CN106264453B - Endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system - Google Patents

Endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system Download PDF

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CN106264453B
CN106264453B CN201610591377.8A CN201610591377A CN106264453B CN 106264453 B CN106264453 B CN 106264453B CN 201610591377 A CN201610591377 A CN 201610591377A CN 106264453 B CN106264453 B CN 106264453B
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imaging
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laser
endoscopic
laser speckle
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CN106264453A (en
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李凌
辜嘉
李志成
温铁祥
秦文健
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Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology of CAS
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/04Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor combined with photographic or television appliances
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B1/00Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
    • A61B1/06Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor with illuminating arrangements
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0048Detecting, measuring or recording by applying mechanical forces or stimuli
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/026Measuring blood flow

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Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of endoscopic imagings and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system.The endoscopic imaging includes with laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system:Endoscopic imaging subsystem, laser speckle imaging subsystems and image co-registration processing equipment, in endoscopic imaging subsystem, ccd detector and LED light source are installed in the first end of endoscopic flexible pipe, ccd detector and LED light source are electrically connected with the first image processing apparatus respectively, in laser speckle imaging subsystems, laser module is installed in the first end of endoscopic flexible pipe, the optical path downstream in laser module is arranged in second image processing apparatus, and the first image processing apparatus and the second image processing apparatus are electrically connected with image co-registration processing equipment respectively.Technical scheme of the present invention can solve the problems, such as that laser speckle imaging is limited to optical imagery light structures in the prior art and photon penetration depth is shallow and can not be scanned imaging from vitro.

Description

Endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system
Technical field
The present invention relates to medical imaging technology fields, and in particular, to a kind of endoscopic imaging melts with laser speckle imaging Synthesized image system.
Background technology
Laser speckle contrast imaging technology is to obtain particle by analyzing moving particle to the scattering properties of coherent laser The technology of movement velocity.Laser speckle contrast imaging can carry out the microcirculation blood flow of living body biological the reality of high-spatial and temporal resolution When the whole audience be imaged.Due to non-contact, the advantages that hurtless measure, fast imaging, laser speckle imaging technology is highly suitable for blood The imaging measurement of liquid microcirculation.Blood vessels caliber, vessel density can be measured using laser speckle technique, velocity of blood flow and blood flow fill The microcirculation parameters such as note.By investigating the structure of microcirculatory vascular, microcirculation function and metabolic activity, pathology mistake can be studied The rule and its pathomechanism of microcirculation change in journey, to medical diagnosis on disease, illness analysis and treatment measure all have important meaning Justice.
Laser speckle blood current imaging category optical imaging field has the advantages such as the quick, whole audience, lossless, but is limited to optics Imaging illumination detecting structure and photon penetration depth, the blood flow imaging based on the technology are limited to tissue surface, depth bounds about milli Rice or hundreds of microns.When the real-time detection in vivo organism deep tissues of needs or intraluminal tissue (such as stomach wall, intestinal wall) blood distribution And when variation, laser speckle blood current imaging obviously can not be scanned imaging from vitro.
Invention content
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of endoscopic imagings and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, it is intended to solve Laser speckle imaging is limited to optical imagery light structures in the prior art and photon penetration depth is shallow and can not be carried out from external The problem of scanning imagery.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical scheme is that:There is provided a kind of endoscopic imaging and laser speckle at As fusion of imaging system, including:Endoscopic imaging subsystem, endoscopic imaging subsystem include endoscopic flexible pipe, ccd detector, LED light source and the first image processing apparatus, ccd detector and LED light source are installed in the first end of endoscopic flexible pipe, and CCD is visited Device and LED light source is surveyed to be electrically connected by data line and the first image processing apparatus respectively;Laser speckle imaging subsystems, Laser speckle imaging subsystems include laser module and the second image processing apparatus, and laser module installs the first end of endoscopic flexible pipe On, laser module sends out laser irradiation object, and laser module receives the signal light that object reflects, at the second image The optical path downstream in laser module is arranged in reason device;At image co-registration processing equipment, the first image processing apparatus and the second image Device is managed to be electrically connected by data line and image co-registration processing equipment respectively.
Optionally, laser module includes:Laser;The polarizer, the polarizer are mounted in the light extraction light path of laser;Scanning The optical path downstream in the polarizer is arranged in mirror assembly, scanning mirror assembly, and scans mirror assembly reflection light to irradiate scanning object; Image-forming assembly is detected, the optical path downstream in detection image-forming assembly is arranged in the second image processing apparatus, and the detection of detection image-forming assembly is simultaneously Signal light is received, and signal light is transmitted to the second image processing apparatus.
