CN106103051B - 用于连接其中一个由纤维增强的塑料构成的部件的方法 - Google Patents

用于连接其中一个由纤维增强的塑料构成的部件的方法 Download PDF

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CN106103051B
CN106103051B CN201580013215.XA CN201580013215A CN106103051B CN 106103051 B CN106103051 B CN 106103051B CN 201580013215 A CN201580013215 A CN 201580013215A CN 106103051 B CN106103051 B CN 106103051B
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dome
components
assembly according
joined
head
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CN106103051A (zh
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迪特尔·基特尔
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Ejot GmbH and Co KG
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Ejot GmbH and Co KG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/06—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding
    • B29C65/0672—Spin welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/06—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding
    • B29C65/0609—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding characterised by the movement of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/06—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding
    • B29C65/069—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding the welding tool cooperating with specially formed features of at least one of the parts to be joined, e.g. cooperating with holes or ribs of at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/20—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines
    • B29C66/21—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being formed by a single dot or dash or by several dots or dashes, i.e. spot joining or spot welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/349—Cooling the welding zone on the welding spot
    • B29C66/3494—Cooling the welding zone on the welding spot while keeping the welding zone under pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B29C66/7212—Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the composition of the fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/74—Joining plastics material to non-plastics material
    • B29C66/742—Joining plastics material to non-plastics material to metals or their alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/832—Reciprocating joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/8322—Joining or pressing tools reciprocating along one axis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/92—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
