CN106197812B - Calibration device and calibration method for testing residual stress by ultrasonic method - Google Patents
Calibration device and calibration method for testing residual stress by ultrasonic method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106197812B CN106197812B CN201610790433.0A CN201610790433A CN106197812B CN 106197812 B CN106197812 B CN 106197812B CN 201610790433 A CN201610790433 A CN 201610790433A CN 106197812 B CN106197812 B CN 106197812B
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- cylindrical barrel
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- ultrasonic
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/0047—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes measuring forces due to residual stresses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L25/00—Testing or calibrating of apparatus for measuring force, torque, work, mechanical power, or mechanical efficiency
Abstract
The invention discloses a calibration device for testing residual stress by an ultrasonic method, which is characterized in that: the device comprises a cylinder with an upper opening and a lower end closed, and a cover body arranged at the opening end of the cylinder, wherein the cylinder is internally provided with a cavity; the cover body comprises a screwing part capable of being screwed into the cylindrical barrel and a cover cap (1) arranged at the end part of the screwing part and positioned outside the cylindrical barrel. The calibration device provided by the invention has the advantages that the structure is simple, the cost is low, the hydraulic oil is mainly added into the cylindrical barrel, the screwing part is screwed into the cylindrical barrel, the hydraulic oil is compressed, the acting force is generated on the outer surface of the cylindrical barrel, and the residual stress for ultrasonic testing is calibrated by measuring the acting force, so that the quantitative relation between the length of the screwing part of the cover body screwed into the cylindrical barrel and the stress generated on the surface of the cylindrical barrel can be quantitatively researched in advance, the accurate calibration and calibration of the cylindrical barrel-shaped material are realized, the test error can be reduced, and the calibration device is suitable for popularization and application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a calibration device, in particular to a calibration device and a calibration method for testing residual stress by an ultrasonic method.
Background
The high residual stress may accelerate crack initiation, propagation, stress corrosion and the like of the workpiece, and may cause obvious destabilization wave deformation and seriously affect the dimensional accuracy of the thin-wall workpiece with high stress. In recent years, high research efforts have been made on residual stress in both academic and industrial fields, and the importance of accurate testing of the state of residual stress as a basis for studying residual stress is not self-evident. The ultrasonic residual stress test method is rapidly developed in recent years, and can be obtained in a uniaxial tension calibration mode as a basic parameter stress constant K for guaranteeing the accuracy of the ultrasonic residual stress test. For non-planar materials such as cylindrical petroleum pipelines, pressure vessels, boilers and the like, it is difficult to calibrate and calibrate ultrasonic testing equipment in a uniaxial tension calibration mode.
At present, a high-precision calibration method for testing the stress of cylindrical pipelines by using an ultrasonic method is rarely used at home and abroad, and the calibration method is usually used for carrying out single-axis calibration only by using the same flat plate material so as to replace the calibration of cylindrical materials. In the process of testing the cylindrical material by the ultrasonic method, the refraction angle and the propagation path of the ultrasonic wave have larger differences with the process of testing the flat material, so that the calibration result of using the plate-shaped material instead of the cylindrical material has larger errors.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a calibration device for testing residual stress by an ultrasonic method, which aims to realize accurate calibration and calibration of a cylindrical material by quantitatively researching the quantitative relation between the length of a screwing part of a cover body screwed into a cylindrical barrel and the stress generated on the surface of the cylindrical barrel in advance, thereby reducing the test error. Meanwhile, the invention also provides a calibration method for testing the residual stress by the ultrasonic method.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a calibration device for testing residual stress by an ultrasonic method comprises a cylindrical barrel with an upper end opening and a lower end closed, and a cavity in the cylindrical barrel, and a cover body arranged at the opening end of the cylindrical barrel; the cover body comprises a screwing part capable of being screwed into the cylindrical barrel and a cover cap arranged at the end part of the screwing part and positioned outside the cylindrical barrel.
