CN1061461A - Approximate reversible cycle heat engine and application thereof - Google Patents
Approximate reversible cycle heat engine and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN1061461A CN1061461A CN 91111748 CN91111748A CN1061461A CN 1061461 A CN1061461 A CN 1061461A CN 91111748 CN91111748 CN 91111748 CN 91111748 A CN91111748 A CN 91111748A CN 1061461 A CN1061461 A CN 1061461A
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Abstract
Various circulation of the present invention and application process thereof can make the fuel consumption of steam turbine, gas turbine, piston IC engine reduce 10%-60%, and the power consumption of refrigerators such as refrigerator, air conditioner reduces 80%-90%.Just, can be used for heat accumulation storage station against the cycling hot machine; If be used for purifying substances, baking material, can save energy 90%-99.7%.
These methods in fields such as traffic, electric power, oil, chemical industry, wine brewing, food processing, desalination of sea water, have broad application prospects.
Design of the present invention and technology will produce the benefit of annual multi-billion dollar for the whole world, and significantly reduce CO
2, NO
xAnd chlorofluorocarbons are to the pollution of atmosphere; Before controlled nuclear fusion obtains extensive use, will be the mankind's civilization and progress.The disposable energy of saves valuable.
Description
Just the present invention relates to improve, the efficient and the refrigeration coefficient of contrary cycling hot machine, and the method that cuts down the consumption of energy significantly by hot machine.
In the past many just, the efficient of contrary cycling hot machine and refrigeration coefficient be all far below desirable level, exists outside the irreversible factor that can eliminate in the heat extraction machine structure, its Cyclical Theory also necessarily has significant deficiency.
Purpose of the present invention, remedy defective those Cyclical Theories from the angle of eliminating irreversible factor exactly, so that make the efficient of hot machine or refrigeration coefficient approach desirable level, promptly strive realizing approximate reversible circulation, and, be transformed into the means of drawing the energy or cutting down the consumption of energy by the intensification-cooling of dynamical hot machine handle, evaporation-condensation, fusion-crystallization phenomenons such as (or solidifying).
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
One, changes in the hot machine that comes work in liquid-gas phase of utilizing working medium, a. comparatively ideal direct circulation process is: 1. isobaric heat absorption, 2. adiabatic expansion, 3. and the isobaric heat release heat exchange between 6,4. isobaric heat release, 5. adiabatic compression, 6. and the isobaric heat absorption heat exchange between 3, b. comparatively ideal contrary cyclic process is: (1). isobaric heat absorption, (2). and the isobaric heat absorption heat exchange between (6), (3). adiabatic compression, (4). isobaric heat release, (5). adiabatic expansion, (6). and the isobaric heat release heat exchange between (2).
With reference to Fig. 1 a, this liquid-gas phase that is the present invention proposes is just changing, contrary circulation indicator diagram, and 1,2,3,4,5,6 represent direct circulation, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), the contrary circulation of (6) representative.
With reference to Fig. 1 b, this is that solid arrow and 1,2,3,4,5,6 is represented direct circulation by the elementary heat machine structural drawing of the design of Cyclical Theory shown in Fig. 1 a, dotted arrow and (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), the contrary circulation of (6) representative.
Direct circulation is: the liquid refrigerant heat absorption of seething with excitement in vaporizer, vaporize; Gaseous working medium driving steam turbine or steamer 2 works done; Weary gas heat release in heat exchanger 3-6; Arrive condenser 4 heat releases, condensation again; The liquid refrigerant that condenses is sent among the heat exchanger 3-6 by pump 5 and absorbs heat, and is sent back to vaporizer 1 again; The flow of pump 5 is controlled by the fluid level announciator 7 of condenser 4 bottoms.As can be seen, because heat exchanger 3-6 has been arranged, make the part used heat of the weary working medium gas after the work done pass to the liquid refrigerant of Returning evaporimeter 1, having reduced working medium needs the heat that draws from high temperature heat source, promptly reduced thermal loss.In addition, also, improved the cooling effect of condenser, further improved Efficiency of Steam Turbine again because of having reduced the used heat of condenser 4 dischargings.
The 3-6 process is mended into other any circulation that has working medium generation liquid-gaseous state to change, all will obtain remarkable energy saving effect.For example in common steam turbine generator group, the heat exchanger that increases the 3-6 process can fuel saving consumption reach 9%～13%, and Figure 10 is seen in more detailed introduction.
Contrary circulation is: the working medium heat absorption of seethe with excitement vaporizer (1) in, vaporize, cryogenic gaseous working medium enter that (2)-(6) heat exchanger absorbs heat, intensification, enter condenser (4) heat release, condensation by compressor (3) then; The liquid refrigerant that condenses in condenser (4) bottom drives water turbine (5) work done, arrives heat exchanger (2)-(6) heat release again, and the liquid refrigerant after the cooling is Returning evaporimeter (1) again.The head of water turbine (5), flow are controlled by the liquid level signal (7) of condenser (4) bottom.Cause in the equipment medium and small, water turbine (5) can be replaced by throttle valve, but this heat production when liquid refrigerant is passed through reduces refrigeration coefficient.For improving refrigeration coefficient, replace throttle valve with the switching mode stop valve and can obtain very high working efficiency.Introduce in detail and see Fig. 6, Fig. 7.
As can be seen, because (2)-(6) heat exchanger has been arranged, the gaseous working medium that enters compressor (3) is heated up in advance, both reduced the refrigerating loss of working medium in compressor, reduce external environment again and scurried into the heat of refrigeration system by compressor, the liquid refrigerant of Returning evaporimeter (1) is further lowered the temperature, strengthened the ability of the absorption heat of working medium when vaporizer (1).In addition, because the invalid used heat minimizing that condenser (4) discharges, thereby alleviated the heat load of condenser (4), strengthened the efficiently radiates heat ability of condenser.Because T1 decline refrigeration coefficient
S=(T
2)/(T1-T
2) will rise significantly.
(2)-(6) process is mended in the present common refrigerating equipment, also will play the result who cuts down the consumption of energy.But the very strong capillary tube of nonreversibility, expansion valve and decompressor are arranged in the common refrigerating equipment, see in this sense, they all are cureless.
