CN106166558B - A method of preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge - Google Patents
A method of preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge Download PDFInfo
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- CN106166558B CN106166558B CN201610339038.0A CN201610339038A CN106166558B CN 106166558 B CN106166558 B CN 106166558B CN 201610339038 A CN201610339038 A CN 201610339038A CN 106166558 B CN106166558 B CN 106166558B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/82—Recycling of waste of electrical or electronic equipment [WEEE]
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of methods preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge, belong to environmental geotechnical field, include the following steps:Step S1, into the municipal dewatered sludge of 100 parts by weight add the photochemical catalyst of 0.01 0.5 parts by weight, the extractant of 0.1 2 parts by weight, 1 15 parts by weight wave absorbing agent and 0.1 5 parts by weight exciting agent;Step S2, photochemical catalyst, extractant, wave absorbing agent and exciting agent that municipal dewatered sludge is added with step S1 are uniformly mixed;Step S3, the micro-wave oven wave absorbing agent that can be used for improving the efficiency of heating surface is obtained by micro-wave oven progress microwave treatment is put into above-mentioned mud mixture.The present invention turns waste into wealth, solid waste material sludge can be converted to microwave absorption, microwave heating efficiency can be greatly improved as additive, while there is this method the active organic matter efficiently reduced in sludge, passivation inertia organic matter, sludge volume to be reduced the advantages such as big.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to environmental geotechnical fields, and in particular to a kind of to prepare microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge
Method.
Background technology
Since China's sewage plant is in process of construction, China's urban wastewater treatment firm realizes the preliminary decrement of sludge substantially
Change, but the stabilization processes of municipal dewatered sludge are not implemented.According to statistics, about 80% sewage plant has the thickening of sludge and sets
It applies, has reached a degree of minimizing;There are about 80% sludge without stabilization processes, and odorant, disease are contained in sludge
The pollutants such as substance, persistent organism are transferred to land from sewage, and pollutant is caused further to spread so that have built up throwing
The environment emission reduction benefit of the big sewage treatment facility of fortune is had a greatly reduced quality.
Municipal dewatered sludge has the characteristics that capacity is big, unstable, and solid phase organic matter therein is up to 38% because of content,
And molecular weight is big, boiling point is high, difficult to degrade, is particularly easy to occur putrid and deteriorated and become stench, and it is poisonous and harmful to human body, it does not handle
Or mishandling contaminant water invasion underground water, foul gas will be caused to corrode the serious secondary pollution accident such as air.In China,
The development of the treatment technology of municipal dewatered sludge and its organic matter, technique and equipment is still restricted by economic level development, unbearably
Huge processing cost and make " the light mud of heavy water " thought had led to serious environmental pollution already.
Traditional sludge processing method has 3 kinds:Burning, landfill and recycling.Foreign countries mostly use burning process, but invest
It is huge, easily cause atmosphere pollution;The country mostly uses landfill, but needs to occupy a large amount of soil, while can cause the secondary of environment
Pollution.According to statistics, at present in disposal options, landfill accounts for 63.0%, sludge aerobic fermentation+agricultural account for about 13.5%, sludge
Natural desiccation comprehensive utilization accounts for that 5.4%, sludge incineration accounts for 1.8%, sludge air storage and outward transport respectively accounts for 1.8% and 14.4%.
In fact, landfill, air storage and the sludge of the outward transport overwhelming majority belong to random disposition, the ratio of safe disposal is really realized
Example is no more than 20%.
In addition, in terms of recycling, researcher also develops a series of carbonization techniques.So-called sludge carbonization, just
It is so that the water release in sludge is come out by certain means, while retaining the carbon value in sludge to the maximum extent again, makes most
The process that carbon content in final product greatly improves.Worldwide, sludge carbonization is broadly divided into following 3 kinds:
(1) high temperature cabonization.It is not pressurized when carbonization, temperature is 649-982 DEG C.First by sludge drying to moisture content about 30%,
It is granulated subsequently into carbide furnace high temperature cabonization.Carbonized particles can be used as inferior fuel, and calorific value is about 8 360-12
540kJ/kg (Japan or the U.S.).Minimizing and the recycling of sludge may be implemented in the technology, but due to its technical sophistication, operation
Of high cost, the calorific value content in product is low, and currently there has been no apply on a large scale.
(2) medium temperature is carbonized.It is not pressurized when carbonization, temperature is 426-537 DEG C.First by sludge drying to moisture content about 90%,
It is decomposed subsequently into carbide furnace.Oil, reaction water (steam condensate (SC)), biogas (uncooled air) and solid carbon are generated in technique
Compound.In addition, the technology is to carry out sludge to be carbonized after desiccation, and economic benefit unobvious, in addition to the treatment plant of one, Australia,
It there is no other potential users.
