CN106196400A - A kind of skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method and system - Google Patents
A kind of skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method and system Download PDFInfo
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- CN106196400A CN106196400A CN201610695008.3A CN201610695008A CN106196400A CN 106196400 A CN106196400 A CN 106196400A CN 201610695008 A CN201610695008 A CN 201610695008A CN 106196400 A CN106196400 A CN 106196400A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method and system, described skyscraper has multiple floor, connected by staircase between each layer, multiple air outlet is distributed in staircase, each air outlet is for blowing to staircase, and described method comprises the steps: S1, whether each layer of detecting described skyscraper occurs the condition of a fire;S2, when step S1 detects a certain layer generation condition of a fire of described skyscraper, only make and the air-supply of this layer of nearest two or three air outlet.Described system includes fire detector and system controller, when described fire detector detects certain layer of generation condition of a fire of described skyscraper, automatically opens up blower fan and air outlet by coordinated signals.The present invention can block, with less air output, the flue gas entrance staircase that the identical fire source power of any fire floor produces, and can the impact that staircase fire resistant doorsets open amount and position cause staircase air quantity to reveal be preferably minimized.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of fire hazard safety, be specifically related to one in skyscraper in the case of the generation condition of a fire,
After fire floor is learnt in detection, by the location of air supply inlet opened near regulation fire floor and quantity, only staircase is adopted
Take region forced draft, it is possible to stop that fire smoke enters the gear cigarette method and system of staircase.
Background technology
Along with China's expanding economy, the quantity of skyscraper is increasing year by year, and building height is also constantly increasing, and knot
Structure becomes increasingly complex.Wherein, Shanghai Center Building totally 125 layers, building height 632m, is the highest domestic building;Tianjin height silver 117
Building, mansion height 596.5m;Global Finance center height 492m.Skyscraper is while modern city offers convenience, and also gives building
Fire preventing and controlling bring a more difficult problem.Large number of vertical passageway, such as elevator, stair is had in skyscraper
Well, piping shaft, cable shaft etc..The once indoor generation condition of a fire, the high-temperature hot flue gas that burning produces easily produces after entering these vertical shafts
Raw " stack effect ", burning things which may cause a fire disaster flue gas is spread to upper strata by building lower floor under the effect of " stack effect " or even whole high level is built
Build thing, cause substantial amounts of casualties and property loss, and evacuating personnel in skyscraper is impacted.Therefore, exist
Under condition of a fire environment, take measures the fire escapes such as staircase are protected, delay fire and smoke spread that fire rescue work is had
Extremely important meaning.
Since nineteen sixty, staircase is protected by the method for domestic and international commonly used forced draft, for skyscraper
Interior evacuating personnel and fire-fighting and rescue provide smokeless escape way.Its core concept is fairly simple, increases staircase internal pressure,
Make each layer stair door inside and outside differential pressure maintain on the occasion of, prevent fire and smoke spread to inside stairwell.Tamura and Klote thinks positive force feed
Wind system was opened and continuous service before fire and smoke spread to staircase, made staircase internal pressure more than stack effect effect
Under pressure values, now the air output of forced draft system can be as minimum air-supply value.At present, pressurized supply air rate can be by flat
The methods such as equal air quantity method, critical air velocity method, pressure differential method, gap method calculate.Domestic " high-rise civil building design fire prevention rule
Model " middle regulation, the building less than 20 layers, the pressurized supply air rate of smoke proof staircase need to be at 25000-30000m3/h。
Regulation in " Code for fire protection design of high rise buildings ", cup every layer arranges a pressure air blowing mouth, in staircase
Every layer 2-3 arranges an air outlet.Staircase being used alone to the structure of cup, existing forced draft method mainly has 3
Kind: only cup is blown, only staircase is blown, to staircase and cup pressure air blowing simultaneously.Cup is blown, process of blowing
In only open fire floor air outlet;Blowing staircase, during air-supply, all air outlets are all opened.