Many producers and even artificer are equal to cooling power to the heat radiation power of refrigerator, and this is absolutely not.Because the hot coefficient s ' of pump=(T1)/(T1-T2), refrigeration coefficient s=(T2)/(T
1-T2), s '=s+1.The mentioned s of the present invention is two different notions with s ', in order to avoid obscure.
Two compare with Fig. 1 a, in the past two, the indicator diagram of two-stroke piston internal-combustion engine all lost the lower right corner, the performance that this is the delivery temperature height, overbottom pressure is big, the area that the present invention surrounds this angle has obtained remedying.Fig. 2 a, b, c, d, middle vertical dotted line and left side curve thereof, straight line correspond respectively to Otto, Diesel, Sha Bate, clarks circulation, curve, the straight line that does not comprise dotted line is exactly through improved circulation of the present invention, and Fig. 2 e is the another kind circulation that the present invention proposes.
This endless form of not losing the lower right corner is applicable to that also other is with the internal-combustion piston engine of gas as working medium.Introduce in detail and see Figure 12.
Three, also there are stronger irreversible factor in axial flow steam turbine, gas turbine, show: because of the friction of gas and blade and nozzle makes pressure can too early exhausting, frictional heat and being superimposed to of waste heat of failing to utilize make excessive discharge temperature.
Corrective measure be use instead can effectively utilize pressure can gas (vapour) turbine, and gas compressor that can the bigger pressure of high efficiency generation.Figure 11 a, b have introduced relevant situation.
Come in conjunction with the accompanying drawings now the present invention is illustrated.
With reference to Fig. 3, this just, the heat exchanger 1-(4 of contrary cycling hot machine), 4-(1) and the difference of Fig. 1 b be significantly to increase its vertical height.The working medium of heat exchanger bottom is difficult to boiling when avoiding making vaporizer, and most heat exchange areas of heat exchanger all work in the falling liquid film fluidized state.When making condenser, most heat exchange areas of heat exchanger also work in the falling liquid film condensing state.Like this,, also can obtain the high coefficient of heat transfer, thereby improve the direct circulation efficiency eta=(T of hot machine even the flow velocity of working medium is not high
1-T
2)/(T
1) and contrary circulating cooling coefficient s=(T
2)/(T
1-T
2), the hot coefficient s ' of pump=(T
1)/(T
1-T
2).Because s '=1/ (η), or s ' η=1, this means in contrary circulation, if the heat that hot machine is drawn and pumps stores, so, allow the heat work done in direct circulation that stores, can be the contrary energy Restore All that circulates and consumed; The deduction loss can be taken out usually and be deposited 60%～70% of energy in; By this principle, can build heat accumulation storage station, the situation of heat accumulation tank is seen Fig. 5.In addition, this class just, in the contrary cycling hot machine, should not use parts such as nozzle, capillary tube, expansion valve, decompressor.
Among this figure, the direct circulation of gas, liquid refrigerant is used respectively
, ↑ expression, the flow direction of gas, liquid refrigerant is used respectively in the contrary circulation
Expression; For simplified structure, the position of water turbine (5) can be moved on to pump 5, or move on to (5) with 5 and locate, and 5, (5) merge into one; Three- way valve 9,10 just is being respectively, falling liquid film boiling working medium, three-way valve 11,12 and pump 8 are provided is falling liquid film auxiliary circulation facility to the vaporizer in the contrary circulation, in case falling liquid film working medium deficiency and base of evaporator working medium liquid level that water pump 5, water turbine (5) provide are too high, cooperate fluid level announciator 7 or (7) commands pump 8 to start; The flow of pump 5. water turbine (5) is by fluid level announciator 7 or (7) control of condenser bottom.
The hot machine of direct circulation shown in this figure, even can utilize the cold wind heat radiation from the seawater draw heat under the ice sheet of marine site, polar region, when flowing through seawater, vaporizer reaches per second 1000m
3, lower the temperature 1 ℃ the time, can produce up to a million kilowatts power, the 3-6 heat exchanger can reduce the danger of the outer seawater icing of vaporizer.
In, in the low power hot machine owing to added (2)-(6) heat exchanger, the clearance of used single-stage or multi-level piston formula compressor should greatly reduce, to improve its working efficiency.In high-power hot machine, compressor (3)-gas-turbine 2 preferably adopts the type shown in Figure 11 a, the b.
With reference to Fig. 4, similar with Fig. 3, the heat exchanger 1 of this figure, (4)-4 ', (1 ') one just, always work in the condition of high temperature in the contrary circulation, 4, (1)-1 ', (4 ') always work in low-temperature condition; But another just, in the contrary circulation, 1, (4)-4 ' ,-4 ', (1 ') always work in low-temperature condition, 4, (1)-1 ', (4 ') always work in the condition of high temperature.This is that two heat exchangers of hot machine reach (2)-(6), the 3-6 heat exchanger all is placed in symmetrical status because several three-way valve (or other valve) make.For fear of confusion, among the figure only with four kinds of arrows indicated one just, contrary circuit working medium flows to, another is just, contrary circulation and it is similar, please analyzes voluntarily.
If above-mentioned two groups of heat exchangers are placed adiabatic pond A, B respectively, be filled with liquid to be crystallized in the pond, just can utilize crystallization or solidify this phenomenon purifying substances.Can from seawater, produce fresh water with this method, also can be used for making caustic soda, concentrated juice and medicine, and other material.Because Purification carries out can avoid being purified thing generation physics, chemical change at low temperatures; So when in wine manufacturing industry, using, can produce the low liquor of high-quality.These two groups of heat exchangers can be made of plain carbon steel, scribble one deck epoxy resin or other plastics on its surface, and extremely strong corrosion resistance can be arranged.
The method of desalination of sea water is:
A. fill with seawater at A, B in the pond, make the circulation heat radiation of B pond seawater and sea.(working medium along dotted arrow flow) when A, the B pond temperature difference hour, poor, the high refrigeration coefficient compressor of low pressure (3) a work: after A, the B pond temperature difference increase, close (3, a, start poor, low refrigeration coefficient compressor (3) b of High Voltage, till ice sheet is frozen into when expecting thickness in the A pond.