Optionally, scanning mirror assembly includes scanning galvanometer, focal lens and the polarization point set gradually along optical path direction Mating plate, scanning galvanometer focused by focal lens rotatably arranged with the reflection of, polarization spectro piece after light to irradiate object, It detects image-forming assembly to be arranged between polarization spectro piece and the second image processing apparatus, the light of object reflection passes through polarization spectro Enter detection image-forming assembly after piece.
Optionally, detection image-forming assembly includes the analyzer set gradually and micro-imaging portion, the light of object reflection according to It is secondary to pass through polarization spectro piece, analyzer and micro-imaging portion.
Optionally, laser module further includes neutral colour filter, and neutral colour filter is arranged between the polarizer and scanning galvanometer.
Optionally, laser module further includes extender lens group mirror, and the setting of extender lens group mirror is filtered in scanning galvanometer with neutral Between mating plate.
Optionally, the first image processing apparatus includes CCD Acquisition Circuits portion and figure pretreatment portion, CCD Acquisition Circuits portion It is electrically connected with ccd detector, CCD Acquisition Circuits portion is electrically connected with figure pretreatment portion, and figure pretreatment portion melts with image Processing equipment is closed to be electrically connected.
Optionally, the second image processing apparatus includes at original speckle image data acquisition portion and laser speckle imaging data Reason portion, the signal light that original speckle image data acquisition portion acquisition object reflects, original speckle image data acquisition portion It is electrically connected with laser speckle imaging data processing unit, laser speckle imaging data processing unit and image co-registration processing equipment are electrical Connection.
Optionally, image co-registration processing equipment includes analog to digital conversion circuit portion and microcomputer portion, analog to digital conversion circuit portion with it is micro- Machine portion is electrically connected, and analog to digital conversion circuit portion is electrically connected with the first image processing apparatus, analog to digital conversion circuit portion and the second figure As processing unit is electrically connected.
Optionally, image co-registration processing equipment further includes pci interface portion, is passed through between analog to digital conversion circuit portion and microcomputer portion Pci interface portion is electrically connected.
In the present invention, the endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system by ccd detector carry out in peep Scanning, and illuminated by LED light source, and at the same time carrying out laser speckle image scanning, then, first by laser module The data that image processing apparatus scans ccd detector carry out initial image procossing, and the second image processing apparatus is to laser group The speckle image data of part scanning carry out initial image procossing, then carry out endoscopic imaging by image co-registration processing equipment Merging between being imaged with laser speckle, the speckle to realize surface imaging and its internal flow cycle to object are imaged The fusion of imaging being combined provides accurate pathology imaging data to the pathological changes diagnosis of discrimination objective object.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation frame of the endoscopic imaging of the present invention and the embodiment of laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system Figure;
Fig. 2 is the endoscopic imaging of the present invention and the laser module in the embodiment of laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system Structural schematic diagram.
In the accompanying drawings:
10, endoscopic imaging subsystem;11, endoscopic flexible pipe;12, ccd detector;13, LED light source;
14, the first image processing apparatus;141, CCD Acquisition Circuits portion;142, figure pretreatment portion;
20, laser speckle imaging subsystems;21, laser module;211, laser;212, the polarizer;
213, mirror assembly is scanned;2131, scanning galvanometer;2132, focal lens;
2133, polarization spectro piece;214, image-forming assembly is detected;2141, analyzer;
2142, micro-imaging portion;215, neutral colour filter;216, extender lens group mirror;
22, the second image processing apparatus;221, original speckle image data acquisition portion;
222, laser speckle imaging data processing unit;30, image co-registration processing equipment;
31, analog to digital conversion circuit portion;32, microcomputer portion;33, pci interface portion;100, object.
Specific implementation mode
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and It is not used in the restriction present invention.
It should be noted that when element is referred to as " being fixed on " or " being set to " another element, it can be directly another On one element or it is connected on another element.When an element is referred to as " being connected to " another element, it can be with It is directly to another element or is indirectly connected on another element.
It should also be noted that, the orientation term such as left and right, upper and lower in the present embodiment, be only each other relative concept or It is reference with the normal operating condition of product, and should not be regarded as restrictive.
