CN106104893A - 燃料电池壳体 - Google Patents

燃料电池壳体 Download PDF

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CN106104893A
CN106104893A CN201580013280.2A CN201580013280A CN106104893A CN 106104893 A CN106104893 A CN 106104893A CN 201580013280 A CN201580013280 A CN 201580013280A CN 106104893 A CN106104893 A CN 106104893A
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layer
fuel cell
cell vessel
hydrogen
ground floor
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CN106104893B (zh
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A·布赫纳
J·施密德
L·维特兴
M·塞特尔
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种燃料电池壳体。该燃料电池壳体包括至少一个至少为三层的区段,该区段具有:朝向外部的第一层,该第一层构造为导电层;用于承受机械力并作为防穿透保护的第二层;和第三层,该第三层构造为高压绝缘的且相对氢绝缘的层。

Description

燃料电池壳体
技术领域
本发明涉及一种结构空间优化的且重量减轻的高功能燃料电池壳体。
背景技术
燃料电池壳体在燃料电池系统中用于接纳合并成堆组的燃料电池。基于与安全性相关的观点,必须如此地设计壳体,使其防止反应气体流出并且自身在机械负荷作用下(诸如在撞击或碰撞时)不发生开裂或其他毁损而影响燃料电池系统的功能性或安全性。例如在DE 1 496 110中所说明的那样,燃料电池壳体因此大多是由金属构成。采用陶瓷的构造方式同样也是可能的,陶瓷由此附加地起到电绝缘的作用,从而可以放弃使用单独的电绝缘层,这种绝缘在金属壳体中要通过在燃料电池与壳体之间提供大的气隙来实现。传统燃料电池壳体的缺点在于其大的重量和结构空间无效益的构造方式。
发明内容
因此,从上述现有技术出发,本发明的目的是提供一种燃料电池壳体,其特点在于在自重减小和结构空间优化的构造方式的同时具备高的功能性。
根据本发明,此目的针对燃料电池壳体通过如下方式得以实现:该燃料电池壳体包括至少一个成多层构造并且具有至少三个层的区段。作为这样的区段,例如可以考虑一个侧面或一个底面,其具有按照本发明的特殊的多层式结构。然而也可以是燃料电池壳体的多个面亦或整个燃料电池壳体都具备本发明提出的多层式结构的特征。无论如何,至少一个区段具有包括至少三个层的层式结构,即一个朝向外部的第一层、一个第二层和一个第三层,其中,第二层和第三层在其相对于第一层的布置方面可以变化。各层实现不同的功能并且可以分别构造为单层或者本身构造为多层的配置系统。
燃料电池壳体的第一层亦即最外层(该层与燃料电池壳体的周围环境相接)构造为导电层,并且用于燃料电池的接地和用作电磁兼容屏蔽(-Schirmung)或者用作在绝缘故障情况中进行探测的可能措施。通过这种方式防止对燃料电池壳体内部介入干预并且可以对故障情况进行探测。第二层用于承受机械力(例如通过变形)并且用作防穿透保护。通过提供该防穿透保护,防止由于人为操作或者在碰撞事故中物体或其他构件的刺入并防止产生泄漏点。由此,燃料电池保持其形状、布置和功能不被触碰(不受干扰),并且系统的安全得到保障。第三层构造为高压绝缘的且相对氢绝缘的层。通过该层最大程度地保障了对于电气安全性、特别是击穿强度和爬电距离的要求。此外,通过高压绝缘,各个燃料电池相互之间得以绝缘并且还实现了相对壳体的绝缘,从而可以放弃采取绝缘的气隙,有利于实现燃料电池壳体的尽可能小的体积。通过第三层的上述附加的相对氢绝缘的功能而提高了燃料电池的运行可靠性。可以很好地通过不同的涂层、特别是聚合物涂层来实现在第三层内提供两种功能性。
