CN106163073B - A kind of line outbound course of middle energy superconduction bevatron - Google Patents
A kind of line outbound course of middle energy superconduction bevatron Download PDFInfo
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- H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
- H05H7/001—Arrangements for beam delivery or irradiation
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Abstract
The present invention relates to the line outbound courses of energy superconduction bevatron in one kind, the mode that this method introduces first harmonic precession increases extraction circle spacing, and the characteristics of combining superconducting cyclotron, on the basis of two electrostatic deflection plates educt beaming flows, multiple small passive magnet passages are set on beam trace, the beam phase space that the mode that similar beam line designs carries out on extraction path can be carried out to match, reduce the beam loss after deflecting plates to the full extent, final ejection efficiency can reach 80% or more.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the design technology of a cyclotron, and particularly relates to a beam extraction method of a medium-energy superconducting proton cyclotron.
Background
The 100-DEG C300 MeV intermediate energy superconducting proton cyclotron has wide application in the fields of nuclear medicine, aerospace military industry, nuclear physics basic research and the like. Compared with a normal-temperature proton cyclotron, the superconducting proton cyclotron has the advantages of compact structure and low running power loss. The beam extraction efficiency is one of the core indexes of such accelerators. The particles lost in the extraction process hit other components such as an accelerator magnet, a high-frequency cavity and the like, so that the service life and the operation stability of the components are influenced, and meanwhile, the accelerator can keep a higher irradiation dose level due to the activation of the accelerator, so that the maintenance of the accelerator after the accelerator breaks down is not facilitated. Particularly, the inner wall of the superconducting coil thermostat is damaged by long-time beam bombardment, so that the superconductivity of the accelerator is influenced, and the accelerator is greatly influenced.
The electrostatic deflection plate is a common beam extraction method in a proton cyclotron. And applying an outward acting force to the particles by adopting electrostatic deflection voltage, enabling the particles to be separated from the accelerating region and enter a fringe field region, and rapidly reducing a fringe field to finally deflect the particles into the holes of the accelerator magnet yoke and lead out. Because the electrostatic deflection plate is limited by the breakdown of sparking, the generated electrostatic high voltage is often about 60-100kV, and the deflection force to particles is limited. After the particles are deflected, the particles can still run in a fringe magnetic field area for a long time and are subjected to the radial beam defocusing effect of negative magnetic field gradient. In this case, a large-range magnetic tunnel may be added to the fringe field region to perform beam radial focusing. Even so, the beam extraction efficiency of such accelerators tends to be low. For example, the TBA C235 proton treatment cyclotron adopts a mode of adding an electrostatic deflection plate in a valley region, and adds a magnetic channel in a subsequent magnetic pole fringe field region for focusing, the deflection voltage required during operation is about 65kV, the initial achievable extraction efficiency is about 40%, and the extraction efficiency can reach 60% after long-term operation optimization.
The extraction efficiency η is directly related to the interval of the last circle of extraction tracks, and the small track interval can cause the loss of more ions when the ions collide on the cutting plate.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a beam extraction method of a medium-energy superconducting proton cyclotron, which can realize extraction efficiency of more than 80 percent, aiming at the problem of low extraction efficiency in the currently common medium-energy proton cyclotron.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a beam extraction method of a medium-energy superconducting proton cyclotron comprises the following steps:
(1) calculating static balance orbit of the accelerator and finding out radial oscillation frequency upsilonrPlacing a first harmonic near the radius position of 1, adjusting the amplitude and the phase of the first harmonic, separating the ring spacing as much as possible, ensuring that the envelope of the separated beam is as small as possible, and determining the optimal first harmonic distribution;
(2) respectively placing an electrostatic deflection plate in the adjacent two magnetic pole peak areas, placing the inlet of the first electrostatic deflection plate between the two circles of beams, adjusting the curvature radius of the electrostatic deflection plate to ensure that the shape of the electrostatic deflection plate is well matched with the shape of the beam track, and adjusting the voltage of the two electrostatic deflection plates to ensure that the beams are just led out from the magnet leading-out hole;
(3) adding a plurality of small magnetic channels one by one on the central particle track after the deflection plate is led out, and adjusting the size and the magnetic field gradient of the magnetic channels until the radial and axial beam envelopes are well focused;
(4) and readjusting the voltage of the electrostatic deflector, adjusting the positions of the magnetic channels to enable the beam to pass through the centers of the magnetic channels, and repeatedly adjusting until the beam can be just led out from the magnet leading-out hole.
