CN106233060A - 用于保护机动车高压气体容器的装置、用于机动车的高压气体容器以及用于制造高压气体容器的方法 - Google Patents

用于保护机动车高压气体容器的装置、用于机动车的高压气体容器以及用于制造高压气体容器的方法 Download PDF

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CN106233060A
CN106233060A CN201580020643.5A CN201580020643A CN106233060A CN 106233060 A CN106233060 A CN 106233060A CN 201580020643 A CN201580020643 A CN 201580020643A CN 106233060 A CN106233060 A CN 106233060A
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pressure gas
gas container
expanding layer
layer
motor vehicles
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CN106233060B (zh
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C·施瓦茨
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/12—Arrangements or mounting of devices for preventing or minimising the effect of explosion ; Other safety measures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/14—Layered products comprising a layer of metal next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/20—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising aluminium or copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/02—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by a sequence of laminating steps, e.g. by adding new layers at consecutive laminating stations
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    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/245—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it being a foam layer
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于保护机动车高压气体容器(10)的装置，其包括膨胀层(20)。膨胀层(20)这样设置和构造，使得膨胀层(20)至少部分地遮护高压气体容器(10)。所述膨胀层(20)具有膨胀金属材料。

Description

用于保护机动车高压气体容器的装置、用于机动车的高压气 体容器以及用于制造高压气体容器的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于保护机动车高压气体容器的装置。高压气体容器(其常常也被称为复合容器、复合材料容器或纤维复合容器)通常具有完全或部分纤维增强的材料层，所述材料层包围内衬。该内衬一般由铝或钢制成并且容纳压缩气体，如压缩空气、氧气、甲烷、氢气、二氧化碳等。也已知塑料内衬(全复合容器)。这种高压气体容器例如用在借助压缩天然气(CNG)或氢气运行的车辆中。
背景技术
在使用这种高压气体容器时风险在于，高压气体容器的结构由于热作用而被减弱。由现有技术已知使用安全阀、即所谓的热压力释放装置(TPRD)。所述安全阀用于防火保护。安全阀或者说防火阀的设计例如由标准EC79/2009来规定。当热作用直接作用于该安全阀(例如用火焰)时，存储于高压气体容器中的气体被排放到环境中。一旦在安全阀上超过最低温度，则安全阀放气。所述阀通常沿高压气体容器的纵向方向彼此间隔开约1m。沿大的压力容器设置的一些阀在此相应只能考虑空间极为有限的附属区。在两个阀之间作用于贮箱的小的局部火焰因此可能在安全装置未激活的情况下严重损坏高压气体容器。通过局部火焰的热作用产生的高压气体容器损坏、如承载负荷的纤维复合材料损坏可能会导致失效并且在极端情况下会导致高压气体容器爆裂。高压气体容器存储压力高达875巴的气体。因此，高压气体容器的爆裂对于整个车辆都会造成非常危险的破坏。纤维复合材料层通常承载大部分负荷。纤维增强材料层基于热或机械作用的损坏因此可迅速导致构件耐久性的显著减少或构件的显著减弱。
US2011/0079403A1公开了一种装置，在该装置中，在高压气体容器上方或下方设置含有水合物的层。根据该文献，所述层与高压贮箱间隔开地固定在板上。安全阀及其输送管路设置在所述板和高压气体容器之间。为了固定安全阀及其管路，设有围绕高压气体容器的套索。这些安全阀及其输送管路的安装十分复杂。此外，该方案需要相对大的安装空间。根据该文献，贮箱通过下述方式得到保护，即，通过含有水合物的层的局部体积增加来吸收热量。
发明内容
在此公开的技术的一个优选任务在于，减少或消除已知高压气体容器的缺点。该任务通过权利要求1的技术方案解决。从属权利要求构成有利的方案。
本发明公开了一种用于保护机动车(如可以用天燃气或氢气对其加燃料的车辆)的高压气体容器的装置。该装置包括膨胀层，所述膨胀层至少部分地遮护高压气体容器以防火源。所述膨胀层还具有膨胀金属材料。
“遮护”在此表示，膨胀层至少部分地减小和/或延迟机械或热作用。换言之，膨胀层使得高压气体容器在高压气体容器的通过膨胀层遮护的区域内不像高压气体容器的未通过膨胀层遮护的区域那样快地被加热和/或那样强地吸收冲击。尤其是，热遮护作用产生有效的防火保护，该防火保护至少显著推迟火的影响。