基于本发明燃料电池壳体的至少一个区段的上述多层的层式结构,将壳体的那些必要的、非常复杂的功能性分配到多个单层上,从而实现了对各层在形状和功能方面的个别适配调整,在重量尽可能轻的情况下考虑采取尽可能节省空间的构造方式并因此减小空间体积。具有不同构造结构的功能层的组合由此还将各相应单层的有益性能结合在一起并且有益于彼此的协同作用。由此很好地满足了对于防触电保护的要求,正如其例如根据ISO20654必须提供的那样。同样,多层构造结构还满足了针对于具有高压绝缘层的壳体所提出的先决条件,即例如2500V的防击穿保护以及特别是还有足够的爬电距离(参见DIN60644)、空气间隙(参见DIN 60664)和大约50MΩ的传导性。因而,该燃料电池壳体不但由于其起到接地作用的第一层而提供了高水平的防触电保护、在故障情况中的保护并因此提供了高的使用安全性,而且还具有如下特点:即第二和第三层的氢绝缘功能和机械稳定性,一般而言即使在碰撞事故中由于高的运行可靠性也可实现上述功能和特性。
从属权利要求包含了本发明的一些有益发展和设计。
为了在电绝缘性能很好的同时进一步减轻重量,第一层包括由传导性材料、诸如由铝或钢或者传导性的聚合物构成的网和/或纤维和/或薄膜。基于同样针对腐蚀的很高的稳定性,特别优选使用铜栅网。
由于在壳体上应该设置一些能够实现燃料电池壳体的或其内所包含部件的电连接或其他连接的接头或者说交接机构(),另外又考虑进一步降低重量和节省结构空间,有益地规定:第一层和/或第二层包括接头和/或螺接机构,用于紧固燃料电池壳体或者用于紧固其他构件或者部件或用于介质导引。由于第一层的导电性之故可以特别好地实现这一点。在此,例如在燃料电池壳体的制造过程中就已经可以考虑接头和类似机构(的设置),例如通过提供借助注射成型工艺密封的、直接整合在壳体的所述第一层中的穿引管路或介质导引管路。关于介质密封性,特别是也可以利用壳体本身塑造出一个外部的集合管路(Manifold)。由此,本发明壳体的至少一部分承担着附加的供送或排出介质的功能,并因此在各单独构件重量进一步减轻的同时提高了壳体的总的功能性。此外,可以有益地通过如下方式建立一种例如经由螺接机构实现的简单的触点接通,即在壳体的外侧面上具有导电的第一层。一些插口也可以整合到第一层中或者与该第一层连接。由此可以简单而稳定地安装本发明的燃料电池壳体。
为了达到相对机械作用并且特别是相对夹紧力(比如,它们例如在将燃料电池组与壳体夹紧时发生作用)、运行负荷或碰撞负荷的更好的稳定性,同样又为了实施三级防爆,第二层由至少两个单层构成,即一个用于承受机械力的增强层和一个用于提供防穿透保护的防穿透保护层。为了在一个层内形成两种功能,第二层必须构造得非常结实(massiv),例如由金属板构成,由此在燃料电池系统中添加了大的重量。可通过将第二层分成两个具有不同功能重点的单层来防止这一点。
考虑到要在自重小的同时实现非常好的机械稳定性,优选增强层由纤维复合材料构成。根据本发明,所述纤维复合材料包括至少一种纤维材料和至少一种基质材料,其中也可以使用不同纤维材料以及基质材料的混合物。在此,优选纤维材料作为纺织的半成品存在,即特别是作为纺织物、无纺网垫、编结物、针织物、编织网等等。此外使用纤维复合材料具有如下优点:根据纤维复合材料的生产过程,第一层可以部分地一同整合到纤维复合材料的基质材料当中。例如,如果在第一层中使用铜栅网,那么增强层的基质材料可以将该铜栅网环流包围并在硬化后将其稳固粘合。鉴于要在自重最小化的同时实现高的稳定性,在纤维复合材料中使用碳纤维材料业已证实为特别有益的。
考虑到在有物体作用时要实现针对开裂的卓越抵抗能力,防穿透保护层优选由凯芙拉(Kevlar)或金属构成。凯芙拉由于与金属相比减少了数倍的自重,故而特别良好地适合于制作防穿透保护层。
为了进一步减少燃料电池壳体的结构空间,第三层由至少两个单层构成,即一个高压绝缘层和一个氢绝缘层。提供高压绝缘层使得将燃料电池壳体直接环绕燃料电池组设置成为可能,而无需如同在现有技术中那样设置一种通过空气进行绝缘的中间空隙,该中间空隙防止燃料电池往壳体上电气搭接。因为氢是小分子(它畅通无阻地透过许多材料),基于氢保留容量最大的观点,在最小重量添加的情况下,单独提供氢绝缘层是有利的。
出于减轻重量之原因,高压绝缘层优选含有非传导的聚合物和/或玻璃纤维。