(3) low-temperature carbonization.Desiccation is not necessarily to before carbonization, when carbonization is forced into 6-8MPa, and carburizing temperature is 315 DEG C, after carbonization
Sludge at liquid, dewatered moisture content 50% after drying particles hereinafter, can be used as inferior fuel use, calorific value is about
15 048~20 482kJ/kg (U.S.).The technology makes the biomass in sludge all crack by temperature-pressure, only passes through
In sludge 75% moisture removal can be dramatically saved running energy consumption by mechanical means.Sludge all cracks
It ensure that the thorough stabilization of sludge.Calorific value in most sludge is remained in sludge carbonisation, again for the energy after cracking
Using creating condition.
(4) sludge hydrolytic heat drying technology.Sludge water heat drying technology is by heating sludge, in certain temperature and pressure
Under make sticky hydrolysis of organic matter in sludge, destroy the colloform texture of sludge, dewatering and anaerobic digestion can be improved simultaneously
Performance.With the increase of hydrothermal temperature and pressure, particles collision increases, and intergranular collide results in the broken of colloform texture
It is bad, so that irreducible water and solid particle is detached.Sludge by the hydro-thermal process mechanical dehydration in the case where not adding flocculant
Moisture content is greatly lowered.The hydrolysis of sludge macroscopically shows as volatile suspended solids concentration and reduces and COD, BOD and ammonia
Nitrogen isoconcentration increases.Hydro-thermal drying technique uses pulp reactor, and by flashing, steam exhaust back-mixing preheats pulp, steam is assisted with mechanical
With stirring, the treatment effeciency of system is improved;In hydrothermal reactor, by the way of the direct Hybrid Heating of steam reverse flow,
Mass-and heat-transfer process is enhanced, can be carbonized to avoid hot-spot coking:In successive flash vaporization reactor, system capacity is realized
Effective recycling.
Currently, China's municipal administration dewatered sludge processing present situation, be primarily present handling rate is low, technique is not perfect, technology is single,
Equipment is backward, disposition coverage ratio, the problems such as resource utilization rate is low and secondary pollution risk is big.Therefore, it is necessary to improve
With the municipal dewatered sludge solid phase organic matter treatment process of innovation.
Microwave energy is a kind of novel green energy resource, under the microwave electric field effect of alternation, has polar substance point
Son changes with the variation of electromagnetic field, and microwave radiation frequency electromagnetic waves penetrate spe medium, reaches the inside dimension pipe of material
Beam and glandular cell's system.Due to absorbing microwave energy, cell interior temperature rises rapidly, and it is more than that cell wall is swollen to make its cell interior pressure
Swollen ability to bear, cell rupture.Intracellular active ingredient freely flows out, and Extraction medium captures and molten under lower temperature condition
Solution.Simultaneously because the frictional heating between polar molecule, makes the temperature of sludge system rise rapidly and cure.With adding for conductive properties
Heat is compared, and microwave heating can be such that the greater portion of object is heated, and since microwave energy penetrates inside, from inside to outside gradually
Heating is conducive to moisture and organic matter and volatilizees from the inside of sludge to external migration, thus extracts very fast with dewatering speed.
Cross-section study about sludge microwave treatment is as follows:Fu great Fang etc. is concentrated with the microwave radiation that output power is 750W
Pond sludge finds that radiation 45min moisture percentage in sewage sludge can be reduced to 36%.The research table of the microwave radiation concentration basin sludge such as Zou Luyi
It is bright, when power consumption is less than 0.2 × 10-3Moisture percentage in sewage sludge is still 80% or more when kWh, and power consumption is up to 0.35 × 10-3It is dirty when kWh
Mud moisture content can be down to 60%.Field Yu etc. has studied influence of the microwave radiation processing to sludge structure and dewatering.
The feasibility that MENNEDEZ etc. prepares microwave activated carbon is analyzed.Gan is further proved:Microwave drying heavy metal hydrogen-oxygen
When compound precipitating sludge, to wherein heavy metal Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+、Cr3+And Pb2+There is apparent fixed function.Tai HS are demonstrated
Microwave radiation meets the leaching maximum concentration that Environmental Protection Agency provides 5mg/L to the fixed effect of heavy metal chromium in soil
It is required that.In terms of mud organic substance and heavy metal analysis, there is few quantifier elimination to report, for example uses five step extractions of Tessier
Analyze the fractions distribution of heavy metal in municipal sewage sludge, using microwave auxiliary extraction/high effective liquid chromatography for measuring Shenzhen
Induced by alkyl hydroxybenzene and alkyl phenol are poly- in the sedimentation basin and recycling pond pool bottom sludge of city Longgang District each water factory of water supply Group Co., Ltd
The concentration etc. of ethylene oxide ether compound.But the sludge dosage of these test experiences is typically all 30ml or so, used micro-
Wave furnace apparatus is simple and crude, and some also uses household microwave oven, and there is not been reported for industrialization sludge microwave abstracting.