B. stop the seawater circulation of B pond, emit the cold concentrated seawater in bottom, A pond, and allow cold concentrated seawater and the fresh water of mending bottom, A pond carry out heat exchange.Compressor (3) b is transformed into generator 2b operation; When B pond ocean temperature is low, stop 2b, drop into 2b and continue generating, to A, when the B pond temperature difference is very little, the 2a that stops allows the gaseous working medium of B pond heat exchanger go condensation through just entering in the heat exchanger of A pond without 2a, 2b.(working medium flows along solid arrow)
C. arrive A, when the B pond temperature difference is minimum, successively start compressor (3 ') a, (3 ') b, make all fusings of A pond ice, when A pond water temperature equals ocean temperature, take out A pond fresh water.
D. fill with seawater to the A pond, and circulated in it and sea, till B pond ice sheet reaches expection thickness.
After this,, allow A, B pond seawater alternate freeze, to melt, can produce high-quality fresh water in a large number as aforementioned process.
Compare with low-pressure distillation method, film permeation method, this crystallisation can cut down the consumption of energy and reach 97%～99.7%.Except that producing fresh water, same effect is also arranged with this method other material of purifying.
With reference to Fig. 5 a, large-scale adiabatic pond is built-in with the vertically moving membrane heat exchanger of using as vaporizer or condenser, and the vertically moving membrane heat exchanging tube is distributed among the liquid of hot pond.
At the desalination of sea water factory, adiabatic pond liquid is exactly seawater and Manufactured fresh water.
In heat accumulation storage station, adiabatic heat accumulation tank liquid can be selected Na for use
2SO
4Or Na
3PO
4Saturated solution.When generating Na
2SO
410H
2During O, the ear crystalline solid that whenever rubs can discharge the heat of 79 Kilojoules, and solidification point is 32.4 ℃; When generating Na
3PO
412H
2During O, every mole of crystal can discharge the heat of Kilojoule surplus in the of 90, and solidification point is up to 73.4 ℃.Adiabatic storage cold drop liquid can be selected ordinary water, methanol aqueous solution or other setting temperature is very low and melting heat is bigger solution for use.Heat exchanger 1-(4 shown in Figure 3) place Na
3PO
4In the heat accumulation tank of solution, heat exchanger 4-(1) placing setting temperature is-40 ℃ to-50 ℃ methanol solution storage cold drop, and hot machine is made the Na in the contrary hot pond of circulation time
3PO
4Fusion, the methanol solution of cold drop solidifies, and hot machine generates Na in the hot pond when doing direct circulation
3PO
412H
2O, the coagulum fusion in the cold drop.When hot and cold pool volume respectively is last hectostere, can be for 250,000 kilowatts of hot machine continuous operations up to a hundred hours.
Member among the figure has: 1. go up air collecting chamber, 2. go up working medium turnover pipe, 3. auxiliary falling liquid film working medium liquid supplying tube, 4. the vertically moving membrane heat exchanging tube 5. descends liquid collecting cavity, 6. descends working medium to import and export, 7. auxiliary falling liquid film working medium liquid output tube, 8. the heat exchanger shell is 9. done extra large sand, 10. foamed plastics, 11. concrete sump shell, 12. pond liquid, the 13. crystalline stress poly-bags that disappear, interior low condensation point liquid.
Member among Fig. 5 b is that a vertically moving membrane pipe 4 is welded in the schematic representation on the chassis of air collecting chamber 1, the opening of falling liquid film pipe exceeds the liquid level (use as vaporizer this moment) of working medium 7, be connected with the working medium damping on the falling liquid film pipe and all be in charge of 14,14 opening one end leads in the working medium liquid, an end leads in the falling liquid film pipe, manage 4 li every several meters be equipped with a working medium liquid splatter dish 15,15 can be scattering into working medium liquid the pipe 4 inwalls on.As can be seen, by adjusting the height of working medium liquid level in the air collecting chamber, i.e. the steam output of may command working medium, thus adjust exerting oneself and the cooling power of contrary cycling hot machine of the hot machine of direct circulation.
With reference to Fig. 6, the contrary cycling hot machine of the structure of this switching mode refrigerator and Fig. 1 b is very similar, and the main distinction is to have replaced water turbine with switching mode solenoid valve (5).When compressor (3) turned round, following liquid container (8) was that vaporizer (1) replenishes liquid refrigerant, and fluid level announciator (7) control electromagnetic valve (10) in (1) is grasped the quantity of replenishing liquid; When (7) in the fluid level announciator in (8) (9) and (1) are given when falling vacant the liquid signal simultaneously, or temperature is when reaching predetermined value, and compressor stops; Before the compressor start, open (5), and last liquid container is held concurrently after the working medium inflow (8) in the heat exchanger of (2)-(6), and (5) are closed, for simplified structure, can be without valve (10) and jar (8), and (1) can replace the function of (8).
This refrigerator does not only have capillary tube, expansion valve, and does not have water turbine or throttle valve, and the required pressure difference of compressor is very little, and air loss also seldom; When the clearance of compressor was very little, a and a ' of this refrigerator were the highest.With 360 liters of refrigerators that it is made, the adapted motor only needs 10～25W, and a day power consumption has only 0.05～0.5KWh.The air conditioner made from it, when refrigerating capacity be 1750W, when the pump heat is 1860W, adapted motor total output has only 230～270W, than the economize on electricity of common air-conditioning machine more than 80%.
Because the condensing temperature of this class refrigerator itself is lower, do man-hour when selecting monochloro methane, dichloromethane, carbon sulfide or methyl alcohol for use, because condensation pressure is lower, its radiator, vaporizer, working medium conveyance conduit and other parts can select for use glass, plastics or sheet metal to make.Particularly transparent radiator and vaporizer, not only very attractive in appearance, and can see through radiation heat.
With reference to Fig. 7, the structure of this double temperaturing controling refrigerator is similar to Fig. 6, for the working medium that prevents refrigeration evaporator (1 ') is evaporated prior to the working medium of refrigerating evaporator (1), set up solenoid valve (11), its working procedure is: allow refrigerating chamber (1) priority task, after refrigerating chamber reached predetermined temperature, valve (11) was opened, and after this work of (1 ') and interior fluid level announciator (7 ') thereof is identical with (1), (7) of Fig. 6.If increase vaporizer again, fluid level announciator and solenoid valve can become many temperature controls refrigerator.