所述氢绝缘层有益地包括一个金属层和/或一个聚合物层。其中,聚合物层可以只由一种或多种聚合物构成或者此外还包含一种含纤维的材料。这些材料的特征在于相对氢的高的密封性(即不可渗透性)。出于重量原因以及出于成本原因,相对金属层而言优选聚合物层。然而,用于氢绝缘的金属层可以简单地通过电镀制成。
氢绝缘层在壳体结构中越是处于内部,那么越少的层必须得到保护以防氢影响,并且在此特别是针对脆变而言的。也就是说,优选氢绝缘层是最内侧的层或者第二最内侧的层。
作为此外的另选方案,高压绝缘层优选是朝向壳体内部的层,因为通过这种方式可以进一步缩小电气构件与壳体的必要间距。此外,这样能够很容易地设置接头和/或螺接机构,用于紧固燃料电池壳体的部件或者用于紧固其他部件或用于介质导引。优选的是,高压绝缘层由玻璃纤维层和/或由聚合物层构成。
通过有益的发展设计,即第二层含有传导性材料,特别是传导性的聚合物、碳纤维、碳纳米管、金属纤维和它们的混合物,第二层就能够在故障电流的情况中协助第一层的电流导出。
为了提高燃料电池壳体的运行可靠性,所述燃料电池壳体有益地包括至少一个另外的吸收氢的或转化氢的层。该另外的层可以以物理方式或者化学方式结合氢,或者借助催化剂/催化器对氢进行转化。
为了避免在燃料电池壳体的内部由于形成水冷凝液滴而造成短路,最内侧的层的表面是经过改性处理的,使得该表面基本上不允许形成冷凝水的液滴。这一点例如通过使位于内部的表面亲水化可以实现。由冷凝形成的水滴的接触角由于亲水性提高而变小,因而其实就是代替水滴形成了一层薄薄的水膜,该水膜的层厚如此之小,以致抑止电火花跳跃。
根据本发明的解决方案以及其发展设计获得了如下优点:
-该燃料电池壳体在自重减少的情况下满足所有对于运行可靠之壳体的要求。
-该燃料电池壳体是节省结构空间的。
-连接功能、接头和交接机构可以整合在该燃料电池壳体中。
-防止电气短路。
-有效防止氢泄出。
-可以将防爆保护整合进来。
附图说明
本发明的其他细节、特征和优点可由下文的说明和附图获得。附图中示出:
图1为本发明的第一发展设计的燃料电池壳体的多层区段;
图2为本发明的第二发展设计的燃料电池壳体的多层区段;
图3为本发明的第三发展设计的燃料电池壳体的多层区段;
图4为本发明的第四发展设计的燃料电池壳体的多层区段;
图5为本发明的第五发展设计的燃料电池壳体的多层区段。
具体实施方式
借助实施例详细地对本发明进行图解说明。在此仅仅示出了这里所关注的本发明燃料电池壳体的局部区域。为清楚起见而略去了所有其他构件。在附图中,相同的附图标记标示相同的层/构件。
图1示意性示出了燃料电池壳体10的一个区段的三层式结构。因此该层式结构包括最小数量的单层。朝向外部的第一层1构造为导电层,该层用作燃料电池的接地并且由此能够实施防触电保护和电磁兼容屏蔽。第一层1优选包括由传导性材料构成的网和/或纤维和/或薄膜,并且特别是包括铜栅网。所述第一层可以有益地包括接头和螺接机构,用于紧固燃料电池壳体或者用于紧固其他部件。
在图1中作为中间层示出的第二层2构造为用于承受机械力并作为防穿透保护,并且起到增强层或支承层的作用,该层可以承受夹紧力、导出运行负荷或碰撞负荷并且可以实施三级防爆。第二层2有益地包括传导性材料,诸如传导性的聚合物、碳纤维、碳纳米管、金属纤维和它们的混合物。
此外,在图1中示出的本发明燃料电池壳体10的区段还包括一个朝向壳体10内部的第三层3,它构造为高压绝缘的且相对氢绝缘的层。
特别是,第三层3的朝向壳体10内部的表面是经过改性处理的,使得该表面基本上不允许冷凝水液滴形成并且为此是特别亲水的。
图2示出了本发明燃料电池壳体20的第二种构造设计。与图1不同的是,第三层分成两个单层3a、3b。其中,单层3a构造为氢绝缘层并且特别是由金属层和/或聚合物层制成。
朝向内部的单层3b构造为高压绝缘层并且优选含有非传导聚合物和/或玻璃纤维。
图3示出了本发明的第三种构造设计。在图3中示出的燃料电池壳体30的多层区段与图1所示区段的不同之处在于:第二层分成两个单层2a、2b。单层2a构成为防穿透保护层并且含有特别是凯芙拉或金属。单层2b构造为用于承受机械力的增强层并且包括特别是至少一种纤维材料和至少一种基质材料。所述纤维材料优选为碳纤维材料并且特别是以纺织纤维半成品的形式存在。
其他的层(诸如吸收氢的或转化氢的层)可以对在图1至3中示出的燃料电池壳体结构进行补充。
