, high-wearing feature and high contact fatigue strength and bending fatigue strength;E, third Secondary machinery roughing, reduces forging surplus, carries out surface structure roughing;F, quenching treatment, so that forging material hardness reaches 56HRC~62HRC;G, machine finishing is to final size;H, molding tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket product is obtained after oxidation processes.This hair The processing method of bright tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket, makes forging surface quality reach high-precision requirement, and the cooperation long broaching tool of high-precision tongue-and-groove is suitable Profit completes the processing of aero-engine turbine disk tongue-and-groove, ensures the processing quality of tongue-and-groove.And broaching tool knife casket surface abrasion resistance, hardness Height substantially increases its service life, can effectively improve broaching tool knife casket machining accuracy, service life and overall technology economy effect Benefit.
In the present embodiment, in step a mechanical roughing for the first time the specific steps are:Forging uses 20CrMnTi forging materials Carry out mechanical roughing for the first time, the work facial contour surplus in knife pocket is machined to unilateral 2mm~4mm, remaining working face is equal Be machined to it is unilateral stay remaining 5mm~10mm, knuckle is made in each corner, do not make empty knife and mitigate slot.
In the present embodiment, in step b normalizing heat treatment the specific steps are:Forging is heated to 920 DEG C~950 DEG C heat preservation 2h ~2.5h, is cooled down in air after coming out of the stove, and to adjust the hardness of material, improves the processing performance of material, and cutting is avoided to add In work the phenomenon that " viscous knife ", shorten the production cycle, improve utilization rate of equipment and installations and the mechanical performance of material;Also it is follow-up carburizing simultaneously Heat treatment is prepared, to reduce the deflection of forging.
In the present embodiment, second of mechanical roughing specific steps in step c:Work facial contour surplus in knife pocket adds Work is to unilateral 0.6mm-0.8mm, and for the surplus design of remaining working face into unilateral 0.7mm-0.9mm, knuckle is made in each corner, It performs sky knife and bottom surface mitigates slot.
In the present embodiment, in step d carburizing heat treatment the specific steps are:Using pack carburizing method, put at cementing pot bottom The solid carburizer of one thickness 70mm~80mm, and beat real, forging is laid on solid carburizer, between forging and tank wall with And the interval between same layer forging is filled out therebetween with solid carburizer not less than 50mm, slightly beats reality, to reduce gap, and make Forging obtains stable support, fills up solid carburizer later, in pack carburizing oxidant layer upper berth lid asbestos board, case lid four before joint sealing Week is sealed with fire clay, and carburizing sample is inserted into 150mm or so in case, and bind securely from case lid upper end, facilitates taking-up, carburizing Sample entrance is sealed with fire clay;By cementing pot heat stepwise:3h~4h, 800 DEG C~850 DEG C guarantors are kept the temperature at 500 DEG C~550 DEG C Warm 3.5h~4h, 910 DEG C~930 DEG C heat preservation 15h~18h, takes a carburizing sample to check carburized (case) depth, according to carburized layer depth Degree determines to come out of the stove the time, is cooled down in air with case after coming out of the stove;It takes out, then carries out one time 620 after forging is as cold as room temperature DEG C~650 DEG C of high tempering, and be straightened while hot.
In the present embodiment, in step e the mechanical roughing of third time the specific steps are:Each working face made allowance of forging 0.6mm performs each threaded hole, empty knife, shape skewed slot and bottom surface and mitigates slot.
In the present embodiment, in step f quenching treatment the specific steps are:Forging is placed in channel steel, is protected using resistance carbon agent Shield;After bench vehicle type electrical resistance furnace is heated to 800 DEG C~850 DEG C, be put into channel steel and forging, be heated to 810 DEG C~820 DEG C heat preservation 3h~ 4h is quenched, and is straightened while hot after oil cooling, and carries out 330 DEG C~350 DEG C of temper.