Fig. 6,7 shortcoming are that upper and lower liquid container must be than vaporizer height, and need recruitment prime number amount big in the liquid-filled vaporizer.If make evaporator operation in the falling liquid film fluidized state with the falling liquid film service pump, above-mentioned shortcoming can be overcome.
With reference to Fig. 8, in distillation, fractional distillation process, the condenser of heat pump (4) is placed among the desire evaporated liquid A, the vaporizer of heat pump (1) is placed in the vapor B of liquid, heat pump can feed back to A to the heat of condensation that B is condensed into liquid C, this mode can be described as the bootstrap effect of heat pump, if allow the c of unevaporated raffinate d and outflow carry out heat exchange with the A that benefit is gone into respectively, heat loss will be still less so.
Can produce liquid such as fresh water, liquor or fractionation oil with said method.At 30 ℃～120 ℃ warm areas, the working medium of heat pump can be selected methyl alcohol for use; At 80 ℃～400 ℃ warm areas, the working medium of heat pump can be selected deoxidation, degassing pure water for use; At-270 ℃～40 ℃ warm areas, heat pump can be selected other low boiling working fluid for use.
During the fractionation oil, when the radiator of several heat pumps, vaporizer are one another in series, allow and distinguish heat exchange into and out of oil, the gas of fractionation tower by temperature, can obtain product oil, the gas of distinguishing very meticulously by boiling point, energy consumption is extremely low.
Need continuous operation in, in the skinny device, the available throttle valve of water turbine (5) (5 ') replaces, the pressure reduction of liquid refrigerant will be transformed into heat, at this moment cryogenic refrigeration is disadvantageous, but then unimportant to the high temperature heat production.
With reference to Fig. 9 a, in open dryer, condenser (4) places the intake grill place, and it descends new atmosphere temperature rising, relative moisture.Dry air is by behind the wet material, and its humidity increases, and is pressed toward vaporizer (1) by fan (7) again.After the cooling hot and cold of vaporizer absorption wet air coagulates heat, this heat is fed back to new air.
With reference to Fig. 9 b, in closed baking machine, the article of desire baking are placed on the condenser (4), and fan (7) is lowered the temperature damp and hot blast, dehumidify toward vaporizer (1), gas periodic duty in the environment of sealing.
Fig. 9 a, b application mode energy consumption are extremely low, can be used for drying article such as cereal, paper or baking fillet, bread, chemicals.Especially scheme the drying that b more is applicable to the article that should not contact with the external world, or extract gas, liquid parts.
With reference to Figure 10, to compare with Fig. 1 b, the overheated boiler of direct current secondary of common steam turbine generator group is exactly a vaporizer 1, between turbine 2 and vaporizer 4, has mended the 3-6 heat exchanger.It makes the condensed water that reenters boiler economizer 1a obtain heating up, cause the temperature of 1. boilers row's flue gas to rise, 2. the heat load of boiler descends, 3. the used heat minimizing of condenser 4 discharges, the heat load of condenser 4 descend, 4. by air preheater, 10 temperature that enter the new air of boiler rise, and 5. the pressure difference of turbine increases.This measure makes the fuel consumption of vapor wheel generator set reduce 8%～13% usually.
In order to make full use of the heat of condensation of weary steam, can between condenser 4 and spray cooling system 7-9 thereof, seal in the hot machine of low boiling working fluid.The vaporizer 1 of this hot machine ' obtain heat from condenser 4, used heat utilize condenser 4 ' and spray cooling system water 7-9 discharging.This measure can reduce fuel consumption 9%～12% usually.
After taking above-mentioned two measures, the efficient that can make common steam turbine generator group brings up to 55%～60% by 30%～43%.But in steam turbine, the nonreversibility of nozzle is stronger, in order to eliminate it, must change novel gas-turbine, please refer to hereinafter.
With reference to Figure 11 a, the airflow direction of this blower fan and common centrifugal blower is opposite, can be described as radial inflow blower fan (make its reverse operation is exactly centrifugal gas-turbine).Its blade is wide, or central narrow, edge are wide.Blade 1 is equiangular spiral shape, and impeller air outlet 2 joins together with the preceding impeller plate 3, the back impeller plate 4 and blade 1.2 and shell 5 on air outlet 6 between the gap very little, or in this gap, be filled with lubricating oil, so that fully reduce gas leakage.Shell 5 is (or scroll) twist, and the air channel between shell and impeller is flat, can adorn stator 7(in the air channel for simplified structure, also can not adorn stator).The area of air outlet 6 is less than the area of suction port 8.(blower fan also claims gas compressor or compressor)
Because the variation of airflow volume can well coincide with the shape of impeller, blade, the interior friction of gas greatly reduces, gas leakage also seldom, the frictional heat of this radial inflow blower fan (centrifugal gas-turbine) seldom, noise is very low, efficient is very high.
In steam turbine, can directly utilize the expansion energy of steam with the centrifugal gas-turbine of what series connection, need not by means of nozzle, if its exhaust steam overbottom pressure is still bigger, can remove to drive the axial flow gas-turbine (lobe numbers that refers to this each impeller of gas-turbine is less) of few blade again, the temperature of terminal exhaust steam will greatly reduce.
With reference to Figure 11 b, the efficient of this gas turbine can reach 80%, its formation is: 1. the radial inflow compressor of what series connection, 2. vaporizer, (its heat can be used for the hot machine of low boiling direct circulation to make compressed-air actuated temperature reduction, if chamber temperature is too high, can be with the short circuit of 3 '-6 ' heat exchanger), 3. few blade axial-flow gas compressor (its blade useful ceramics is made, and main task is the blocking radiation heat), 4. firing chamber, 5. few blade axial-flow gas-turbine, (ceramic blade, bear and interdict thermal radiation), the 6. centrifugal gas-turbine of what series connection.Before gas compressor, after the gas-turbine, also can connect few blade axial-flow gas compressor and gas-turbine.