图4和5示出了本发明燃料电池壳体40、50的多层区段的进一步优选的构造设计。在此,第一层1分别由铜栅网构成,即由一个筛状的或网状的铜层构成。由于铜的高传导性,第一层很好地适合于壳体接地。铜栅网整合在一个构造为碳纤维增强塑料(CFK)形式的增强层2b中。铜栅网与CFK的树脂材料达到一种紧密的材料锁合式连接。这一点有助于增强层2b的稳定化并因此有助于增强壳体。
此外,第二层2包括一个由凯芙拉构成的防穿透保护层2a。
根据图4,一个构造为聚合物层的氢绝缘层3a紧接着凯芙拉层,该氢绝缘层在其敞放的侧面上由玻璃纤维作为高压绝缘层3b包围。玻璃纤维由于其液晶结构而提供了良好的高压绝缘,该高压绝缘根据在聚合物层内所使用的聚合物还可以进一步提高。
图5与图4的不同之处在于第三层3。这层根据图5包括仅仅一个聚合物层作为第三层3,该聚合物层既构造为高压绝缘层也构造为相对氢绝缘的。可以通过提高聚合物层的层厚使高压绝缘性能更好。
前面对本发明的说明仅仅用于解释性目的,而非用于限制本发明之目的。在本发明的框架下,可以实现一些不同的改变和变型,而并不脱离本发明及其等同方案的范围。
附图标记列表
1 第一层
2 第二层
3 第三层
2a 防穿透保护层
2b 增强层
3a 氢绝缘层
3b 高压绝缘层
10 燃料电池壳体
20 燃料电池壳体
30 燃料电池壳体
40 燃料电池壳体
50 燃料电池壳体

Claims (11)

1.燃料电池壳体,其包括至少一个至少为三层的区段,该区段具有:朝向外部的第一层(1),该第一层构造为导电层;用于承受机械力并作为防穿透保护的第二层(2);和第三层(3),该第三层构造为高压绝缘的且相对氢绝缘的层。
2.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述第一层(1)包括由传导性材料构成的网和/或纤维和/或薄膜,并且特别是包括铜栅网。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述第一层(1)和/或所述第二层(2)包括接头和/或螺接机构,用于紧固该燃料电池壳体(10,20,30,40,50)或者用于紧固其他部件或用于介质导引。
4.如前述权利要求之任一项所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述第二层(2)由至少两个单层构成,即一个用于承受机械力的增强层(2b)和一个用于提供防穿透保护的防穿透保护层(2a)。
5.如权利要求4所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述增强层(2b)具有包括至少一种纤维材料和至少一种基质材料的纤维复合材料,其中,所述纤维材料特别是碳纤维材料和/或所述纤维材料特别是作为纺织的半成品存在。
6.如权利要求4或5所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述防穿透保护层(2a)由凯芙拉(Kevlar)或金属构成,特别是由凯芙拉构成。
7.如前述权利要求之任一项所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述第三层(3)由至少两个单层构成,即一个高压绝缘层(3b)和一个氢绝缘层(3a)。
8.如权利要求7所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述氢绝缘层(3a)由金属层和/或聚合物层构成。
9.如权利要求7或8所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述高压绝缘层(3b)含有非传导的聚合物和/或玻璃纤维。
10.如权利要求7至9之任一项所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述高压绝缘层(3b)是朝向壳体内部的层。
11.如前述权利要求之任一项所述的燃料电池壳体,其特征在于:所述第二层(2)含有传导性材料,特别是传导性的聚合物、碳纤维、碳纳米管、金属纤维和它们的混合物,和/或其特征在于:该燃料电池壳体包括至少一个另外的吸收氢的或转化氢的层,和/或其特征在于:最内侧的层的表面是经过改性处理的,使得该表面基本上不允许形成冷凝水的液滴。
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