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, the endoscopic imaging of the present embodiment and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system include interior peep Mirror imaging subsystems 10, laser speckle imaging subsystems 20 and image co-registration processing equipment 30.In the present invention, endoscopic imaging Subsystem 10 includes endoscopic flexible pipe 11, ccd detector 12, LED light source 13 and the first image processing apparatus 14, ccd detector 12 It is installed in LED light source 13 in the first end of endoscopic flexible pipe 11, ccd detector 12 and LED light source 13 are passed by data respectively Defeated line and the first image processing apparatus 14 are electrically connected, and laser speckle imaging subsystems 20 include laser module 21 and the second image Processing unit 22, laser module 21 are installed in the first end of endoscopic flexible pipe 11, and laser module 21 sends out laser irradiation object 100, and laser module 21 receives the signal light that object 100 reflects, the second image processing apparatus 22 is arranged in laser group The optical path downstream of part 21, the first image processing apparatus 14 and the second image processing apparatus 22 pass through data line and image respectively Fusion treatment equipment 30 is electrically connected.
The endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system by ccd detector 12 carry out in peep scanning, and It is illuminated by LED light source 13, and at the same time carrying out laser speckle image scanning, then, the first figure by laser module 21 The data for scanning ccd detector 12 as processing unit 14 carry out initial image procossing, and the second image processing apparatus 22 is to swashing The speckle image data that optical assembly 21 scans carry out initial image procossing, are then carried out by image co-registration processing equipment 30 interior Sight glass is imaged merging between being imaged with laser speckle, and to be realized to object 100, surface is imaged and its internal flow follows The speckle of ring is imaged the fusion of imaging being combined, and accurate pathology imaging money is provided to the pathological changes diagnosis of discrimination objective object 100 Material.
As shown in Fig. 2, the endoscopic imaging and the laser module 21 of laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system include laser Device 211, the polarizer 212, scanning mirror assembly 213 and detection image-forming assembly 214, the polarizer 212 are mounted on the light extraction of laser 211 In light path, the optical path downstream in the polarizer 212 is arranged in scanning mirror assembly 213, and scans 213 reflection light of mirror assembly and swept with irradiating Object 100 is retouched, the optical path downstream in detection image-forming assembly 214 is arranged in the second image processing apparatus 22, detects image-forming assembly 214 Detect and receive the signal light that object 100 reflects, and by the signal light be transmitted to the second image processing apparatus 22 into The initial treatment of row image.Since the camera lens (i.e. ccd detector 12) of 21 endoscopically of laser module enters the interior of human body together The position (i.e. object 100) of portion's organ is scanned, and can be carried out at the same time the real-time inspection of scope and intracavitary gastrointestinal mucosa blood flow It looks into.Laser beam is sent out by laser 211, by obtaining polarised light after the polarizer 212, then polarised light is scanned through mirror Component 213 irradiates and scans object 100, and object 100 reflects signal light at this time, which is detected as group Part 214 is captured and is imaged.
Specifically, scanning mirror assembly 213 includes scanning galvanometer 2131, the focal lens set gradually along optical path direction 2132 and polarization spectro piece 2133.Scanning galvanometer 2131 is rotatably arranged with the scanning galvanometer 2131 of the present embodiment, which is mounted on, to be driven On motivation structure, by controlling the movement of driving mechanism to drive scanning galvanometer 2131 to rotate, to realize that scanning galvanometer 2131 will Incident light reflection propagates to focal lens 2132.Light after focal lens 2132 by being converted into horizontal focusing light. The reflection of polarization spectro piece 2133, to irradiate object 100, detects image-forming assembly 214 by the light after the focusing of focal lens 2132 It is arranged between polarization spectro piece 2133 and the second image processing apparatus 22, the light that object 100 reflects passes through polarization spectro piece Enter detection image-forming assembly 214 after 2133.
In the present embodiment, laser module 21 further includes neutral colour filter 215 and extender lens group mirror 216, and neutrality filters Piece 215 and extender lens group mirror 216 are in turn arranged between the polarizer 212 and scanning galvanometer 2131.What laser 211 was sent out Light is polarized after device 212 polarized, and light is filtered by neutral colour filter 215, then by extender lens group mirror 216 After light beam is expanded, light carries out reflection propagation by scanning galvanometer 2131.
Detection image-forming assembly 214 includes the analyzer 2141 set gradually and micro-imaging portion 2142, and object 100 reflects Light successively pass through polarization spectro piece 2133, analyzer 2141 and micro-imaging portion 2142., since incident light beam first passes around The polarizer 212 and obtain polarised light, therefore, object 100 reflect light in only polarised light can pass through analyzer 2141 Enter micro-imaging portion 2142 later.