Invention content
Technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a kind of sides preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge
Method.
The technical solution that the present invention solves above-mentioned technical problem is as follows:
A method of microwave absorption being prepared using municipal dewatered sludge, is included the following steps:
Step S1, photochemical catalyst, the 0.1-3 of 0.01-0.5 parts by weight are added into the municipal dewatered sludge of 100 parts by weight
The exciting agent of the extractant of parts by weight, the wave absorbing agent and 0.1-5 parts by weight of 1-15 parts by weight;
Step S2, photochemical catalyst, extractant, wave absorbing agent and the exciting agent of municipal dewatered sludge and step S1 additions are carried out
Uniformly mixing;
Step S3, the mixed mud mixtures of step S2 are put into micro-wave oven and carry out microwave treatment, obtained microwave and inhale wave
Agent.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:The method for preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge of the present invention has height
Effect reduces active organic matter, fast dewatering, sludge volume and is reduced the advantages such as big, wave absorbing agent, photochemical catalyst and green extractant etc.
Substance can make the temperature of sludge system be more than 300 DEG C, and microwave energy can destroy the structure of sludge and its organic matter itself complexity,
Active organic matter in sludge by a large amount of degradations, catalysis oxidation, extract, will be enriched in inertia organic matter, photochemical catalyst, suction wave
Agent, exciting agent mud mixture be converted into microwave absorption, turn waste into wealth.The present invention directly handles dirt using microwave energy
Mud will be enriched in Organic Sludge and be converted into not only adsorbable heavy metal but also can improve the absorbing material of microwave heating efficiency, have at
The multiple advantages such as this low, synchronous low consumption deep dehydration, high temperature degradation organic matter, photocatalytic activity organic matter, extraction organic matter.
Further, the photochemical catalyst of the step S1 is or mixtures thereof nano-titanium dioxide, nano zine oxide.
Advantageous effect using above-mentioned further scheme is:The present invention be directed to sludge in active organic matter, inertia organic matter,
The feature of heavy metal etc., nontoxic photochemical catalyst titanium dioxide oxidability is strong, that chemical property is stable, cheap are introduced into
In printing and dyeing sludge microwave harmless treatment process, after or mixtures thereof addition photochemical catalyst nano-titanium dioxide, nano zine oxide,
Microwave treatment is carried out again, hence it is evident that is accelerated processing speed, can significantly be enhanced the effect of microwave treatment.
Further, the wave absorbing agent of the step S1 be carbon slag, bastard coal mountain flour, casting clay sand sludge, bastard coal mountain flour and
The mixture of any one or more in the waste materials containing carbons such as sludge organism charcoal.
Advantageous effect using above-mentioned further scheme is:The characteristics of being heated using microwave selective makes microwave energy quantity set
In arrive sludge system, improve the service efficiency of microwave, the temperature range of sludge system is 100-500 DEG C, far above not adding
The sludge system temperature for adding wave absorbing agent is conducive to moisture abjection in sludge, active organic matter is decomposed and extracted.
Further, the extractant of the step S1 is appointed in dimethyl carbonate, carbon tetrachloride, propylene glycol or ethyl acetate
It anticipates one or more mixtures.
Advantageous effect using above-mentioned further scheme is:Extractant has been used, low molecule organic matter and decomposition are accelerated
Organic matter dissolving and Extraction behavior, can make the sludge content of organic matter reduce by 50%.
Further, the exciting agent in the step S3 is any one or more in magnesium chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium hydroxide
Mixture.
Advantageous effect using above-mentioned further scheme is:The exciting agent for having used low cost, can promote organic matter to dissolve
Into extractant, the efficiency of heating surface of microwave can be also improved.
Specific implementation mode
The principles and features of the present invention are described below, and the given examples are served only to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit
Determine the scope of the present invention.