Furthermore, an internal thread is arranged at the opening end of the cylindrical barrel, and an external thread matched with the internal thread of the cylindrical barrel is arranged on the screwing part.
Still further, the cylinder is provided with hydraulic oil scale marks positioned in the internal thread.
Furthermore, the cylindrical barrel comprises a cylindrical lower barrel body with an open upper end and a closed lower end, and a cylindrical upper barrel body with a through hole penetrating through the upper bottom surface and the lower bottom surface of the cylindrical upper barrel body; the upper cylindrical barrel is arranged at the opening end of the lower cylindrical barrel and communicated with the lower cylindrical barrel, and the internal thread is arranged on the upper cylindrical barrel.
In order to better realize the invention, the upper cylindrical barrel and the lower cylindrical barrel are welded into a whole structure.
A calibration method for testing residual stress by an ultrasonic method comprises the following steps:
(1) adding hydraulic oil into the cylindrical barrel to the position of a hydraulic oil scale mark;
(2) pasting a strain gauge on the surface of the cylindrical barrel, and coupling an organic glass wedge block fixed with an ultrasonic probe at a corresponding position on the cylindrical barrel;
(3) screwing a screwing part of the cover body into the cylindrical barrel to a position below a scale line of hydraulic oil, wherein the screwing length of the screwing part is d, and recording a strain force sigma measured by the strain gauge and a strain force sigma' measured by ultrasonic waves;
(4) calculating K according to a formula K ═ sigma K '/sigma', and calibrating the accuracy of K; wherein K' is a preset parameter.
Further, the step of calibrating the accuracy of K in step (4) is as follows:
(4-1) calculating the average value of K
Repeating the step (3) n times, wherein the screwing lengths of the screwing parts of the n times are different, namely the strain force sigma measured by the n groups of strain gauges and the strain force sigma ' measured by the ultrasonic waves can be measured, the n groups of K values can be calculated according to a formula K, wherein the formula K is sigma K '/sigma ', and then the average value of K is calculated; wherein n is a natural number greater than 3;
(4-2) average value of calibration K
Inputting the average value of K into an ultrasonic residual stress tester, selecting the screwing length d of one group of screwing parts to calculate to obtain a calibration stress sigma, and comparing the calibration stress sigma with the strain sigma measured by the strain gauge when the group of screwing parts are screwed by the length d and obtaining a difference value; when the comparison difference is within 10MPa, determining the average value of K as a calibration value of the residual stress of the ultrasonic residual stress tester for performing ultrasonic testing on the cylindrical barrel; and (4) repeating the steps (4-1) and (4-2) when the comparison difference is larger than 10Mpa until the average value of K is determined to be the calibration value of the ultrasonic residual stress tester for carrying out ultrasonic testing on the cylindrical barrel.
And further, in the step (4-1), n is a natural number larger than 5, and the average value of K is calculated after the maximum value and the minimum value of K are removed from n groups of K values obtained by calculation.
Furthermore, the value of K' in the step (4) is a positive integer less than 10.
In order to ensure the effect, the hydraulic oil used in the step (1) is aviation hydraulic oil or machine tool hydraulic oil.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) the calibration device provided by the invention has the advantages that the structure is simple, the cost is low, the hydraulic oil is mainly added into the cylindrical barrel, the screwing part is screwed into the cylindrical barrel, the hydraulic oil is compressed, the acting force is generated on the outer surface of the cylindrical barrel, and the residual stress for ultrasonic testing is calibrated by measuring the acting force, so that the quantitative relation between the length of the screwing part of the cover body screwed into the cylindrical barrel and the stress generated on the surface of the cylindrical barrel can be quantitatively researched in advance, the accurate calibration and calibration of the cylindrical barrel-shaped material are realized, and the test error can be reduced.
(2) The opening end of the cylindrical barrel is provided with the internal thread, the screwing part is provided with the external thread matched with the internal thread of the cylindrical barrel, and the screwing part can be conveniently screwed into the cylindrical barrel to compress hydraulic oil in a thread matching mode, so that the calibration for testing the residual stress by an ultrasonic method is facilitated.