Different with common gas turbine group based on outputting axial power, do not adorn nozzle after the firing chamber 4 of this figure, the expansion energy of gas directly drives gas-turbine, and the temperature of waste gas is very low.If the temperature that the firing chamber produces is still too high, can on transmission shaft, put adiabatic porcelain tube, pass to cooling liquid in the axle; Other region of interest also should be taked similar measure, and this moment, the maximum operation (service) temperature of firing chamber can meet or exceed 2000 ℃.
In addition, if, can make air-flow be folded to the edge, thereby reduce taking up room of blower fan or gas-turbine by central authorities centrifugal fan (radial inflow gas-turbine) and alternately series connection application of above-mentioned radial inflow blower fan (centrifugal gas-turbine).But the blade of centrifugal fan (radial inflow gas-turbine) is preferably twist, and blade is less in the distance of impeller central authorities distance big, the edge, also can allow blade, impeller central wide, the edge is narrow, so that increase work efficiency.Among Figure 11 c, the blade of centrifugal fan is formed by two helicals and slick and sly curve cladding, and the anti-gas-leak measure is with Figure 11 a.
With reference to Figure 12,, just close suction valve when piston moves on to when holding one's breath a some B, so that reduce the volume enter air, in workmanship's stroke, piston moves on near C point exhaust valve opening when, because of gas has obtained sufficient expansion, its pressure equals or approaches barometric pressure, and its temperature descends significantly.Above-mentioned C point can be described as exhaust outlet point, and the relation of it and B and top dead center A approximately is: C=P
1/mB, and compression ratio ε=
B A, P
BBe the pressure of gas when piston is positioned at B in the power stroke, the n value is about 1.3～1.4, and lower dead center can be selected near the C point, or overlaps with the C point.
As seen, this class motor need not to use exhaust silencer, and prerequisite is P
BDetermine by the load that motor is bigger: because of mean temperature descends, the heat that cooling water (or other medium) is taken away has also reduced, and for keeping the normal temperature of cylinder barrel, can reduce the heat dissipating capacity of cooling medium, and even need not to cool off.
Above-mentioned method of work is to any Heating Cyclic, any gas, liquid fuel and burning thereof (lighting) mode two, quartastroke engine, all effectively same.With the two-stroke gasoline engine is example (with reference to Fig. 2 e): 1. (0(B in the indicator diagram) → 1 → 2(A), down with.) after the inlet and outlet valve cut out, oil nozzle ejection gasoline mist of oil, piston be during near A, plug ignition.2. (2(A) → 3 → 4(C)) mist of oil continuous burning, gas is kept constant voltage, and piston is pushed toward C; Gas continues to expand, and in the time of near the piston arrives C, air pressure approaches barometric pressure, and exhaust valve opening, suction valve can be opened simultaneously or postpone slightly.3. (4(C) → 0(B)) enter air, combustion gas, during piston arrives B, close the inlet and outlet valve.After this repeat above process again.This two-stroke gasoline engine is the efficient height not only, and can use unleaded gas, suitably adjusts injection advance angle or ignition advance angle, also can increase compression ratio, changes pluralities of fuels such as burning methyl alcohol, diesel oil.This fuel feeding, combustion manner also are applicable to four stroke engine.
Being example (with reference to Fig. 2 b) again with the four-cycle diesel engine: 1. (0(A) → 1(B)) piston shifts to the B. inlet open by A.2. (1(B) → 2(C) → B) suction valve cuts out, when piston moves on to C when returning B again by B, the expansion of air elder generation, step-down, cooling, heat absorption, recompress, boost, heat up (because of the air heat absorption, this moment its pressure, all pressure, the temperature than atmosphere is high slightly for temperature).3. (3(A) → 4 → 5(C)) when piston is about to arrive A, oil nozzle ejection mist of oil, the burned gas of piston pushes away toward C; When piston arrives C, gas pressure intensity is reduced to barometric pressure, exhaust valve opening.4. (5(C) → 0(A)) piston shifts to A, waste gas released outside the cylinder; Exhaust valve closure during piston arrives A.After this repeat above process again.
As can be seen, the stroke of this class motor is longer, and when the average travelling speed of piston was constant, its rotating speed was lower, moment of torsion is bigger.
In order to allow burning become more abundant, so that reduce NO
3, CO and hydrocarbon discharge amount, and further reduce thermal loss, can in metal cylinder top 1, load onto in the ceramic cylinder and push up 2, on metallic piston 3, load onto a Ceramic piston lid 4, ceramic cylinder top, piston cap are covered with the hillock of projection and recessed pitting towards the one side of gas, and rare earth oxide is rich in the pottery or surface.In addition, can also load onto several taenidiums 5 between cylinder top and piston, taenidium is made by refractory metal or pottery, and rare earth elements is rich in it or surface, so just can introduce more catalyst mechanism in the gas interior of burning.Here said cylinder top is commonly referred to cylinder head.
Because the thermal resistance on the piston of half ceramic engine and cylinder top is bigger, so it should be less than 1 with the ratio of cylinder diameter D at the stroke of AB section, this both can reduce thermal loss, can reduce total kilometres again.
Another irreversible loss occurs among the inlet and outlet pipeline.For this reason, should increase considerably the filter area of air-strainer and the sectional area of air inlet and exhaust piper.
Above-mentioned measure, the advantage of existing full ceramic engine has been avoided the shortcoming that should not make again, and the oil consumption rate of this class motor will descend 20%～60%.
As space is limited, this paper has only showed a fraction of embodiment.Obviously, can also design according to the present invention go to carry out multiple combination, the various specific embodiments of Chan Shenging all belong to range of rights and interests of the present invention therefrom, hereby statement.
Replenish: the described blower fan of Figure 11 a, c, gas-turbine, the blade of its impeller middle body also can be reversed into axial flow type, as the blade of Francis turbine.
Claims (5)
1,1. in the hot machine of direct circulation that working medium generation gas-liquid attitude changes, increased a 3-6 heat exchanging process, feature of the present invention is:
Described heat exchange is to carry out between the liquid refrigerant of (or after isobaric heat release) at the beginning of the gaseous working medium and adiabatic compression after adiabatic expansion.
2. according to claim one .1., in steam turbine (turbine) generator set, it is characterized in that:
Heat exchange is at the weary steam that steam turbine (turbine) or steamer flow out and enters between the condensed water of the economizer (or heat exchanger of nuclear power station end) of boiler, the new additional deionized water and carry out.