    • B29C66/924—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
    • B29C66/9241—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power
    • B29C66/92441—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time
    • B29C66/92443—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time following a pressure-time profile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/93—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the speed
    • B29C66/934—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the speed by controlling or regulating the speed
    • B29C66/93451—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the speed by controlling or regulating the speed by controlling or regulating the rotational speed, i.e. the speed of revolution
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
    • F16B5/04—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of riveting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
    • F16B5/08—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of welds or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C2793/00—Shaping techniques involving a cutting or machining operation
    • B29C2793/0045—Perforating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/06—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding
    • B29C65/0609—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding characterised by the movement of the parts to be joined
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/74—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by welding and severing, or by joining and severing, the severing being performed in the area to be joined, next to the area to be joined, in the joint area or next to the joint area
    • B29C65/743—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by welding and severing, or by joining and severing, the severing being performed in the area to be joined, next to the area to be joined, in the joint area or next to the joint area using the same tool for both joining and severing, said tool being monobloc or formed by several parts mounted together and forming a monobloc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于接合两个部件(13、15)的方法和连接件(1)，两个部件中的至少一个(13)由纤维增强的复合材料构成。

Description

用于连接其中一个由纤维增强的塑料构成的部件的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于连接两个部件的方法，在两个部件中的至少一个由纤维增强的塑料构成。纤维增强的塑料由于稳固性与重量的有利比例在实现非常轻且尽管如此非常能负载的结构时是基本的成功因素。