Further, in the beam extraction method of the intermediate energy superconducting proton cyclotron as described above, the expression of the loop pitch in step (1) is as follows:
Δr＝Δrseo+Δx sin(2πn(vr-1))+2π(vr-1)x cos(2πn(vr-1))
where r is the radial position of the particle in the cyclotron and rseoTo balance the radius of the track, vrThe number of radial oscillation frequencies is, x is the radial oscillation amplitude, delta x is the change of the radial oscillation amplitude of two adjacent circles, and n is the number of circles of the beam current;
Δrseothe second term is the ring spacing brought by the increase of the oscillation amplitude due to resonance, and the third term is the ring spacing brought by precession;
the coil spacing brought by the precession is related to the amplitude and the phase of the introduced first harmonic, and the optimal first harmonic amplitude and phase are determined according to multi-particle tracking simulation.
Further, in the beam extraction method of the intermediate energy superconducting proton cyclotron, the electric field of the electrostatic deflection plate in the step (2) is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula, q and EkIs the charge and kinetic energy of the particle, p,Radius of curvature and angular width of the deflector plate, respectively, and as the radial deflection of the particles at the deflector plate outlet.
Further, according to the beam extraction method of the intermediate-energy superconducting proton cyclotron, in the step (3), the magnetic channel is composed of three iron blocks arranged along the beam direction, wherein one iron block has a larger surface area facing the beam, the other two iron blocks have a smaller surface area facing the beam, the iron block with the larger surface area is located on the inner side of the beam, the other two iron blocks with the smaller surface area are located on the outer side of the beam, the two iron blocks with the smaller surface area are symmetrically arranged up and down, and the beam passes through a middle gap formed by the three iron blocks.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: on the basis of the traditional deflector plate and large magnetic channel extraction method, the invention introduces a first harmonic precession method to increase the distance between extraction coils, combines the characteristics of a superconducting cyclotron, adopts a plurality of small passive magnetic channels, can perform beam space matching on an extraction path in a mode similar to beam line design, reduces the beam loss behind the deflector plate in the maximum program, and has the final extraction efficiency of more than 80 percent.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a beam extraction method according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a small magnetic tunnel used in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the layout of the elements of the beam extraction method based on a dual electrostatic deflection plate and a plurality of magnetic channels;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a beam envelope based on a double electrostatic deflector (ESD1-2) and 6 magnetic channels (MC1-6) extraction tracks.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and examples.
As shown in fig. 1, the flow of the beam extraction method of the intermediate energy superconducting proton cyclotron provided by the present invention is as follows:
firstly, combining accelerator magnetic field data, adopting CYCLONE program to calculate static equilibrium orbit of accelerator, and finding out radial oscillation frequency upsilonrRadius position of 1The first harmonic is placed near this radial position, and the distribution function is as follows:
wherein,is the phase of the first harmonic, b (r-r)0) As a function of the amplitude distribution of the first harmonic, r0Is the central position of the first harmonic and r is the radial position of the particle in the cyclotron. r is represented by the formula:
r＝rseo+x sin(vrθ)
rseofor the corresponding equilibrium orbit radius of the energy, vrThe radial oscillation frequency, x the radial oscillation amplitude, and (r, θ) the position of the particle in polar coordinates. Differentiating the above equation, assuming vr1, the turn pitch of the nth turn can be obtained:
Δr＝Δrseo+Δx sin(2πn(vr-1))+2π(vr-1)x cos(2πn(vr-1))
in the above formula, Δ x is the variation of the radial oscillation amplitude of two adjacent circles, Δ rseoThe second term is the loop spacing due to the increase in oscillation amplitude due to resonance, and the third term is the loop spacing due to precession. In superconducting proton cyclotrons, the turn pitch resulting from energy gain is limited. V is due to isochronous requirementsrAs the radius (energy) increases and is greater than 1 during acceleration until approaching the pole edge, vrGradually decreases. In upsilonrThe first harmonic is added to the radial position of 1, so as to excite the radial oscillation amplitude of the beam current and to make it in upsilonrWhen dropped to about 0.8, a larger distance of the moving coil may be produced.
By adjusting the amplitude and the phase of the first harmonic, the space between the rings is separated as much as possible, the envelope of the separated beam is ensured to be as small as possible, and the optimal first harmonic distribution is determined. The introduction of the first harmonic in the accelerator can be achieved by using a tuning coil and a tuning rod, and is not particularly required here.
Secondly, a deflector is respectively arranged in two adjacent peak areas, the inlet of the first deflector is arranged between two circles of beams, the curvature radius of the deflector is adjusted to ensure that the shape of the deflector is well matched with the shape of the beam track, and the voltage of the two deflectors is adjusted to ensure that the beams are just led out from the magnet leading-out hole.