术语“膨胀”一般指扩张或胀大、即在温度作用下固体尺寸增加。在防火保护中该术语是指材料的溶胀或发泡。膨胀材料在热作用下体积增加且密度减小。在此，体积增加显著超出正常的热膨胀水平、往往是增加数倍。物理特性显著变化。通过溶胀或发泡例如产生隔绝层。
在此公开的技术中，膨胀层用于阻热(Hitzebremse)和用于机械保护。不同于金属泡沫，水合物只能提供极小程度的机械保护。膨胀金属材料、如膨胀金属泡沫还具有以下优点：与其它膨胀材料相比，它们在未发泡的初始状态中具有相对高的热导率。现在当在局部的一个部位上例如通过局部火焰出现剧烈加热时，这些热量分布于膨胀金属层的较大表面上。这促使膨胀金属材料的均匀加热。局部作用的热在表面上的分布首先减小了热在局部作用所在的部位被加热的速度。此外，即使在用小的火焰引起小的局部热作用的情况下也已经能够大面积地产生金属泡沫，该金属泡沫于是大面积地保护贮箱以抵抗局部热作用。在体积增大前在初始状态中相对高的热导率的另一优点可见于，可以将局部产生的热作用快速或更快速地传递到最近的安全阀。因此，与现有技术相比，安全阀可更快速或者说更早地打开并且排放存储的气体。膨胀金属材料还可保护纤维增强材料层免受机械作用。
膨胀层能够可直接固定在高压气体容器上。例如膨胀层可粘接在高压气体容器上或通过其它固定机构直接保持、优选贴靠在高压气体容器上。在另一种方案中，膨胀层与高压气体容器的最外层间隔开较小的距离、例如小于5cm、优选小于1cm的距离。通过这种方案可进一步减小机动车中用于高压气体容器的结构空间，例如减小10至50mm。在高压气体容器的膨胀层和最外层之间的间隙构成附加的隔绝层。尤其是，高压气体容器优选这样构造，使得安全阀不被膨胀层遮护免于火焰。因此，可有利地进一步改善安全阀的响应性能。
膨胀金属材料优选包括金属粉末和金属氢化物、如氢化钛。膨胀金属材料还优选构造为膨胀铝材。优选地，膨胀铝材包括铝合金和发泡剂。例如膨胀层可构造为含有发泡剂氢化钛的铝合金。这种铝泡沫在热作用下例如膨胀四倍，同时产生具有多孔结构的泡沫。在发泡状态中，所述铝泡沫例如具有约0.6g/cm3的密度。与其它膨胀金属材料相比，膨胀铝材在未发泡的初始状态中具有较小的密度。其它金属氢化物也可用作发泡剂。另外，除了铝外，例如也可使用铜、锌、铅或钢/铁。
膨胀层可构造为金属片、构造为板或构造为膜。例如构造为膜的膨胀层可至少部分地缠绕高压气体容器。替代和/或附加地，可将半成品安装在贮箱上。此外，膨胀层可构造为在横截面中为弓形的轮廓、尤其是构造为C形或U形或V形的轮廓和/或构造为管。膨胀层20的C形造型与在横截面中构造为管状的膨胀层相比产生了可减少重量的优点，且在此不严重限制对高压气体容器的保护。
优选地，高压气体容器至少部分地容纳在内部。这种方案可特别低成本地制造并且具有有利的结构尺寸。弓形轮廓在横截面中至少可包围高压气体容器圆周的一半、优选至少75％。
有利的是，膨胀层的壁厚为0.1至40mm、优选3mm至20mm、并且特别优选6mm至15mm。膨胀层的这种方案具有重量与遮护作用(不仅在机械方面而且在热学方面)的有利关系。
有利的是，膨胀层以其初始壁厚的至少1.5倍、优选至少2倍并且特别优选至少4倍膨胀。
优选可在膨胀层中或上设置至少一个用于固定安全阀的固定机构。例如，膨胀层可以优选沿纵轴线具有一体构造的形锁合机构(如夹具、孔、螺纹和/或嵌件)，安全阀可固定于其上。借助该有利方案可取代目前使用的扣环并且因此可低成本地实现安全阀或通往安全阀的管路的固定。通过与膨胀层直接接触，可以将热量通过传导来传递到安全阀，从而可附加地改善安全阀的响应性能。优选地，安全阀设置在膨胀层的外侧上。换言之，在膨胀层的一侧上设有高压气体容器的内衬并且在另一侧上设有安全阀。
在此公开的技术也包括高压气体容器，其具有在此所描述的用于保护高压气体容器的装置。
优选地，高压气体容器包括纤维增强层。该纤维增强层可包围容器的内衬，该内衬例如由铝制成。作为纤维增强塑料例如使用CFK(碳纤维增强塑料)和GFK(玻璃纤维增强塑料)。有利的是，膨胀层至少部分地施加到纤维增强层的外表面上。
在此公开的技术优选包括一种用于制造在此公开的高压气体容器的方法。该方法优选包括下述步骤：
－制备高压气体容器的芯；
－制备膨胀层；和/或
－以膨胀层至少部分地推套到芯上或至少部分地缠绕芯。
优选地，高压气体容器的芯可夹紧在弓形轮廓的内部。此外有利的是，该方法可包括下述步骤：将至少一个安全阀固定在膨胀层的外表面上。在此，高压气体容器的内衬连同可能的附加的材料层(如纤维增强材料层)可被看作芯。现在参考附图举例说明在此公开的技术，附图如下：
附图说明
图1为高压气体容器的横剖视图；
图2为图1的细节A的放大图；以及
图3为车辆的示意性剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出高压气体容器10的横剖视图。该高压气体容器10的芯12包括内衬16(在此例如是铝内衬16)以及纤维增强层14，该纤维增强层包围内衬16并且提高了高压气体容器10的强度。在所述芯12上在此施加膨胀层20。膨胀层20在此直接贴靠在芯12上。膨胀层20在此构造为膨胀铝材。安全阀40沿高压气体容器10的纵轴线分别彼此间隔开1m并且与高压气体容器10的入口18通过连接管路42连接。箭头F表示局部的热学的热作用，其与安全阀40间隔开地出现。输入的热基于相对好的热导率而分布于层20表面上并且到达安全阀40。然后触发阀40。该层20还可在部位F周围面式地增加体积并且保护高压气体容器10。
图2示出图1的细节A。可以看出，高压气体容器10的层结构包括内衬16、纤维增强层14和膨胀层20。在膨胀层20中设有固定机构30，该固定机构30在此构造为插入件30，所述插入件设置在膨胀层之内或之下。插入件30与安全阀40连接。备选地也可想到其它固定元件或固定方式、如螺纹连接。安全阀也可固定在车辆金属板上、例如在高压气体容器10附近固定于通道50中和/或车辆底侧52上。也可想到，通过张力带固定安全阀40。
图3示出高压气体容器10在车辆中的安装情况。高压气体容器10在此设置在车轮54之间的通道50中。膨胀层20在此构造为弓形轮廓，其至少部分地包围高压气体容器10的芯12并且在此紧贴在芯12上。在膨胀层20的外侧上可看到安全阀40，该安全阀朝向车行道。膨胀层20保护高压气体容器10免于热和/或机械作用，它们在此例如由位于车辆底板和车行道之间的物体引起。
此外，代替在横截面中为C形或管状的膨胀层20，也可设置构造为板的膨胀层20，其优选固定在车辆底板下方。