In the present embodiment, in step g machine finishing the specific steps are:Mechanical semifinishing processing is carried out to forging, into The processing of row first time artificial aging, carries out first time finishing processing, carries out second of artificial aging processing, carries out second of essence Working process is to final size;It is handled by first time artificial aging and second of artificial aging is handled, to eliminate forging planted agent Power reduces forging and is deformed caused by high-rate grinding;When finishing is ground working face, the nonmagnetic pad of cushioning below forging Block acts on the magnetically attractive of forging with eliminating or reducing workbench, prevents because forging is resiliently deformed when workbench magnetic force unloads; The grinding wheel being ground used in the knife pocket of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket is form grinding wheel, to reduce the contact area of grinding wheel and working face, is carried High machined surface quality;It is fully cooled in grinding process using cutting fluid;Finishing makes forging appearance and size allowance control exist Within 0.01mm, each facial plane degree, the depth of parallelism and degree control within 0.01mm, the dimensional tolerance control of wall thickness exists Within 0.005mm.
In the present embodiment, mechanical semifinishing processing the specific steps are:Take the modified method grinding tongue-and-groove of step grinding The knife casket straight slot of broaching tool knife casket is ground, and control grinding wheel stroke separately from knife casket straight slot both ends, avoids both ends working face ginseng With grinding, and grinding and feeding amount 0.005mm is controlled, interlude bulge phenomenon is eliminated with this;In grinding process repeatedly Workpiece is adjusted, the working face of milled is avoided to participate in follow-up grinding, until tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket overall length uniform wall thickness, and reach ruler Very little tolerance.
In the present embodiment, for the first time finishing processing the specific steps are:In the case where other grinding parameters remain unchanged, Pre-adjustment amendment is carried out according to the practical exposure value of the knife pocket of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket, the method that packing paper adjusts is taken to eliminate because of sand Wheel allows open error caused by knife, so as to reach workpiece Geometrical Tolerance Principle;Second finishing processing the specific steps are:Finishing In work grinding process, the grinding process parameters that use for:Grinding wheel graininess 60-80;Grinding wheel peripheral speed 17m/s~35m/s;Work Make platform movement speed 15m/min~20m/min;Per knife amount of feeding 0.005mm.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, for the skill of this field For art personnel, the invention may be variously modified and varied.All within the spirits and principles of the present invention, that is made any repaiies Change, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket, which is characterized in that include the following steps:
A, it chooses forging and carries out mechanical roughing for the first time, leave and take forging surplus;
B, normalizing is heat-treated, with the processing performance for adjusting forging material hardness and improving forging material;
C, second of mechanical roughing, reduces forging surplus;
D, carburizing is heat-treated, and carburizing depth is 1.5mm~1.8mm, and forging is made to obtain high surface hardness, high-wearing feature and high Contact fatigue strength and bending fatigue strength;
E, the mechanical roughing of third time, reduces forging surplus, carries out surface structure roughing;
F, quenching treatment, so that forging material hardness reaches 56HRC~62HRC;
G, machine finishing is to final size;
In the step g machine finishing the specific steps are:Mechanical semifinishing processing is carried out to forging, is carried out artificial for the first time Ageing treatment carries out first time finishing processing, carries out second of artificial aging processing, carries out second of finishing processing to most Whole size;Handled by first time artificial aging and second artificial aging handled, to eliminate forging internal stress, reduce forging because It is deformed caused by high-rate grinding;When finishing is ground working face, the nonmagnetic cushion block of cushioning below forging, to eliminate or reduce Workbench acts on the magnetically attractive of forging, prevents because forging is resiliently deformed when workbench magnetic force unloads;It is ground tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife Grinding wheel used in the knife pocket of casket is form grinding wheel, to reduce the contact area of grinding wheel and working face, improves machined surface quality; It is fully cooled in grinding process using cutting fluid;Finishing makes forging appearance and size allowance control within 0.01mm, each face is put down Within 0.01mm, the dimensional tolerance of wall thickness is controlled within 0.005mm for face degree, the depth of parallelism and degree control;
Mechanical semifinishing processing the specific steps are:The knife casket of the modified method grinding tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket of step grinding is taken to lead to Slot from knife casket straight slot both ends is ground, and control grinding wheel stroke, both ends working face is avoided to participate in grinding separately, and Grinding and feeding amount 0.005mm is controlled, interlude bulge phenomenon is eliminated with this;It adjusts workpiece repeatedly in grinding process, avoids The working face of milled participates in follow-up grinding, until tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket overall length uniform wall thickness, and reach size tolerance requirements;
H, molding tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket product is obtained after oxidation processes.