Microwave energy is a kind of novel green energy resource, under the microwave electric field effect of alternation, has polar substance point
Son changes with the variation of electromagnetic field, and microwave radiation frequency electromagnetic waves penetrate spe medium, reaches the inside dimension pipe of material
Beam and glandular cell's system.The characteristics of microwave heating, is as follows:
A. penetrability heats, and heating speed is fast.Its distance penetrated, in theory with the same order of magnitude of electromagnetic wavelength.It is micro-
Wave heating is that heating object itself is made to become thermal objects, and referred to as whole mode of heating does not need the process of heat transfer, because
This can realize heating in the short time.No matter each position shape of object when microwave heating, usually can uniformly penetrating electromagnetic wave,
To generate heat, the ineffectivity of dielectric material heating substantially improves.
B. homogeneous heating.It, usually can the generation of uniformly penetrating microwave no matter each position shape of object when microwave heating
Heat.Therefore uniformity substantially improves.It can avoid scorched outside and underdone inside, outer dry interior wet phenomenon.
C. selectivity heating.Microwave play the role of to material of different nature it is different, because of absorption of the hydrone to microwave
Preferably, so high-water content position, absorbs position of the microwave power more than water content the bottom of compared with;Water is absorbed than dry matter in material
The ability of microwave is strong, and Gu Shui is heated to be higher than dry matter, this is conducive to moisture temperature rise, promotes moisture evaporation, is also beneficial to do
Superheating phenomenon occurs for substance, this is extremely advantageous to reducing nutrition and the destruction of flavor.The characteristics of selectivity heating, has:Autobalance
Microwave is absorbed, avoids that coking occurs when material heat drying.
D. energy-efficient.Microwave plays the role of different material different, and when microwave heating, heating object is typically all to be placed on
The heating of metal manufacture is indoor, and heating room is a closed cavity for microwave, and microwave cannot leak;External cooling loses
It is few, can only heating object absorb, the air and cell therefor for heating room will not all generate heat, not additional heat energy loss,
So the thermal efficiency is high;Meanwhile therefore the environment of workplace will not increase, environmental condition is obviously improved.So energy saving, province
Electricity can generally save 30% -50%.
E. easily controllable.As long as realizing that automated production micro-wave drying equipment operation and control control knob can moment
Achieve the purpose that lift start-stop.Because when heated, only object itself heats up, air is without waste heat in furnace body, burner hearth, therefore
Thermal inertia is minimum, without thermal loss, can automatically be monitored to product quality using microcomputer control, particularly suitable in heating process
With the automation control of heating process specification.
F. it improves working conditions, saves floor space.Microwave heating equipment is easy full without waste heat, no sample pollution problem
Sufficient food hygiene requirement, itself does not generate heat, non-radiating heat again, so working condition is substantially improved, and also device structure is tight
It gathers, saves plant area.
The present invention provides a kind of methods preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge, include the following steps:
Step S1, photochemical catalyst, the 0.1-3 of 0.01-0.5 parts by weight are added into the municipal dewatered sludge of 100 parts by weight
The exciting agent of the extractant of parts by weight, the wave absorbing agent and 0.1-5 parts by weight of 1-15 parts by weight;
Step S2, photochemical catalyst, extractant, wave absorbing agent and the exciting agent of municipal dewatered sludge and step S1 additions are carried out
Uniformly mixing;
Step S3, the mixed mud mixtures of step S2 are put into micro-wave oven and carry out microwave treatment, obtained microwave and inhale wave
Agent.
The photochemical catalyst of the step S1 is the mixing of any one or more in nano-titanium dioxide, nano zine oxide
Object.
The extractant of the step S1 be any one in dimethyl carbonate, carbon tetrachloride, propylene glycol or ethyl acetate or
A variety of mixtures.
The wave absorbing agent of the step S1 is carbon slag, bastard coal mountain flour, casting clay sand sludge, bastard coal mountain flour and sludge organism charcoal
Equal waste materials containing carbons.
The exciting agent of the step S1 is the mixture of any one or more in magnesium chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium hydroxide.
In the step S3, ranging from 100-500 DEG C of microwave temperature.
The present invention's can be sliding door type micro-wave oven, and inner cavity 20L-100L, each dosage is about 2000ml, heat 3-5
Minute, power is up to 7000w;The present invention's can also be tunnel type micro wave stove, inner cavity 50L-200L, and each dosage is about
5000ml is heated 3-5 minutes, and power is up to 800000w.
The method for preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge of the present invention have it is energy-efficient, be evenly heated, drop
It solves organic matter, heavy metals immobilization, cold sterilization, sludge volume and is reduced the advantages such as big, wave absorbing agent, photochemical catalyst and green extractant
Equal substances can make the temperature of sludge system be more than 300 DEG C, and microwave energy can destroy the knot of sludge and its organic matter itself complexity
Structure, sludge activity organic matter by a large amount of degradations, catalysis oxidation, extract, the moisture in sludge reduces 80% or more, can general
It is converted into not only adsorbable heavy metal rich in Organic Sludge but also the absorbing material of microwave heating efficiency can be improved.