After the beam current is under the precession action, in order to make the particles generate enough outward deflection force, an electrostatic deflection plate is respectively placed in the magnetic pole peak region and the next magnetic pole peak region which is close to the magnetic pole peak region. The electrostatic deflection plate mainly comprises a grounding cutting plate and a negative high-voltage electrode, the electrode is in a circular arc shape, and the curvature radius is designed to be the shape which is most matched with a beam track; the thickness of the cutting plate at the beam inlet is required to be less than 0.2mm, and the beam is reduced to the greatest extent and is applied to the cutting plate. The electric field of the electrostatic deflection plate can be calculated by:
wherein q and EkIs the charge and kinetic energy of the particle, p,Radius of curvature and angular width of the deflector plate, respectively, and as the radial deflection of the particles at the deflector plate outlet. Higher voltages can deflect the particles outwards to the maximum extent, facilitating extraction. However, the voltage resistance of the deflection plate is affected by the vacuum environment, materials and mechanical structure, and the stability of the accelerator requires that the voltage of the deflection plate is generally required to be less than 70 kV.
And then, according to the defocusing condition of the beam, adding small magnetic channels one by one on the central particle track after the deflection plate is led out, adjusting the size of the magnetic channels in a multi-particle tracking mode, and changing the gradient size of the magnetic field until the radial and axial beam envelopes are well focused.
And a plurality of small-sized lead-out magnetic channels are added on a beam track passing through the deflection plate. Because the magnetic field in the superconducting accelerator is high, the magnetic tunnel is easily magnetized in the magnetic field, and thus the magnetic tunnel can be passive, i.e., does not need to be energized. The magnetic field generated by the magnetic channel in the vicinity of the particle trajectory can be expressed as:
Bz＝b+kx
where x is the distance perpendicular to the particle trajectory, and b, k are the dipole and quadrupole magnetic field components generated by the magnetic tunnel, respectively. Since the magnet is fully saturated, the small magnetic tunnel only has an effect on the magnetic field near the beam trajectory, and has little effect on the main magnetic field. Therefore, a plurality of small magnetic channels can be placed on the extraction track, the small magnetic channels have the functions similar to quadrupole lenses on beam lines, the size and the magnetic field gradient of each magnetic channel are adjusted, the beam envelope is optimized, beam matching on the extraction track is completed, and the extraction efficiency of the beam can be improved to the maximum extent.
The structure of the small-sized magnetic channel is shown in fig. 2 and consists of three iron blocks arranged along the direction of the beam current 11, wherein one iron block 12 has a large surface area facing the beam current 11, the other two iron blocks 13 have a small surface area facing the beam current 11, the iron block 12 with the large surface area is positioned on the inner side of the beam current, the other two iron blocks 13 with the small surface area are positioned on the outer side of the beam current, the two iron blocks 13 with the small surface area are symmetrically arranged up and down, and the beam current 11 passes through a middle gap formed by the three iron blocks. In order to make the magnetic field generated by the magnetic channel have small enough influence on the main magnetic field and pass through the beam, the aperture size of the area is required to be 5-7mm, the length of the magnetic channel is required to be 10-20 mm, and the generated magnetic field gradient is in the range of 1-5 kGs/cm. The detailed description of the small magnetic channel can be found in the patent of the applicant's copending application of "subminiature magnetic channel suitable for beam extraction of 200-250MeV superconducting proton cyclotron".
An embodiment of the focusing by means of small magnetic channels is shown in fig. 3, in which 1 is a magnetic pole, the protons of the superconducting proton cyclotron are extracted by two electrostatic deflection plates 2, 3, a magnetic channel element 4 is placed at the exit position, and then five magnetic channels 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are placed in sequence on the extraction track 10 for further focusing. Because the magnetic channel is very small, the magnetic channel can be packaged by a non-magnetic material and fixed on the inner wall of the thermostat, and the installation is very convenient.
Finally, the magnetic tunnel cannot be completely equivalent to a magnetic quadrupole lens, and has a dipolar component, which means that the magnetic tunnel not only affects the beam envelope but also affects the beam trajectory, so that after the magnetic tunnel is added to adjust the beam envelope, the voltage of the deflector still needs to be readjusted to enable the beam to be just led out from the magnet yoke lead-out hole. Therefore, beam envelope matching is an iterative process until a design result is produced that satisfies all requirements (deflector voltage, extraction trajectory, and beam envelope).