Forced draft system, in actual moving process, can be affected by several factors, reaches the gear cigarette effect of staircase
Less than target.Such as, when skyscraper stairwell pressurization is blown, during evacuating personnel, multiple fire prevention of staircase
Door may be simultaneously in opening, causes staircase air quantity to be revealed, it is impossible to effectively to keep off cigarette.Found by numerical simulation study,
Under the air output that specification specifies, when staircase two or less than two fire resistant doorsets openings, it is possible to stop that flue gas enters stair
Between, but when staircase fire resistant doorsets open amount reaches 3, it may appear that gear cigarette failure phenomenon.Visible, at staircase fire resistant doorsets simultaneously
When open amount is more than or equal to 3, conventional forced draft method can not meet gear cigarette demand.
Summary of the invention
(1) to solve the technical problem that
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method and system, with less
Air output blocks the burning things which may cause a fire disaster of formed objects, even and if during evacuating personnel the multiple opening of staircase fire resistant doorsets exist simultaneously
And in the case of difference fire floor, effectively prevent flue gas from entering staircase, staircase fire resistant doorsets open amount and position are made
The impact becoming staircase air quantity to reveal is preferably minimized.
(2) technical scheme
The stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method that the present invention proposes is applicable to skyscraper, and it has multiple floor, each layer
Between connected by staircase, be provided with multiple air outlet in staircase, each air outlet for staircase blow, described method bag
Include following steps:
Whether S1, each layer detecting described skyscraper there is the condition of a fire;
S2, when step S1 detects a certain layer generation condition of a fire of described skyscraper, only make two nearest with this layer
Or three air outlet air-supplies.
Preferably, the fire detector detection condition of a fire is used in step sl.
Preferably, in step sl, described fire detector occurs one when detecting the condition of a fire to a system controller
Individual signal, with the level number occurred to the system controller report condition of a fire;In step s 2, described system controller only makes described signal
Two or three air outlets air-supply in staircase near indicated level number, other air outlets are not blown.
Preferably, each described air outlet is all connected with an air supply duct, and this air supply duct and a blower fan connect, and work as needs
During the air-supply of specific air outlet, in step s 2, described system controller automatically controls unlatching blower fan, and opens needs air-supply
Air outlet, closes other air outlets.
Preferably, the opening and closing of described each air outlet are by described system controller coordinated signals.
The present invention also proposes a kind of stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette system being applied to skyscraper, and described skyscraper has
Having multiple floor, connected by staircase between each layer, multiple air outlet is distributed in staircase, each air outlet is for stair
Between blow, described system includes: fire detector, is arranged at each layer of described skyscraper, is used for detecting described high level and builds
Whether each layer built there is the condition of a fire;System controller, sends out when described fire detector detects certain layer of described skyscraper
During feelings of lighting a fire, only make and this layer of nearest two or three air outlet air-supply.
(3) beneficial effect
(1) present invention is by being accurately positioned burning things which may cause a fire disaster floor, for increasing hazardness maximum floor in staircase targetedly
Neighbouring local pressure provides basis.
(2) air quantity is concentrated and is delivered to fire floor by the present invention, by increasing capacitance it is possible to increase effective pressure of fire floor gear cigarette in staircase
By force, compared to conventional positive air-supply smoke control method, it is possible to block the identical fire source power of any fire floor with less air output
The flue gas produced enters staircase.