The present invention is directed to the feature of active organic matter, inertia organic matter, moisture etc. in sludge, oxidability is strong, chemistry
Property is stable, cheap nontoxic photochemical catalyst titanium dioxide is introduced into printing and dyeing sludge microwave harmless treatment process, energy
Low molecular organic matter catalysis oxidation will be degraded to or extracted, there is at low cost, synchronous low consumption deep dehydration, high temperature drop
Organic matter, photocatalytic activity organic matter, the extraction multiple advantages such as organic matter are solved, Organic Sludge can be will be enriched in are converted into both inhale
Attached heavy metal can improve the absorbing material of microwave heating efficiency again.
The foregoing is merely presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, it is all the present invention spirit and
Within principle, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and so on should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of method preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge, which is characterized in that include the following steps:
Step S1, photochemical catalyst, the 0.1-3 weight of 0.01-0.5 parts by weight are added into the municipal dewatered sludge of 100 parts by weight
The exciting agent of the extractant of part, the wave absorbing agent and 0.1-5 parts by weight of 1-15 parts by weight;
Step S2, photochemical catalyst, extractant, wave absorbing agent and the exciting agent of municipal dewatered sludge and step S1 additions are carried out uniform
Mixing;
Step S3, the mixed mud mixtures of step S2 are put into micro-wave oven and carry out microwave treatment, obtain microwave wave absorbing agent.
2. the method according to claim 1 for preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge, which is characterized in that described
The photochemical catalyst of step S1 is the mixture of any one or more in nano-titanium dioxide, nano zine oxide.
3. the method according to claim 1 for preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge, which is characterized in that described
The extractant of step S1 is the mixture of any one or more in dimethyl carbonate, carbon tetrachloride, propylene glycol or ethyl acetate.
4. the method according to claim 1 for preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge, which is characterized in that described
The wave absorbing agent of step S1 is carbon slag, bastard coal mountain flour, casting clay sand sludge, bastard coal mountain flour and sludge organism charcoal these waste materials containing carbons
In the mixture of any one or more.
5. the method according to claim 1 for preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge, which is characterized in that described
The exciting agent of step S1 is the mixture of any one or more in magnesium chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium hydroxide.
6. the method according to claim 1 for preparing microwave absorption using municipal dewatered sludge, which is characterized in that described
In step S3, ranging from 100-500 DEG C of microwave temperature.
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CN108046317B (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2020-01-17 | 武汉纺织大学 | Targeted microwave pretreatment method capable of improving activity of nano material and nano material |
CN108218176A (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2018-06-29 | 上海梵煦环境科技有限公司 | A kind of sludge carbonization all-in-one machine and method |
CN114436484A (en) * | 2022-01-10 | 2022-05-06 | 长春工程学院 | System and method for recovering carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus resources by microwave disintegration of excess sludge assisted by wave-absorbing substances |
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US4050907A (en) * | 1976-07-09 | 1977-09-27 | Brimhall George H | Organic waste treating and conversion system |
CN102827661A (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2012-12-19 | 燕山大学 | Sludge fuelization treatment process of urban sewage treatment plant |
JP2015051437A (en) * | 2010-03-02 | 2015-03-19 | オオブユニティ株式会社 | Sludge treatment method and using method of carbide |
CN104556630A (en) * | 2014-01-06 | 2015-04-29 | 嘉兴市世纪今典景观工程有限公司 | Technology for micro-wave treatment of sewage sludge |
CN105417918A (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2016-03-23 | 深圳大学 | Technical method for treating civil sludge through microwave pyrolysis |
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2016
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Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4050907A (en) * | 1976-07-09 | 1977-09-27 | Brimhall George H | Organic waste treating and conversion system |
JP2015051437A (en) * | 2010-03-02 | 2015-03-19 | オオブユニティ株式会社 | Sludge treatment method and using method of carbide |
CN102827661A (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2012-12-19 | 燕山大学 | Sludge fuelization treatment process of urban sewage treatment plant |
CN104556630A (en) * | 2014-01-06 | 2015-04-29 | 嘉兴市世纪今典景观工程有限公司 | Technology for micro-wave treatment of sewage sludge |
CN105417918A (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2016-03-23 | 深圳大学 | Technical method for treating civil sludge through microwave pyrolysis |
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