3. according to claim one .1., it is characterized in that:
Selected vapour (gas) turbine (turbine) need not to use nozzle to get final product work, or selects for use steamer (in the form of piston) to come work.
2,1. irreversible factor contrary cycling hot machine (comprising refrigerator and heat pumps such as refrigerator, refrigerator-freezer, air conditioner) seldom is characterized in that:
A. by this class of water turbine can work done machinery come control flow rate (its head goes out the liquid level signal of condenser bottom to be grasped), thereby cooperate compressor to produce pressure difference,
B. increased (2)-(6) heat transfer process, promptly allowed and carry out heat exchange between the liquid refrigerant of (or after isobaric heat release) at the beginning of gaseous working medium behind the isobaric heat absorption and the adiabatic expansion,
C. the work of vaporizer is mainly undertaken by the heat absorption of boiling, vaporization and the gaseous working medium of liquid refrigerant.
2. according to claim two .1., it is characterized in that:
A. use switching mode solenoid valve (5) or other similar valve to replace water turbine, the circulation of liquid refrigerant is interrupted,
B. during compressor operation, last liquid container (also can with (2)-(6) heat exchanger integrator) stores the working medium that condenser flows out, and following liquid container provides liquid refrigerant for vaporizer.
3. according to claim two .2., it is characterized in that:
Following liquid container can be integrated with vaporizer.
4. according to claim two .1,2,3 described, in two temperature controls or multiple temperature control refrigerator, refrigerator-freezer, it is characterized in that:
A. in several cold storage rooms that increased, each increases a vaporizer and solenoid valve.
B. above-mentioned solenoid valve is to be the vaporizer that the stops high-temperature evaporator operation prior to low temperature.
5. according to claim two .1,2,3 described, in air conditioner, refrigerator, refrigerating equipment or heat pump, it is characterized in that:
Vaporizer, condenser, working medium conveyance conduit and other parts can be made of materials such as steel, plastics, glass.
6. according to claim two .5, it is characterized in that: vaporizer, condenser are transparent.
7. according to claim two .1, in heat pump, it is characterized in that:
Water turbine can go out throttle valve and replace.
8. according to claim 1,2,3,7 described, it is characterized in that:
When used compressor is in the form of piston, its clearance can be very little.
9. utilize the bootstrap effect distillation or the fractionation of heat pump (or contrary cycling hot machine), it is characterized in that:
Condenser with heat pump makes the liquid that is distilled become steam, and the vaporizer of reusable heat pump makes vapor condensation become liquid, and this heat of condensation is sent to the condenser of heat pump.
10. utilize the bootstrap effect of the heat pump of series connection to carry out normal pressure, vacuum fractionation, it is characterized in that:
A. the condenser of several heat pumps, vaporizer are one another in series, the heat of the condenser of the heat pump of the low one-level of temperature wherein sends the vaporizer of the higher leveled heat pump of temperature to,
B. make by the liquid of fractionation (distillation) with the condenser of the highest heat pump of temperature to become steam, allow steam by the principle of cooling step by step the vaporizer by several heat pumps successively, thereby obtain the different various liquid of adiabatic condensation temperature (or boiling point).
11. utilize heat pump oven dry or baking material, in open devices, it is characterized in that:
Condenser with heat pump heats new air, allows the hot air material by being dried or toasting earlier, by the vaporizer of heat pump, is discharged then again.
12. utilize heat pump oven dry, baking material, or reclaim and can evaporate the composition of (volatilization), it is characterized in that:
A. make by the material of oven dry, baking, the vaporizer of circuit gas and heat pump, condenser all are in the environment of sealing,
B. the condenser with heat pump adds the gentle body of thermal material, allows the vaporizer of gas by heat pump again.
3,1. according to claim one .1,3 and two .1,2 described, a kind ofly both can do direct circulation, can make the contrary hot machine of circuit again, it is characterized in that:
That uses in direct circulation need not gas (vapour) turbine or the steamer (piston type) that nozzle can work, is being used as compressor in contrary circulation, and is need not to use capillary tube, expansion valve in contrary circulation.
2. according to claim 1, in heat accumulation energy storage apparatus or power station, it is characterized in that:
A. the vaporizer 1 of hot machine direct circulation (contrary circulation time is just as condenser (4)) is placed in (high temperature) adiabatic heat accumulation tank, the condenser 4 of white heat machine direct circulation (contrary circulation time is just as vaporizer (1)) is placed in (low temperature) adiabatic storage cold drop,
B. be placed on Na in the adiabatic heat accumulation tank
2SO
410H
2O, Na
3PO
412H
2The hydrate of O and so on, hydrate fusion, heat absorption during the contrary circulation of hot machine (energy storage) generate hydrate, heat release during hot machine direct circulation (return energy),
C. be placed with water, methanol-water or the similar aqueous solution in the adiabatic storage cold drop, the fusion of crystallization (or solidifying) thing, heat absorption when water or aqueous solution crystallization (or solidifying), heat release during the contrary circulation of hot machine (energy storage), hot machine direct circulation.
3. according to claim three .1., in the device that utilizes crystallization (solidifying) method purifying substances, it is characterized in that:
Make two heat exchanger-vaporizers of hot machine by the connection of three-way valve (or other valve), condenser is placed in the position of symmetry, conversion by three-way valve (or the opening of other valve, close) make hot machine adjacent and just opposite at two, contrary (or contrary, just) in the circulation: a heat exchanger can be served as the vaporizer 1 of high temperature, the condenser 4 of condenser (4) and low temperature ', vaporizer (1 '), another heat exchanger can be served as the condenser 4 of low temperature, the vaporizer 1 of vaporizer (1) and high temperature ', condenser (4 ') (1,4,1 ', 4 ' represent direct circulation, (1), (4), (1 '), the sequence number of each parts of the contrary circulation of (4 ') representative)
4. according to claim three .3., it is characterized in that:
3-6, (2)-(6) heat exchanger that connection and conversion (or opening and closing) by three-way valve (or other valve) makes hot machine bear 3-6, (2)-(6), 3 '-6 ', the heat exchange task of (2 ')-(6 ') process (3-6,3 '-6 ' represent direct circulation, (2)-(6), the contrary circuit function of (2 ')-(6 ') representative).