(3) The hydraulic oil scale marks positioned in the internal threads are arranged on the cylindrical barrel, so that the adding amount of the hydraulic oil can be conveniently set in the cylindrical barrel, and the hydraulic oil can be quickly and accurately added to the set position when being added.
(4) The cylindrical barrel comprises an upper cylindrical barrel body and a lower cylindrical barrel body, and is convenient to process.
(5) The upper cylindrical barrel and the lower cylindrical barrel are welded into a whole, so that seamless connection between the upper cylindrical barrel and the lower cylindrical barrel can be ensured.
(6) The calibration method provided by the invention has the advantages that the steps are simple, the operation is convenient, the quantitative relation between the length of the screwing part of the cover body screwed into the cylindrical barrel and the stress generated on the surface of the cylindrical barrel can be quantitatively researched in advance, the accurate calibration and calibration of the cylindrical barrel-shaped material can be realized, and the test error is reduced.
(7) In the invention, n is a natural number more than 5, and the average value of K is calculated after the maximum value and the minimum value of K are removed from n groups of K values obtained by calculation, so that the numerical value with larger error can be removed, and the accuracy of the average value of K can be improved.
(8) The value of K' is a positive integer less than 10, and calculation can be facilitated.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention.
Wherein the reference numbers are as follows:
the hydraulic cylinder comprises a cap, 2 external threads, 3 internal threads, 4 hydraulic oil scale marks, 5 cylindrical upper cylinder bodies and 6 cylindrical lower cylinder bodies.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Examples
As shown in fig. 1, the calibration device for testing residual stress by ultrasonic method of the present invention comprises a cylinder, wherein the upper end of the cylinder is open and the lower end of the cylinder is closed, and a cylindrical cavity for containing hydraulic oil is arranged in the cylinder. The opening end of the cylindrical barrel is provided with a cover body, and the cover body and the cylindrical barrel are both made of metal materials. The cover body comprises a screwing part which can be screwed into the cylindrical barrel, and the screwing part is screwed into the cylindrical barrel and can compress hydraulic oil in the cylindrical barrel. The end of the screwing part is provided with a cap 1 positioned outside the cylindrical barrel, and as shown in figure 1, the cap 1 can be conveniently screwed in or screwed out of the screwing part.
In this embodiment, the screwing part is screwed in by adopting a screw-thread matching manner, that is, the opening end of the cylindrical barrel is provided with an internal thread 3, and the screwing part is provided with an external thread 2 matched with the internal thread 3 of the cylindrical barrel, as shown in fig. 1, the screwing part can be conveniently screwed in or screwed out of the cylindrical barrel after the external thread 2 is matched with the internal thread 3. In order to mark the amount of hydraulic oil added into the cylinder, hydraulic oil scale marks 4 are arranged on the cylinder, and the hydraulic oil scale marks 4 are located in the internal threads 3.
The cylinder can be arranged into an integral structure, and can also be arranged into a structure formed by combining an upper part and a lower part. Specifically, the cylinder comprises an upper cylinder body 5 and a lower cylinder body 6, and the upper cylinder body 5 is provided with a cylindrical through hole penetrating through the upper bottom surface and the lower bottom surface of the cylinder. The upper end of the lower cylindrical barrel 6 is open, the lower end of the lower cylindrical barrel is closed, a cylindrical cavity is formed in the lower cylindrical barrel 6, the upper cylindrical barrel 5 is arranged at the open end of the lower cylindrical barrel 5 and communicated with the lower cylindrical barrel 6, and the internal threads 3 are arranged on the upper cylindrical barrel 5, as shown in fig. 1.
The cylinder composed of the upper cylinder 5 and the lower cylinder 6 is used for containing hydraulic oil, so that the upper cylinder 5 and the lower cylinder 6 are connected in a seamless mode. In particular, the method can be realized by laser hybrid welding, submerged-arc welding or other welding modes. The upper cylindrical barrel 5 and the lower cylindrical barrel 6 can be made of the same material or different metal materials.