In traditional speckle imaging system, laser illuminates sample with a low-angle inclination angle.And the present embodiment Endoscopic imaging is with laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system by using a polarization spectro piece 2133 so that irradiation light can 100 surface of object is impinged perpendicularly on, the light energy distribution to ensure that linear light sorurce both sides is more uniform.
As shown in Figure 1, the first image processing apparatus 14 includes CCD Acquisition Circuits portion 141 and figure pretreatment portion 142, CCD Acquisition Circuit portion 141 is electrically connected with ccd detector 12, and CCD Acquisition Circuits portion 141 is electrically connected with figure pretreatment portion 142, After ccd detector 12 scans the surface of object 100, imaging data is acquired by CCD Acquisition Circuits portion 141, and is transmitted to Figure pretreatment portion 142 carries out pre-imaging processing, and figure pretreatment portion 142 is electrically connected with image co-registration processing equipment 30.The Two image processing apparatus 22 include original speckle image data acquisition portion 221 and laser speckle imaging data processing unit 222, when sharp During optical assembly 21 scans object 100, original speckle image data acquisition portion 221 acquires what object 100 reflected Signal light, original speckle image data acquisition portion 221 are electrically connected with laser speckle imaging data processing unit 222, swash at this time Light speckle imaging data processing unit 222 carries out pre-imaging processing to the laser speckle image data of acquisition, and laser speckle is imaged number It is electrically connected according to processing unit 222 and image co-registration processing equipment 30.Image co-registration processing equipment 30 is by endoscopic imaging and laser Speckle imaging exports the integrated imaging of object 100 after being merged, can not only specify esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gall-bladder, liver Dirty, duodenum, the positioning of large intestine and the disease of lung, etiologic diagnosis, and essence can be provided to gastrointestinal wall and its adjacent tissue The inspection method of true blood flow imaging.
In addition, CCD Acquisition Circuits portion 141 can also substitute the original speckle image number in laser speckle imaging subsystems 20 Laser speckle image-forming data acquisition is carried out according to acquisition portion 221, simplifies the configuration of system on the basis of ensureing that system function is stablized, And acquire the image data of both modalities which respectively by the speed of 60 frames of control system/second.
In the present embodiment, image co-registration processing equipment 30 includes analog to digital conversion circuit portion 31, microcomputer portion 32 and pci interface Portion 33, between analog to digital conversion circuit portion 31 and microcomputer portion 32 by pci interface portion 33 be electrically connected, analog to digital conversion circuit portion 31 with First image processing apparatus 14 is electrically connected, and analog to digital conversion circuit portion 31 and the second image processing apparatus 22 are electrically connected.Pass through Analog to digital conversion circuit portion 31 converts analog signal to digital signal and carries out image information transmission, to have to imaging data Fidelity is imitated, to realize the imaging of high-quality laser speckle and endoscopic imaging, and is shown in the display screen in microcomputer portion 32 in real time On curtain.
Using the endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system of the present embodiment, it can realize that image is adopted in real time Collection, display and storage handle (present invention is that endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion are handled) by multi-modality image fusion, It realizes the Intelligent treatment analysis of pathology, and pathological picture can be transmitted in real time, to realize remote medical consultation with specialists function.
The endoscopic imaging both can directly have been observed viscous with laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system by fujinon electronic video endoscope The pathological change form of film surface, and the real time imagery of gastrointestinal mucosa blood flow can be carried out, realize benign, malignant diseases that gastrointestinal wall occurs The diagnosis and discriminating of change, at the same cancer stove invades gastrointestinal wall depth, whether there is or not regional lymph nodes and the diffusion of adjacent tissue organ, Transfer offers some clarification.The endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system have general, not damaged and without ionization spoke The advantage penetrated does not need special endoscope support, therefore the endoscopic imaging can with laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system For any endoscopic system for having standard rocket channel, application prospect is extensive, and easy to operate, flexible, conveniently.