5. be used for crystallization (or solidifying) method purifying substances, it is characterized in that:
In adiabatic pond A and B, respectively be placed with the described heat exchanger of claim three .3., main operating method is:
A1. by hot machine by (or solidifying) to be crystallized in A pond liquid cooling, crystallization (or solidifying) to predetermined thickness, the heat radiation (circulate to external world if liquid to be crystallized is suitable, this liquid can be injected in the B pond, otherwise should use other liquid instead) that circulates to external world of B pond liquid,
A2. emit the liquid of not crystallization (or solidifying), and make it and mend liquid (its chemical composition can be identical with crystallization or the coagulum) heat exchange of going into,
B1. if the temperature difference in A, B pond is bigger, can utilize the temperature difference in A, B pond to drive hot machine work done, this moment, B pond planted agent was filled with liquid to be crystallized,
B2. when A, the B pond temperature difference hour, make not work done of working medium just with B pond transfer of heat to the A pond,
B3. arrive A, when the B pond temperature difference is very little, allows hot machine utilize A pond crystal to absorb melting heat and make the liquid cooling of B pond, crystallization,
B4. treat that A pond crystal all fuses, the liquid temperature rise is during to external temperature, and is described as α 1.: make the A pond change cooling fluid and externally dispel the heat, B pond crystallization (solidifying) thing reaches predetermined thickness ...,
After this, utilize the temperature difference in A, B pond and the melting heat of crystal, make A, the alternation repeatedly of B two ponds by hot machine, thus the purifying substances of low power consuming.
6. according to claim three .2,5. described,, it is characterized in that for avoiding the destruction of crystallization (or solidifying) stress:
In the adiabatic pond that crystallization (or solidifying) stress is arranged and heat exchanger relevant positions such as (vaporizer, condensers), be distributed with the stress-removal poly-bag or other has the soft capsule of similar function, (its proportion preferably approaches pond liquid to be filled with the liquid of low condensation point or fluid in the bag.
7. according to claim two .1. to 12., three .1. to 6. are described, and a kind of liquid-filled explosive evaporation device is characterized in that: the difference of liquid level of working medium liquid is less in the vaporizer.
8. according to claim two .1. to 12., three .1. to 6. are described, and the vertically moving membrane vaporizer that the discrepancy in elevation is bigger is characterized in that:
A. the opening of vertically moving membrane heat exchanging tube 4 upper ends is higher than the liquid level of working medium 7, and the working medium damping is in charge of all that 14 opening one end leads in the working medium liquid, the other end leads in the vertically moving membrane heat exchanging tube 4,
B. suitably adjust the liquid level of working medium 7, can suitably adjust the load of vaporizer,
C. the vertically moving membrane heat exchanging tube is 4 li, every a segment distance working medium liquid splatter dish 15 is housed, so that working medium liquid is scattering on the inwall of pipe 4.
4,1. be applicable to the internal-combustion piston engine of any gas, liquid fuel, any lighting (burning) and Heating Cyclic mode, can make the drain pressure of internal-combustion engine approach the very low working method of barometric pressure, delivery temperature, it is characterized in that:
In air inlet (or air-breathing) stroke, suitably reduce the volume of the air (or mixed gas) that enters cylinder, all the other volumes (or space) in the cylinder are left gas for, so that it obtains in power stroke more fully or very sufficient expansion.
2. according to claim four .1., it is characterized in that:
At the power stroke end, near piston arrives exhaust outlet point C(or the C) time, gas pressure intensity equates (or approaching) with atmospheric pressure, the relation between the top dead center A, hold one's breath a B, exhaust outlet point C and compression ratio α=(B)/(A) depends on that piston is positioned at the pressure P that B is ordered in the power stroke
B, i.e. C=P
1/n BB=P
1/n B6A(n=12～14).
3. according to claim four .1,2 is described, it is characterized in that:
Lower dead center or overlaps with the C point just near exhaust outlet point C.
4. according to claim four .1,2,3, described, it is characterized in that:
In power stroke, piston is positioned at the pressure P that B is ordered
B, be to choose by the bigger load of internal-combustion engine (motor).
5. according to claim four .1. to four .4., in four stroke engine, it is characterized in that:
A. advance in (suction) gas stroke, when piston was positioned near B point (or), suction valve cut out,
B. in the exhaust stroke, when piston is positioned near C point (or), exhaust valve opening.
6. according to claim four .1. to four .5., can use the very high internal-combustion engine of unleaded gas, compression ratio, it is characterized in that:
A. after suction valve cuts out in the aspirating stroke, the piston arrives budc, oil nozzle ejection gasoline mist of oil,
When b. piston is about to arrive top dead center (or before), plug ignition.
7. according to claim four .6., it is characterized in that:
Except that using gasoline, suitably adjust injection advance angle, ignition advance angle, get final product pluralities of fuels such as burning methanol, diesel oil.
8. according to claim four .1,2,3,4. described, in two stroke engine, it is characterized in that:
When a. piston is positioned near C point (or), inlet and outlet opening of valves (the also comparable outlet valve of the unlatching of suction valve lags behind slightly),
When b. moving on to the B point on the piston, the inlet and outlet valve all cuts out.
9. according to claim four .8., can use unleaded gas, the higher two stroke engine of compression ratio, it is characterized in that:
After the inlet and outlet valve cuts out, before the piston arrives top dead center, oil nozzle ejection gasoline mist of oil, then before the piston arrives top dead center, plug ignition.
10. according to claim four .8,9. described, it is characterized in that:
Suitably adjust injection advance angle, ignition advance angle, can burning methanol, pluralities of fuel such as diesel oil.
11. according to claim four .1. to four .10., it is characterized in that:
Need not to use exhaust silencer, exhaust sound is also very little, and delivery temperature is lower.
12. the internal-combustion piston engine (or claiming half ceramic engine) that metal, Ceramic Composite form is characterized in that: Ceramic piston lid 4 is housed on metallic piston 3.
13. half ceramic engine is characterized in that:
Ceramic cylinder top (cylinder head) 2 is housed in metal cylinder top (or claiming cylinder head) 1.