The calibration device is used for calibrating the residual stress tested by an ultrasonic method, and is mainly realized by adding hydraulic oil into a cylindrical barrel, screwing a screw-in part into the cylindrical barrel and compressing the hydraulic oil so as to generate acting force on the outer surface of the cylindrical barrel and measuring the acting force. The specific calibration process is that firstly, hydraulic oil is added to the cylinder to the scale mark of the hydraulic oil, and the hydraulic oil is preferably aviation hydraulic oil or machine tool hydraulic oil. Then, a strain gauge is pasted on the surface of the cylindrical barrel, an organic glass wedge block fixed with an ultrasonic probe is coupled at a corresponding position on the cylindrical barrel, and the direction of the strain tested by the strain gauge is consistent with the direction of the stress to be tested when the strain gauge is pasted. Screwing the screwing part of the cover body into the cylindrical barrel to a position below the scale line of the hydraulic oil, wherein the screwing length of the screwing part is d, and the strain force sigma measured by the strain gauge and the strain force sigma' measured by the ultrasonic wave are recorded. When the device is implemented, the positions of the strain gauge and the organic glass wedge block on the cylindrical barrel are kept below the screwing part.
And calculating K according to the formula K ═ sigma K '/sigma', and calibrating the accuracy of K. K 'is a preset parameter, and for convenience of calculation, the value of K' is a positive integer smaller than 10. To calibrate the accuracy of K, the average value of K is first calculated. Specifically, the screwing part is screwed into the cylindrical barrel repeatedly n times to compress the hydraulic oil, the screwing length d of the screwing part is different every time, and the strain force sigma measured by n groups of strain gauges and the strain force sigma' measured by ultrasonic waves are measured simultaneously. Calculating n groups of K values according to a formula K ═ sigma K '/sigma', and then calculating an average value of K; wherein n is a natural number greater than 3.
And then calibrating the average value of K, specifically, inputting the average value of K into an ultrasonic residual stress tester, and selecting the screwing length d of one group of screwing parts to calculate to obtain the calibration stress sigma. The ultrasonic residual stress tester is preset with a calculation formula set for the cylindrical barrels made of different materials, the average value of K is input into the ultrasonic residual stress tester and the screwing length d of the screwing part is input, and then the calibration stress sigma can be automatically calculated. When the cylindrical barrel of the invention consists of the upper cylindrical barrel 5 and the lower cylindrical barrel 6, the invention only aims at the upper cylindrical barrel 5 to carry out calibration, namely, the strain gauge and the organic glass wedge block are both arranged on the outer surface of the upper cylindrical barrel 5, and the result of the calibration of the invention also only aims at the material of the upper cylindrical barrel 5.
Then comparing the calibration stress sigma with the strain sigma measured by the strain gauge when the group of screwing parts are screwed in for the length d and obtaining a difference value; and when the comparison difference is within 10MPa, determining the average value of K as a calibration value of the residual stress of the ultrasonic residual stress tester for performing ultrasonic testing on the cylindrical barrel. And when the comparison difference value is larger than 10Mpa, repeating the step of calculating the average value of K and the step of calibrating the average value of K until the average value of K is determined to be the calibration value of the ultrasonic residual stress tester for carrying out ultrasonic testing on the cylindrical barrel.
In practice, in order to improve the accuracy of the average value of K, n in the step of calculating the average value of K is a natural number greater than 5, that is, the screw-in part needs to be screwed into the cylinder barrel to compress the hydraulic oil for more than 5 times, and the strain force σ measured by corresponding strain gauges of more than 5 groups and the strain force σ' measured by ultrasonic waves are recorded. And then, calculating more than 5 groups of K values according to a formula K ═ sigma K '/sigma', and calculating the average value of K after removing the maximum value and the minimum value of K in the calculated more than 5 groups of K values, so that the numerical value with larger error can be removed, and the accuracy of the average value of K can be improved.