(3) local pressure near hazardness maximum floor in the present invention increases staircase, the pressure of other floors is basic
Constant, the air quantity revealed at the fire resistant doorsets that other floor staircases are opened is greatly reduced, it is possible to by staircase fire resistant doorsets opening
The impact that quantity and position cause air quantity to reveal is preferably minimized.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is a kind of building in a kind of skyscraper stairwell pressurization of the present invention air-supply gear cigarette method and air-supply system
The overall structure schematic diagram of system;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of one embodiment of present system;
Fig. 3 is the FB(flow block) of the present invention;
Fig. 4 A be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 1st layer, the 1st, 3,5 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, supply air system distinguished and admirable flow profile schematic diagram;
Fig. 4 B be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 1st layer, the 1st, 7,9 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, supply air system distinguished and admirable flow profile schematic diagram;
Fig. 5 A be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 1st layer, the 1st, 3,5 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, use fire dynamics simulation softward FDS enter
The flow of flue gas schematic diagram of row numerical simulation calculation gained;
Fig. 5 B be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 1st layer, the 1st, 7,9 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, use fire dynamics simulation softward FDS enter
The flow of flue gas schematic diagram of row numerical simulation calculation gained;
Fig. 6 be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 7th layer, the 1st, 7,9 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, supply air system distinguished and admirable flow profile schematic diagram;
Fig. 7 A be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 7th layer, the 1st, 7,9 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, use fire dynamics simulation softward FDS enter
The flow of flue gas schematic diagram of row numerical simulation calculation gained;
Fig. 7 B be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 7th layer, the 1st, 7,9 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, and change 3 location of air supply inlet, use fire
Dynamics simulation software FDS carries out the flow of flue gas schematic diagram of numerical simulation calculation gained;
Fig. 7 C be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 7th layer, the 1st, 7,9 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, and change 2 location of air supply inlet, use fire
Dynamics simulation software FDS carries out the flow of flue gas schematic diagram of numerical simulation calculation gained;
Fig. 8 be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 12nd layer, the 1st, 7,9,12 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, the distinguished and admirable flow profile of supply air system illustrate
Figure;
Fig. 9 be burning things which may cause a fire disaster when the 12nd layer, the 1st, 7,9,12 layers of fire resistant doorsets are all opened, use fire dynamics simulation softward
FDS carries out the flow of flue gas schematic diagram of numerical simulation calculation gained;
Label in figure: 1a-fire detector;1b-system controller;2-room;3-cup;4-staircase;5-room with
The extraneous door being connected;The door that 6-room is connected with cup;The door that 7-cup is connected with staircase;8-stair tread;9-blower fan;
10-air supply duct;11-air outlet;12-burning things which may cause a fire disaster;The distinguished and admirable route of 13-, solid line be distinguished and admirable must be through route, dotted line is optional routing
Line.
Detailed description of the invention
In skyscraper, when staircase is used alone cup, in order to effectively prevent burning things which may cause a fire disaster fire and smoke spread from entering staircase
And affecting evacuating personnel and fire-fighting and rescue, the present invention proposes a kind of skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method and corresponding
System.
Each layer of the skyscraper of indication of the present invention the most at least includes that staircase, each layer are connected by staircase.Each layer
Being generally of room, if a certain layer has room, then standing between staircase and room have door.But the present invention is not limited to this,
It is suitable for other more complicated buildings, such as, before staircase and room, it is provided with the situation of cup, now, stair
Between and cup between, also be provided with door between cup and room.The present invention also extends in the building that other are similar, as long as this is built
The staircase connected up and down it is provided with in building.
First the present invention requires in the staircase of skyscraper every two to one air outlet of three-layer set, air outlet for
Pressure air blowing in ladder building.Further, whether each air outlet of application claims carries out blowing is controlled, i.e. can be by automatically
Control system or manual operation are to be turned on and off air outlet with switching air-supply and the state do not blown.
On the whole, stairwell pressurization of the present invention air-supply gear cigarette method comprises the steps:
Whether S1, each layer detecting described skyscraper there is the condition of a fire;
S2, when step S1 detects a certain layer generation condition of a fire of described skyscraper, only make two nearest with this layer
Or three air outlet air-supplies.
Opening the air outlet of fire floor near zone, main purpose is the quantity reducing and opening air outlet, and increase is caught fire
Effective pressure of floor gear cigarette, gear cigarette best results when wherein opening 2 or 3 air outlets near fire floor.