背景技术
因此，近些年纤维增强的塑料在飞机结构中、在制造机动车时以及在轻质结构的其他领域中飞速发展。
结合所要求保护的发明，概念“纤维增强的塑料”表达含义非常宽。该纤维增强的塑料总包含基体，其可由热固性或热塑性的塑料构成。在该基体中，嵌入纤维，其是单个的纤维、纤维织物或纤维网格布。通常使用的纤维塑料是碳(碳、碳纤维合成材料)、玻璃或芳纶。
对应于部件运行中出现的负载，纤维被布置且定向在基体内，使得在最小重量下产生性能非常卓越的部件。
纤维增强的塑料的热塑性基体的重要优点在于，其可通过热形变而被成形加工。具有热塑性基体的板形的纤维增强的塑料也被称为“有机金属片”，且在所保护的发明的意义下也落在概念“纤维增强的塑料”下。
在几乎所有的产品中，接合两个或更多个相同类型或不同类型的部件是重要的任务。
当两个由具有碳纤维的纤维复合材料(下文中称为碳纤维合成材料)制成的部件通过传统方式，例如通过螺栓或铆钉相互连接时，由于在电化学电动序中配置石墨而出现接触腐蚀，这是不可接受的，因为该连接仅具有短的寿命。包含在碳纤维中的石墨在腐蚀技术方面具有如相对贵重的金属材料的性能，使得由碳纤维合成材料制成的部件不能与由诸如钢、铝的非贵金属制成的连接件(铆钉或螺栓)接合或连接。当对此使用由非贵重金属制成的连接件时，在短时间之后出现腐蚀。
由此在飞机结构中如下应对，即，碳纤维合成材料-部件通过由钛合金制成的螺栓或铆钉连接，其中，钛合金相对于石墨仅具有小的电位差。然而，该方式此外由于成本原因在很多领域中行不通，例如在汽车工业中。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，提供一种用于接合或连接至少两个部件的方法，该方法既成本有利又过程可靠，且此外排除了接触腐蚀的风险，其中，至少一个部件由纤维增强的塑料构成。
根据本发明，该目的通过根据并列的权利要求1所述的方法、根据并列的权利要求5所述的用于连接至少两个部件的塑料-圆屋顶状物以及根据并列的权利要求11所述的包括至少两个部件的组件实现。
根据本发明的用于接合至少两个部件的方法，其中，至少一个部件由纤维增强的塑料构成，该方法包括借助于形锁合的连接通过旋转对称的圆屋顶状物接合该至少两个部件，该圆屋顶状物由被填充的塑料、优选由玻璃纤维增强的聚酰胺或聚丙烯制成，该圆屋顶状物被置于旋转或振动中，且在施加轴向作用力的情况下被引入到部件中。
通过根据本发明的接合方法可以通过在待接合的部件上的摩擦加热且部分地熔化圆屋顶状物。同时圆屋顶状物的核芯保持固定，使得圆屋顶状物在设定过程中(通过施加足够的轴向作用力)自身产生其所需要的结构空间。然后圆屋顶状物在待连接的部件中已经到达其最终位置，圆屋顶状物的熔化的添加材料与待连接的部件中的至少一个焊接，使得在接下来的冷却接合点之后在部件之间产生能负载的非金属连接。
可以致使圆屋顶状物均匀转动或致使圆屋顶状物具有交替转动方向的短转动运动。替选方案被称为旋转和振动。根据本发明的接合方法不限制于圆屋顶状物与待接合的部件之间的所描述的相对运动。更确切地，也可使用其他相对运动，例如圆屋顶状物的小圆周运动或这样的运动组合。
根据本发明的接合与传统摩擦焊接具有共同性。基本不同在于，圆屋顶状物提供焊接添加物，且圆屋顶状物的未熔化部分是连接件。
在技术上可以很好地掌握根据本发明的方法，因为通过NC控制能够可复制地实现对圆屋顶状物的旋转或振动、挤压力和轴向运动的控制。由于根据本发明的方法与作为设立的接合方法的摩擦焊接的共同性，用于摩擦焊接的装置和控制器可通过针对根据本发明的方法的一定修改而变得强健。
应理解，待连接的部件的材料特性和由塑料制成的圆屋顶状物的材料特性明显不同，诸如圆屋顶状物的旋转速度、在圆屋顶状物的旋转或振动期间的推进力和圆屋顶状物的转动运动结束之后的挤压力、以及方法的持续时间的过程参数必须对应于待接合的部件的特别特性在单个情况下被确定，且必须借助于实验顺序和/或根据经验值被确定。
在多种应用中不要求待接合的部件事先设置有孔，而圆屋顶状物的未熔化的核钻出所需要的通过待接合的部件的孔。替选地，待接合的部件也可在接合之前被穿孔。
此外，根据本发明的方法具有下述优点，即，在待连接的部件与圆屋顶状物之间出现相对大的接触面或焊接面。该接触面的大小可对应于单个情况的要求通过简单的方式通过在第一方法步骤中产生的孔的直径在宽的范围中改变。
当例如金属片与由纤维增强的塑料制成的部件应根据本发明的方法而相互连接时，圆屋顶状物通过之前置入到金属片中的孔而被引导。然后，旋转的或振动的圆屋顶状物进入纤维增强的塑料的材料且钻孔，使得在产生根据本发明的摩擦焊接之后金属片在一定程度上被固定在圆屋顶状物的头部与由纤维增强的塑料制成的部件之间。在该材料组合中也可以的是，孔在接合之前被引入到由纤维增强的塑料的制成的部件中。
也可使用根据本发明的方法，从而通过摩擦焊接连接圆屋顶状物与由填充的塑料制成的部件。该圆屋顶状物可用作为用于例如通过栓接安装其他部件的固定点。
应理解，在需要时可相互间隔地设置多个根据本发明的摩擦焊接连接，从而接合两个或更多个部件。通过类似的方式，例如在飞机结构中的金属片部分通过一行或多行铆钉相互连接。
为了产生性能卓越的根据本发明的形锁合的连接，圆屋顶状物至少部分地由热塑性的塑料构成是有利的，其中，圆屋顶状物由填充的塑料、优选由(玻璃)纤维增强的聚酰胺或聚丙烯构成。当然，该材料列举是非最终性的，而仅是示例性的。应理解，多种塑料、特别是多种热塑性的塑料可在带有或不带有填充料的情况下用于制造根据本发明的圆屋顶状物。
有利地，圆屋顶状物具有头部，其中，头部在其外直径方面大于圆屋顶状物的杆部。由此实现圆屋顶状物仅可进入待连接的部件的孔中直至圆屋顶状物的头部依靠在两个部件的第一个上。当圆屋顶状物到达该位置时，圆屋顶状物的运动还可被进一步引导直至圆屋顶状物的头部与部件之间的接触面通过摩擦被加热直至头部的至少一部分软化且可流动。当圆屋顶状物的运动被中断且圆屋顶状物以其头部被挤压抵靠待连接的部件时，也在头部与待连接的部件之间的接触面上产生大面积的摩擦焊接连接以及之前被置入的孔的或在设定过程中由圆屋顶状物自身产生的孔的孔边缘面的熔化，其进一步提高根据本发明的连接的承受力。