Examples
As a specific example, a superconducting proton cyclotron can extract a 240MeV proton beam, and has a four-blade helical fan structure with a magnetic pole radius of 85 cm. Calculating the static beam dynamics of the accelerator according to the magnetic field given by finite element simulation to obtain the upsilon of the acceleratorrThe position of the r-1 is 80.4cm, and the first harmonic is added at the position of the r-79 cm. The first harmonic phase is adjusted, and the fact that when the first harmonic phase is 135 degrees, the distance between the extracted beam coils is large, and the envelope of the extracted beam entering the deflection plate is controllable is found. And a deflector plate is arranged in the adjacent two magnetic pole peak areas respectively, and the shape and the voltage of the deflector plate are designed to ensure that the beam just passes through and the loss is minimized. The multi-particle tracking optical matching is carried out according to the clone program, and the result of multiple iterations shows that the accelerator needs 6 small magnetic channels for bunching, and the envelope of the extracted beam after matching is as shown in fig. 4.
After the design is finished, a large number of particles are tracked from the central area of the accelerator, and the result shows that the beam loss on each deflector in the extraction process is less than 10 percent, and the beam extraction efficiency can reach more than 80 percent due to good beam matching after passing through the deflectors and almost no beam loss.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (4)
1. A beam extraction method of a medium-energy superconducting proton cyclotron comprises the following steps:
(1) calculating static balance orbit of the accelerator and finding out radial oscillation frequency upsilonrPlacing a first harmonic near the radius position of 1, adjusting the amplitude and the phase of the first harmonic, separating the ring spacing as much as possible, ensuring that the envelope of the separated beam is as small as possible, and determining the optimal first harmonic distribution;
(2) respectively placing an electrostatic deflection plate in the adjacent two magnetic pole peak areas, placing the inlet of the first electrostatic deflection plate between the two circles of beams, adjusting the curvature radius of the electrostatic deflection plate to ensure that the shape of the electrostatic deflection plate is well matched with the shape of the beam track, and adjusting the voltage of the two electrostatic deflection plates to ensure that the beams are just led out from the magnet leading-out hole;
(3) adding a plurality of small magnetic channels one by one on the central particle track after the deflection plate is led out, and adjusting the size and the magnetic field gradient of the magnetic channels until the radial and axial beam envelopes are well focused;
(4) and readjusting the voltage of the electrostatic deflector, adjusting the positions of the magnetic channels to enable the beam to pass through the centers of the magnetic channels, and repeatedly adjusting until the beam can be just led out from the magnet leading-out hole.
2. The beam extraction method of an intermediate energy superconducting proton cyclotron of claim 1, wherein: the expression of the circle spacing in the step (1) is as follows:
Δr＝Δrseo+Δxsin(2πn(vr-1))+2π(vr-1)xcos(2πn(vr-1))
where r is the radial position of the particle in the cyclotron and rseoTo balance the radius of the track, vrThe number of radial oscillation frequencies is, x is the radial oscillation amplitude, delta x is the change of the radial oscillation amplitude of two adjacent circles, and n is the number of circles of the beam current;
Δrseothe second term is the ring spacing brought by the increase of the oscillation amplitude due to resonance, and the third term is the ring spacing brought by precession;
the circle distance brought by the precession is related to the amplitude and the phase of the introduced first harmonic, the optimal first harmonic amplitude and phase are determined according to multi-particle tracking simulation, and the circle distance brought by the precession is generated by exciting the radial oscillation amplitude of the beam current through introducing the first harmonic.
3. The beam extraction method of an intermediate energy superconducting proton cyclotron of claim 1, wherein: the electric field of the electrostatic deflection plate in the step (2) is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula, q and EkIs the charge and kinetic energy of the particle, p,Radius of curvature and angular width of the deflector plate, respectively, and as the radial deflection of the particles at the deflector plate outlet.
4. A method of extracting beam current from an intermediate energy superconducting proton cyclotron as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: the magnetic channel in the step (3) is composed of three iron blocks arranged along the beam direction, wherein one iron block has a larger surface area facing the beam, the other two iron blocks have a smaller surface area facing the beam, the iron block with the larger surface area is positioned on the inner side of the beam, the other two iron blocks with the smaller surface area are positioned on the outer side of the beam, the two iron blocks with the smaller surface area are symmetrically arranged up and down, and the beam passes through a middle gap formed by the three iron blocks.
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| CN115315057B (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2024-10-18 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | Design method of spiral deflection plate of ladder-shaped section accelerator with transverse focusing force |
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