13., it is characterized in that according to claim four .12,13. described:
Ceramic piston lid, ceramic cylinder push up towards the surface of gas, are covered with the hillock of projection and recessed pitting.
15., it is characterized in that according to claim four .12,13,14. described:
On surface towards the Ceramic piston of gas lid, ceramic cylinder top, be rich in rare earth oxide, or rare earth elements is mixed among the pottery, be beneficial to full combustion of fuel.
16. the reciprocating engine in that gas interior also has catalysis (catalyst) to act on is characterized in that:
Taenidium 5 is housed in cylinder, and taenidium can be made by refractory metal or pottery, and rare earth elements is rich on its inside or surface.
5, blower fan that 1. an airflow direction is opposite with common centrifugal blower or gas compressor (make its reverse operation is exactly a gas-turbine) is characterized in that:
During a. as radial inflow compressor, gas flows to central authorities from the edge of impeller,
During b. as centrifugal gas-turbine, gas is from the central streams of the impeller edge to impeller.2. according to claim five .1., it is characterized in that: the major part of blade 1 is equiangular spiral shape, and shell 5 also can be scroll.
3. according to claim five .1., in order to reduce gas leakage, it is characterized in that:
A. the preceding impeller plate 3, the back impeller plate 4, blade 1 join together,
B. the gap between the gas compressor air outlet (suction port of gas-turbine) 6 on (suction port of gas-turbine) 2 of the blower outlet on the preceding impeller plate 3 and the shell 5 is very little, can be filled with the material of lubricating oil class in this gap,
C. the air channel between shell and impeller is flat (a certain axial cross section that refers to the air channel),
D. blade near the impeller middle body narrow, blade is wide in impeller edge part, or blade is made wide,
E. the sectional area of the air outlet of gas compressor (suction port of gas-turbine) 6 can be less than the sectional area of the suction port (air outlet of gas-turbine) 8 of gas compressor.
4. according to claim five .1,2,3. described, it is characterized in that:
Blade can be twisted into axial flow type in the central authorities of impeller, as the blade of Francis turbine.
5. the centrifugal-flow compressor or the radial inflow gas-turbine that increase of efficient is characterized in that:
Its blade is to be formed by two helicals and slick and sly curve cladding, and interlobate distance is big, little at the impeller edge in impeller central authorities.
6. according to claim five .5., it is characterized in that:
Blade is wide at close impeller middle body, part is narrow at close impeller edge, or blade is made wide.
7. can reduce the compound mode that series connection gas compressor or gas-turbine take up room, it is characterized in that:
Alternately connect with centrifugal-flow compressor and radial inflow compressor, or alternately be in series with centrifugal gas-turbine and radial inflow gas-turbine.
Efficient very high, can bear high temperature, interdict thermal-radiating axial-flow compressor, gas-turbine, it is characterized in that:
The blade of every grade of impeller of gas compressor or gas-turbine is less, and blade is made by pottery, and transmission shaft is with outward in ceramic thermal insulation pipe (region of interest), the axle and is connected with cooling medium.
9. high temperature, high pressure, high efficiency gas turbine group is characterized in that:
The unit of calming the anger is gone here and there by the radial inflow compressor (or centrifugal, alternately series connection of radial inflow compressor) of what series connection again and is constituted with few blade pottery gas compressor, it is the firing chamber thereafter, turbine unit is backward gone here and there what centrifugal gas-turbine (or centrifugal, alternately series connection of radial inflow gas-turbine) again by few blade ceramic gas turbine and is constituted again, does not use nozzle (not comprising fuel nozzle) between firing chamber and turbine unit.
10. according to claim 9, it is characterized in that:
Before few blade pottery gas compressor, cooling unit is arranged, or replace this function with the vaporizer of the hot machine of low boiling working fluid.
11. according to claim 9, it is characterized in that:
Before the unit of calming the anger, after the turbine unit, few blade axial-flow gas compressor and gas-turbine can have been gone here and there respectively.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 91111748 CN1061461A (en) | 1991-12-28 | 1991-12-28 | Approximate reversible cycle heat engine and application thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 91111748 CN1061461A (en) | 1991-12-28 | 1991-12-28 | Approximate reversible cycle heat engine and application thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1061461A true CN1061461A (en) | 1992-05-27 |
Family
ID=4910820
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 91111748 Pending CN1061461A (en) | 1991-12-28 | 1991-12-28 | Approximate reversible cycle heat engine and application thereof |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1061461A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105439233A (en) * | 2015-12-07 | 2016-03-30 | 集美大学 | Nuclear power plant and gas turbine combined electricity-water cogeneration system and method |
| CN106152636A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2016-11-23 | 无锡雪浪环境科技股份有限公司 | A kind of energy-saving steam compression-type refrigeration blood circulation |
| CN106945851A (en) * | 2017-02-18 | 2017-07-14 | 河南农业大学 | A kind of heat radiation propeller based on electronic kinetic energy |
| CN109626464A (en) * | 2019-01-30 | 2019-04-16 | 浙江海洋大学 | A kind of gas-fired heat pump desalination plant |
-
1991
- 1991-12-28 CN CN 91111748 patent/CN1061461A/en active Pending
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105439233A (en) * | 2015-12-07 | 2016-03-30 | 集美大学 | Nuclear power plant and gas turbine combined electricity-water cogeneration system and method |
| CN105439233B (en) * | 2015-12-07 | 2018-01-16 | 集美大学 | The electricity-water cogeneration system and method for nuclear power station combination gas turbine |
| CN106152636A (en) * | 2016-08-30 | 2016-11-23 | 无锡雪浪环境科技股份有限公司 | A kind of energy-saving steam compression-type refrigeration blood circulation |
| CN106945851A (en) * | 2017-02-18 | 2017-07-14 | 河南农业大学 | A kind of heat radiation propeller based on electronic kinetic energy |
| CN109626464A (en) * | 2019-01-30 | 2019-04-16 | 浙江海洋大学 | A kind of gas-fired heat pump desalination plant |
| CN109626464B (en) * | 2019-01-30 | 2024-05-28 | 浙江海洋大学 | Gas heat pump sea water desalination device |
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