Step S1 can use fire detector detect the condition of a fire.Existing smoke detector or temperature sensing can be used
Device, as temp.-determined type detector, step differential temp type detector or different constant temperature formula detector can be to system controls when detecting the condition of a fire
There is a signal in device processed, with the level number occurred to the system controller report condition of a fire.In step s 2, system controller controls wind
Machine automatically opens up and makes the air outlet in the staircase of the level number indicated by described signal to blow, and other air outlets are not blown.System
System controller can be realized by linkage controller, with microcontroller as core, with nonvolatile random access memory (NV-
RAM) storage field programming information, realizes remote connection by RS-485 serial port, can realize multiple coordinated signals logic.
Generally, the air outlet of each staircase is all connected with an air supply duct, and this air supply duct and a blower fan connect, blower fan
Top or the bottom of skyscraper can be located at.The opening and closing of each air outlet are by described system controller coordinated signals.When needing
When wanting this wind of specific air outlet, open blower fan, and open the air outlet needing this wind, close other air outlets.
By connection to carry out the transmission of signal between fire detector, system controller, air outlet and blower fan.By
It is prior art in the generation of signal, conversion etc., therefore is not described in detail in this.
Compared to conventional positive air-supply smoke control method, the present invention can block any fire floor phase with less air output
The flue gas produced with fire source power enters staircase.Staircase fire resistant doorsets open amount and position can also be caused staircase wind
The impact that amount is revealed is preferably minimized.And, any floor generation condition of a fire, the present invention can effectively stop that burning things which may cause a fire disaster flue gas enters building
Between ladder, it is not limited to stop the burning things which may cause a fire disaster flue gas of a certain floor.
For making the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, below in conjunction with specific embodiment, and reference
Accompanying drawing, the present invention is described in further detail.
Fig. 1 is the floor overall structure schematic diagram of the skyscraper that one embodiment of the present of invention is applied.Such as Fig. 1 institute
Showing, this skyscraper totally 12 layers, each layer all includes room 2, cup 3 and staircase 4.By first 5 between room 2 and the external world
Connect, be connected by second 6 between cup 3 with room 2, be connected by the 3rd 7 between staircase 4 with room 3.Have in staircase
Stair tread 8.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of an embodiment of the system of the present invention.As in figure 2 it is shown, the forced draft of the present invention
System includes fire detector 1a and system controller 1b, and the two passes through connection.Additionally, the building coordinated with this system sets
Execute the air outlet 11 including the blower fan 9 of building top, air supply duct 10 and each layer.Blower fan 9 and air outlet 11 all with system control
Device 1b processed communicates to connect, and is controlled its opening and closing by system controller.
Fig. 3 is the FB(flow block) of the method for the present invention.As it is shown on figure 3, each layer fire detector 1a real-time detection condition of a fire, when
When at least one fire detector 1a detects the condition of a fire, it sends alarm signal to system controller 1b, comprises in alarm signal
The information of burning things which may cause a fire disaster floor, system controller 1b confirms, according to this signal, the floor that the condition of a fire occurs, and controls blower fan 9 and opens, and controls
Air outlet 11 near corresponding burning things which may cause a fire disaster floor is opened.System controller 1b, before confirming that the condition of a fire sends control signal, also may be used
First confirm whether fire detector 1a reports by mistake, whether the condition of a fire occurs in i.e. confirming corresponding room.
In this embodiment, system controller 1b opens blower fan and to the air outlet 11 of staircase near burning things which may cause a fire disaster floor
Dynamic control, carries out forced draft to staircase.Fig. 4 A and Fig. 4 B respectively illustrates the situation when burning things which may cause a fire disaster is at the 1st layer, Qi Zhongtu
4A shows the situation that the fire resistant doorsets (the 3rd 7) of the 1st, 3,5 layers are all opened, and Fig. 4 B shows the 1st, 7,9 layers of fire resistant doorsets the (the 3rd
Door 7) situation about all opening.As shown in Fig. 4 A, 4B, in the case of multiple 3rd 7 unlatching of staircase, regardless of the 3rd 7 positions
How, when burning things which may cause a fire disaster 12 is positioned at the 1st layer, open the adjacent air outlet 11 in two, the 1st layer of top, the air outlet of the i.e. the 2nd, 3 layers,
The air outlet of 4 layers then opens (representing that air supply direction, dotted line represent selectable air supply direction with solid line in figure) for alternative.