The above is merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, be not intended to limit the invention, it is all the present invention spirit and All any modification, equivalent and improvement made by within principle etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of endoscopic imaging and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, which is characterized in that including:
Endoscopic imaging subsystem (10), the endoscopic imaging subsystem (10) include endoscopic flexible pipe (11), ccd detector (12), LED light source (13) and the first image processing apparatus (14), the ccd detector (12) and the LED light source (13) are pacified In the first end of the endoscopic flexible pipe (11), the ccd detector (12) and the LED light source (13) pass through data respectively Transmission line is electrically connected with described first image processing unit (14);
Laser speckle imaging subsystems (20), the laser speckle imaging subsystems (20) include laser module (21) and the second figure As processing unit (22), the laser module (21) is installed in the first end of the endoscopic flexible pipe (11), the laser module (21) laser irradiation object (100) is sent out, and the laser module (21) receives the signal that the object (100) reflects Light, optical path downstream of the second image processing apparatus (22) setting in the laser module (21);
Image co-registration processing equipment (30), described first image processing unit (14) and second image processing apparatus (22) point It is not electrically connected by data line and described image fusion treatment equipment (30);
Wherein, the laser module (21) includes:
Laser (211);
The polarizer (212), the polarizer (212) are mounted in the light extraction light path of the laser (211);
Mirror assembly (213) is scanned, the optical path downstream in the polarizer (212) is arranged in the scanning mirror assembly (213), and described Scanning mirror assembly (213) reflection light is to irradiate scanning object (100);
Detect image-forming assembly (214), light of the second image processing apparatus (22) setting in the detection image-forming assembly (214) Road downstream, the detection image-forming assembly (214) are detected and simultaneously receive the signal light, and the signal light are transmitted to described Second image processing apparatus (22);
The scanning mirror assembly (213) includes scanning galvanometer (2131), the focal lens set gradually along optical path direction (2132) and polarization spectro piece (2133), the scanning galvanometer (2131) is rotatably arranged with and mounted in driving mechanism, with The scanning galvanometer (2131) rotation, the polarization spectro piece (2133) are driven by controlling the movement of the driving mechanism Reflection is by the light after the focal lens (2132) focusing with object described in vertical irradiation (100), the detection imaging Component (214) is arranged between the polarization spectro piece (2133) and second image processing apparatus (22), the object (100) light reflected enters the detection image-forming assembly (214) after the polarization spectro piece (2133).
2. endoscopic imaging as described in claim 1 and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, which is characterized in that the inspection It includes the analyzer (2141) set gradually and micro-imaging portion (2142) to survey image-forming assembly (214), and the object (100) is anti- The light penetrated passes through the polarization spectro piece (2133), the analyzer (2141) and the micro-imaging portion (2142) successively.
3. endoscopic imaging as described in claim 1 and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, which is characterized in that described to swash Optical assembly (21) further includes neutral colour filter (215), and the neutral colour filter (215) is arranged in the polarizer (212) and institute It states between scanning galvanometer (2131).
4. endoscopic imaging as claimed in claim 3 and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, which is characterized in that described to swash Optical assembly (21) further includes extender lens group mirror (216), and the extender lens group mirror (216) is arranged in the scanning galvanometer (2131) between described neutral (215) piece that filters.
5. endoscopic imaging as described in claim 1 and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, which is characterized in that described the One image processing apparatus (14) includes CCD Acquisition Circuits portion (141) and figure pretreatment portion (142), CCD Acquisition Circuits portion (141) it is electrically connected with the ccd detector (12), CCD Acquisition Circuits portion (141) and the figure pretreatment portion (142) it is electrically connected, the figure pretreatment portion (142) is electrically connected with described image fusion treatment equipment (30).
6. endoscopic imaging as described in claim 1 and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, which is characterized in that described the Two image processing apparatus (22) include original speckle image data acquisition portion (221) and laser speckle imaging data processing unit (222), the original speckle image data acquisition portion (221) acquires the signal light that the object (100) reflects, described Original speckle image data acquisition portion (221) is electrically connected with the laser speckle imaging data processing unit (222), the laser Speckle imaging data processing unit (222) is electrically connected with described image fusion treatment equipment (30).
7. endoscopic imaging as described in claim 1 and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, which is characterized in that the figure As fusion treatment equipment (30) includes analog to digital conversion circuit portion (31) and microcomputer portion (32), analog-digital conversion circuit as described portion (31) and Microcomputer portion (32) is electrically connected, and analog-digital conversion circuit as described portion (31) are electrically connected with described first image processing unit (14), Analog-digital conversion circuit as described portion (31) is electrically connected with second image processing apparatus (22).
8. endoscopic imaging as claimed in claim 7 and laser speckle imaging fusion imaging system, which is characterized in that the figure Picture fusion treatment equipment (30) further includes pci interface portion (33), between analog-digital conversion circuit as described portion (31) and microcomputer portion (32) It is electrically connected by the pci interface portion (33).
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