As described above, the present invention can be preferably realized.
Claims (6)
1. A calibrating device for ultrasonic method test residual stress which characterized in that: the device comprises a cylinder with an upper opening and a lower end closed, and a cover body arranged at the opening end of the cylinder, wherein the cylinder is internally provided with a cavity; the cover body comprises a screwing part which can be screwed into the cylindrical barrel and a cover cap (1) which is arranged at the end part of the screwing part and is positioned outside the cylindrical barrel; an internal thread (3) is arranged at the opening end of the cylindrical barrel, and an external thread (2) matched with the internal thread (3) of the cylindrical barrel is arranged on the screwing part; the cylindrical barrel is provided with hydraulic oil scale marks (4) positioned in the internal thread (3);
the calibration method of the calibration device for testing the residual stress by the ultrasonic method comprises the following steps:
(1) adding hydraulic oil into the cylindrical barrel to the position of a hydraulic oil scale mark;
(2) pasting a strain gauge on the surface of the cylindrical barrel, and coupling an organic glass wedge block fixed with an ultrasonic probe at a corresponding position on the cylindrical barrel;
(3) screwing a screwing part of the cover body into the cylindrical barrel to a position below a scale line of hydraulic oil, wherein the screwing length of the screwing part is d, and recording a strain force sigma measured by the strain gauge and a strain force sigma' measured by ultrasonic waves;
(4) calculating K according to a formula K ═ sigma K '/sigma', and calibrating the accuracy of K; wherein K' is a preset parameter;
the step of calibrating the accuracy of K in step (4) is as follows:
(4-1) calculating the average value of K
Repeating the step (3) n times, wherein the screwing lengths of the screwing parts of the n times are different, namely the strain force sigma measured by the n groups of strain gauges and the strain force sigma ' measured by the ultrasonic waves can be measured, the n groups of K values can be calculated according to a formula K, wherein the formula K is sigma K '/sigma ', and then the average value of K is calculated; wherein n is a natural number greater than 3;
(4-2) average value of calibration K
Inputting the average value of K into an ultrasonic residual stress tester, selecting the screwing length d of one group of screwing parts to calculate to obtain a calibration stress sigma, and comparing the calibration stress sigma with the strain sigma measured by the strain gauge when the group of screwing parts are screwed by the length d and obtaining a difference value; when the comparison difference is within 10MPa, determining the average value of K as a calibration value of the residual stress of the ultrasonic residual stress tester for performing ultrasonic testing on the cylindrical barrel; and (4) repeating the steps (4-1) and (4-2) when the comparison difference is larger than 10Mpa until the average value of K is determined to be the calibration value of the ultrasonic residual stress tester for carrying out ultrasonic testing on the cylindrical barrel.
2. The calibration device for ultrasonic testing of residual stress according to claim 1, wherein: the cylindrical barrel comprises a cylindrical lower barrel body (6) with an opening at the upper end and a closed lower end, and a cylindrical upper barrel body (5) with a through hole penetrating through the upper bottom surface and the lower bottom surface of the cylindrical upper barrel body; the upper cylinder body (5) is arranged at the opening end of the lower cylinder body (6) and communicated with the lower cylinder body (6), and the internal thread (3) is arranged on the upper cylinder body (5).
3. The calibration device for ultrasonic testing of residual stress according to claim 2, wherein: the upper cylinder body (5) and the lower cylinder body (6) are welded into a whole.
4. The calibration device for ultrasonic testing of residual stress according to claim 1, wherein: and (4-1) n is a natural number larger than 5, and the average value of K is calculated after the maximum value and the minimum value of K are removed from n groups of K values obtained by calculation.
5. The calibration device for ultrasonic testing of residual stress according to claim 1, wherein: and (4) the value of K' is a positive integer less than 10.
6. The calibration device for ultrasonic testing of residual stress according to claim 1, wherein: and (2) the hydraulic oil used in the step (1) is aviation hydraulic oil or machine tool hydraulic oil.
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