Distinguished and admirable 13 enter staircase 4 by air supply duct 10 from 2 opened or 3 air outlets 11, and the pressure below staircase 4 increases
Greatly, it is possible to effectively prevent burning things which may cause a fire disaster flue gas from entering staircase 4.
Fig. 5 A and 5B is that Fig. 4 A and 4B keeps off the schematic diagram that cigarette method is simulated respectively.As shown in Figure 5A, fixing send
Air quantity is 25000m3/ h, is respectively the gear cigarette design sketch opening 6,4,3 and 2 air outlets from left to right, wherein, send
Representing that air outlet is opened without filling at air port 11, shade is filled and is represented that air outlet is closed.Conventional positive air supply method (opens 6
Air outlet 11) under, the pressure increased in staircase cannot overcome the effect of stack effect, and flue gas enters through the door opening 6,7 opened
Enter staircase 4 and spread to the opening 7 of the top.If reducing staircase air outlet quantity, 4 air outlets 11, cigarette below unlatching
Gas cannot be introduced into staircase 4 but has a large amount of flue gas in cup 3;2 or 3 air outlets below the method using the present invention is opened
11, even if the most simply with the presence of a small amount of flue gas in cup 3.Fig. 5 B can get similar result.
Fig. 6 shows the situation when burning things which may cause a fire disaster is at the 7th layer.Fig. 7 A to Fig. 7 C is simulation schematic diagram.As shown in Figure 7 A, change
Staircase fire resistant doorsets aperture position, fixing air output is 25000m3/ h, takes the method and system of the present invention, it is also possible to effectively
Prevent flue gas from entering staircase 4.The position that the condition of a fire occurs in skyscraper is random, when burning things which may cause a fire disaster 12 is positioned at higher floor (7
Layer) time, open 2 air outlets of continuous print 11 (the 6th layer, the 8th layer) near burning things which may cause a fire disaster floor, the alternative of the 10th layer is opened.Greatly
Measure distinguished and admirable 13 and enter staircase 4, in staircase near fire floor by air supply duct 10 from 2 or 3 air outlets 11 opened
Effective pressure values of gear cigarette increases, it is possible to effectively prevent burning things which may cause a fire disaster flue gas from entering staircase 4.As it is shown in fig. 7, fixing air output is
22500m3/ h, it is possible to draw and reduce the quantity more preferable conclusion of Smoke prevention effect opening air outlet, with Fig. 4 A and Fig. 4 B conclusion
Unanimously.
And the position opening air outlet 11 also can affect the Smoke prevention effect of forced draft system, the air outlet 11 opened is positioned at
Below fire floor, Smoke prevention was lost efficacy;The air outlet opened is positioned at above fire floor, is substantially prevented from flue gas and enters staircase
4, but with the presence of a large amount of flue gases in cup 3;The air outlet 11 opened is positioned near fire floor, then can reach best Smoke prevention
Effect, as shown in Fig. 7 B and Fig. 7 C.
Fig. 8 shows the situation when burning things which may cause a fire disaster is at the 12nd layer.When burning things which may cause a fire disaster 12 is positioned at uppermost storey (12 layers), and increase
The quantity of the fire resistant doorsets opening 7 of staircase 4, opens 2 air outlets 11 of continuous print near burning things which may cause a fire disaster floor, and the 3rd alternative is beaten
Opening, fixing air output is 27500m3/ h, as it is shown in figure 9, the pressure air blowing gear cigarette method of the present invention is the most effective.
Particular embodiments described above, has been carried out the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and beneficial effect the most in detail
Describe in detail bright it should be understood that the foregoing is only the specific embodiment of the present invention, be not limited to the present invention, all
Within the spirit and principles in the present invention, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvement etc. done, should be included in the protection of the present invention
Within the scope of.