Claims (10)

1.用于保护机动车高压气体容器(10)的装置，该装置包括膨胀层(20)，该膨胀层这样设置和构造，使得膨胀层(20)至少部分地遮护高压气体容器(10)，其特征在于，所述膨胀层(20)具有膨胀金属材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述膨胀层(20)能直接固定在高压气体容器(10)上和/或至少部分地贴靠在高压气体容器(10)上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的装置，其特征在于，所述膨胀金属材料是膨胀铝材。
4.根据前述权利要求之一所述的装置，其特征在于，所述膨胀层(20)在横截面中至少包围一半燃料箱。
5.根据前述权利要求之一所述的装置，其特征在于，所述膨胀层(20)构造为在横截面中为C形的轮廓(20)或管(20)，该轮廓或管在内部至少部分地容纳高压气体容器(10)。
6.根据前述权利要求之一所述的装置，其特征在于，所述膨胀层(20)的壁厚为0.1mm至40mm、优选3mm至20mm、并且特别优选6mm至15mm。
7.根据前述权利要求之一所述的装置，其特征在于，所述膨胀层(20)具有至少一个用于固定安全阀(40)的固定机构(30)。
8.用于机动车的高压气体容器(10)，其包括根据前述权利要求之一的用于保护高压气体容器(10)的装置。
9.根据权利要求8所述的高压气体容器(10)，其特征在于，所述高压气体容器包括纤维增强层(14)，膨胀层(20)至少部分地包围该纤维增强层(14)。
10.用于制造根据权利要求8或9所述的高压气体容器(10)的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括下述步骤：
－制备高压气体容器(10)的芯(12)；
－制备根据权利要求1至7之一所述的膨胀层(20)；和
－以膨胀层(20)至少部分地推套到芯(12)上或至少部分地缠绕芯。
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US20170082245A1 (en) 2017-03-23
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