2. the processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
In the step a mechanical roughing for the first time the specific steps are:
Forging carries out mechanical roughing for the first time using 20CrMnTi forging material,
Work facial contour surplus in knife pocket is machined to unilateral 2mm~4mm, remaining working face is machined to unilateral stay remaining 5mm ~10mm,
Knuckle is made in each corner, does not make empty knife and mitigates slot.
3. the processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
In the step b normalizing heat treatment the specific steps are:
Forging is heated to 920 DEG C~950 DEG C heat preservation 2h~2.5h,
It is cooled down in air after coming out of the stove, to adjust the hardness of material, improves the processing performance of material, avoid in machining The phenomenon that " viscous knife ", shortens the production cycle, improves utilization rate of equipment and installations and the mechanical performance of material;
It also prepares simultaneously for follow-up carburizing heat treatment, to reduce the deflection of forging.
4. the processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
Second of mechanical roughing specific steps in the step c:
Work facial contour surplus in knife pocket is machined to unilateral 0.6mm-0.8mm, the surplus design of remaining working face is into unilateral 0.7mm-0.9mm,
Knuckle is made in each corner, performs sky knife and bottom surface mitigates slot.
5. the processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
In the step d carburizing heat treatment the specific steps are:
Using pack carburizing method, the solid carburizer of a thickness 70mm~80mm is put at cementing pot bottom, and is beaten in fact,
Forging is laid on solid carburizer, the interval between forging and tank wall and between same layer forging is not less than 50mm fills out therebetween with solid carburizer, slightly beats reality, to reduce gap, and forging is made to obtain stable support,
Solid carburizer is filled up later, is sealed before joint sealing in pack carburizing oxidant layer upper berth lid asbestos board, case lid surrounding with fire clay,
Carburizing sample is inserted into 150mm or so in case, and bind securely from case lid upper end, facilitates taking-up, carburizing sample entrance is used Fire clay seals;
By cementing pot heat stepwise:
500 DEG C~550 DEG C keep the temperature 3h~4h, 800 DEG C~850 DEG C heat preservation 3.5h~4h, 910 DEG C~930 DEG C heat preservation 15h~ 18h takes a carburizing sample to check carburized (case) depth, is come out of the stove the time according to carburized (case) depth decision, with case in air after coming out of the stove In cooled down;
It is taken out after forging is as cold as room temperature, then carries out the high tempering of 620 DEG C~650 DEG C, and be straightened while hot.
6. the processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
In the step e the mechanical roughing of third time the specific steps are:
Each working face made allowance 0.6mm of forging performs each threaded hole, empty knife, shape skewed slot and bottom surface and mitigates slot.
7. the processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
In the step f quenching treatment the specific steps are:
Forging is placed in channel steel, using resistance carbon agent protection;
After bench vehicle type electrical resistance furnace is heated to 800 DEG C~850 DEG C, channel steel and forging are put into, is heated to 810 DEG C~820 DEG C heat preservation 3h ~4h is quenched,
It is straightened while hot after oil cooling, and carries out 330 DEG C~350 DEG C of temper.
8. the processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket according to claim 1, which is characterized in that
For the first time finishing processing the specific steps are:
In the case where other grinding parameters remain unchanged, carried out according to the practical exposure value of the knife pocket of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket pre- Adjustment is corrected, and the method that packing paper adjusts is taken to eliminate the open error caused by grinding wheel is by knife, so as to reach workpiece geometric tolerance It is required that;
Second finishing processing the specific steps are:
Finish in grinding process, the grinding process parameters that use for:Grinding wheel graininess 60-80;Grinding wheel peripheral speed 17m/s~ 35m/s;Moving speed of table 15m/min~20m/min;Per knife amount of feeding 0.005mm.
CN201610865469.0A 2016-09-30 2016-09-30 The processing method of tongue-and-groove broaching tool knife casket Active CN106271464B (en)

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Patentee after: China Hangfa South Industrial Co. Ltd.

Address before: 412002 Dong Jiaduan, Zhuzhou, Hunan

Patentee before: China Southern Airlines Industry (Group) Co., Ltd.

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