Claims (11)
1. a skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method, described skyscraper has multiple floor, logical between each layer
Crossing staircase connection, multiple air outlet is distributed in staircase, each air outlet is for blowing to staircase, it is characterised in that institute
The method of stating comprises the steps:
Whether S1, each layer detecting described skyscraper there is the condition of a fire;
S2, when step S1 detects a certain layer generation condition of a fire of described skyscraper, only make two nearest with this layer or three
Individual air outlet is blown.
2. skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that make in step sl
The condition of a fire is detected with fire detector.
3. skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that:
In step sl, there is a signal when detecting the condition of a fire to system controller in described fire detector, with to
The level number that the system controller report condition of a fire occurs;
In step s 2, described system controller only makes two or three near the level number indicated by described signal in staircase
Air outlet is blown, and other air outlets are not blown.
4. skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that: each described air outlet
All being connected with an air supply duct, this air supply duct and a blower fan connect, when the specific air outlet of needs is blown, in step S2,
Described system controller automatically controls unlatching blower fan, and opens the air outlet needing air-supply, closes other air outlets.
5. skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that: described each air outlet
Opening and closing by described system controller coordinated signals, at ordinary times for meet ventilation requirement open whole air outlet.
6. skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that: described blower fan is positioned at
The top of staircase or bottom.
7. skyscraper stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette method as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that: each staircase has
Cup adjacent thereto.
8. being applied to a stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette system for skyscraper, described skyscraper has multiple layer, each layer
Between connected by staircase, multiple air outlet is distributed in staircase, each air outlet for staircase blow, its feature exists
In, described system includes:
Fire detector, is arranged at each layer of described skyscraper, for detecting whether each layer of described skyscraper is sent out
Light a fire feelings;
System controller, when described fire detector detects certain layer of generation condition of a fire of described skyscraper, only makes and this layer
Nearest two or three air outlets air-supply.
It is applied to the stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette system of skyscraper the most as claimed in claim 8, it is characterised in that described
There is a signal when detecting the condition of a fire to a system controller in fire detector, to send out to the system controller report condition of a fire
Raw level number.
It is applied to the stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette system of skyscraper the most as claimed in claim 9, it is characterised in that institute
Stating system controller air outlet air-supply in the staircase only making the level number indicated by described signal, other air outlets are not bothered to see me out
Wind.
The 11. stairwell pressurization air-supply gear cigarette systems being applied to skyscraper as claimed in claim 10, it is characterised in that each
Described air outlet is all connected with an air supply duct, and this air supply duct and a blower fan connect, and described system controller is additionally operable to
When the specific air outlet of needs is blown, control described blower fan and open.
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CN107780671A (en) * | 2017-10-30 | 2018-03-09 | 寿光源魏实业有限公司 | A kind of Fire lift floor |
CN114303029A (en) * | 2019-06-26 | 2022-04-08 | 朴在现 | Comprehensive flue gas control system |
CN114622744A (en) * | 2022-01-14 | 2022-06-14 | 上海品览数据科技有限公司 | Automatic judgment method for smoke prevention measures of heating and ventilation special staircases and front rooms |
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WO2018032498A1 (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2018-02-22 | 中国科学技术大学 | Method and system for pressurizing, supplying air, and blocking smoke in high-rise building stairwell |
CN107780671A (en) * | 2017-10-30 | 2018-03-09 | 寿光源魏实业有限公司 | A kind of Fire lift floor |
CN114303029A (en) * | 2019-06-26 | 2022-04-08 | 朴在现 | Comprehensive flue gas control system |
CN114303029B (en) * | 2019-06-26 | 2024-01-26 | 朴在现 | Comprehensive smoke control system |
CN114622744A (en) * | 2022-01-14 | 2022-06-14 | 上海品览数据科技有限公司 | Automatic judgment method for smoke prevention measures of heating and ventilation special staircases and front rooms |
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