这以已经接触圆屋顶状物的头部的待连接的部件可与头部的材料焊接为前提。
在本发明的方法一个有利设计方案中，待接合的部件中的至少一个在接合之前被穿孔。所述的事先穿孔在下述情况下可以是有利的，即，当待接合的部件例如由金属构成或具有硬的盖层、例如具有硬的热固性的盖层时。在这样的硬的材料中，圆屋顶状物可在进行运动时或在旋转、振动和/或圆周接合运动时非自身通过待连接的部件的熔化而产生结构空间。
在一个有利的设计方案中，根据本发明的由塑料制成的圆屋顶状物执行旋转、振动和/或圆周接合运动。
由此，圆屋顶状物可旋转驱动且可传递熔化所需求的扭矩，在优选的设计方案中，圆屋顶状物的头部被构建成用于容纳在驱动装置中和/或用于传递扭矩。这例如可通过传统的内六角螺钉、内多齿连接或也通过头部的相应设计的例如多边形或六角形的形式的外轮廓实现。
头部的设计方案的一个重要方面是在摩擦焊接装置的驱动单元中的扭矩传递和对圆屋顶状物的夹紧。
也可设想圆屋顶状物不带有头部或带有埋头部的设计方案，即，不带有边缘超出部，其在确定的应用中可被用作为埋头件。
在根据本发明的圆屋顶状物的另一有利的设计方案中，该圆屋顶状物具有中心轴向孔，该中心轴向孔可实施成盲孔或通孔。借助于该轴向孔可简单地将圆屋顶状物与驱动装置的旋转轴线同轴地定向且可将圆屋顶状物导入待连接的部件的若需要则预穿孔的孔中。在产生根据本发明的摩擦焊接连接之后，轴向孔例如也可用于将(金属)螺钉、螺栓和/或钩部拧入圆屋顶状物的热塑性的塑料中。这表示，可在头部上或也在圆屋顶状物对置于头部的端部上以传统方式通过旋拧和/或插入固定其他部件。
当轴向孔被构建成通孔时，传统的圆柱螺栓可穿过该轴向孔，且该螺栓可带有相应的螺母且优选带有由非金属材料制成的垫片被使用。此外可以将圆屋顶状物用作为针对使用自成纹的螺栓或使用合适的双螺钉的管。圆屋顶状物的相对大的壁厚可靠地防止金属螺栓与碳纤维的石墨或待连接的部件的其他填充料之间的接触，使得不出现接触腐蚀。
由此根据本发明的摩擦焊接连接是稳固的且能负载的，在圆屋顶状物的有利设计方案中提出，圆屋顶状物具有截锥形的杆部，其中，杆部在头部上的直径大于在杆部远离头部的端部上的情况。在该情况下可以将圆屋顶状物以其更薄的端部导入待连接的部件的若需要则预穿孔的孔中，且在旋转的情况下被压入待连接的部件的孔中，直至圆屋顶状物的头部依靠在第一待连接的部件上并且在此与其焊接。
为了确保将圆屋顶状物很好地定心或导入待连接的部件的若需要则预穿孔的孔中，杆部在远离头部的端部上的直径基本等于或略微小于在待连接的部件中的孔的直径。
下述情况进一步证明是有利的，即，当圆屋顶状物具有10至50％重量百分比，特别优选30％重量百分比的填料份额时。圆屋顶状物在同时很好适用于摩擦焊接的情况下具有大的机械稳固性。
可根据本发明的方法和根据本发明的圆屋顶状物实现的优点使得实现根据并列的权利要求11所述的组件，其中，该组件包括至少两个部件，其中至少一个部件由纤维增强的塑料构成，在其中，该至少两个部件通过一个或多个由填充的塑料、优选由玻璃纤维增强的聚酰胺或聚丙烯制成的圆屋顶状物、通过根据本发明的接合方法被接合。
在此提出，至少远离地被布置在圆屋顶状物的头部上的部件由纤维增强的塑料构成。即，可借助于由塑料制成的根据本发明的圆屋顶状物以之前描述的方式相互接合部件。
理想状态下，由纤维增强的塑料制成的待接合的部件中的至少一个具有由热塑性材料制成的基体，使得通过部件与圆屋顶状物之间的摩擦，不仅圆屋顶状物的材料部分地转变成可流动状态，且由纤维增强的塑料制成的至少一个部件的基体也被加热且转变成可流动状态。由此，圆屋顶状物与部件之间的连接的稳固性进一步被提高。此外，通过由可流动的材料制成的圆屋顶状物可通过该方式焊接具有热固性或弹性的基体的材料。
所有已知的诸如纤维、玻璃纤维、玄武纤维、硼纤维、陶瓷纤维、硅酸纤维、金属增强纤维的不同形式的无机填充料作为填充料，以及不同形式的有机填充料作为增强纤维，如芳纶纤维、碳纤维、聚酯纤维、尼龙纤维、聚乙烯纤维或有机玻璃纤维(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯纤维)，考虑到既用于待连接的部件也用于圆屋顶状物。
附图说明
在下文的附图、对其描述和权利要求中可得出本发明的其他优点和有利的设计方案。根据本发明。所有在附图、对其的描述和权利要求中所述的特征和特性既可以是单独的也可以相互任意组合。附图中：
图1和图2示出根据本发明的圆屋顶状物的两个实施例；
图3示出具有已经被置入的孔的两个待相互连接的部件；
图4至图6示出根据本发明的方法的不同实施例，该方法用于在不同阶段中接合在图3中所示的部件；
图7以时间过程示出根据本发明的用于接合的方法；
图8和图9示出根据本发明的接合方法的其他实施例。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出整体设置有参考标记1的圆屋顶状物(Dom)。该圆屋顶状物1包括被构建成截锥形的杆部3和头部5。杆部3的对置于头部5的端部的直径D1小于在头部5的直接附近的杆部3的直径D2。头部5的直径D3再次大于杆部3的直径D2。
在头部5中明显示出内六角螺钉7，其可用于将圆屋顶状物1容纳在摩擦焊接机(未示出)的驱动装置中。当然，在驱动装置与圆屋顶状物1之间的其他类型的扭矩传递也是可行的。因此，头部5例如可被设计成外六角形或多边形，且通过该方式摩擦焊接所要求的扭矩被传导到圆屋顶状物1上。
优选地，杆部3被实施成圆锥形的，因为由此在一定程度上在结构方面确定多少杆部3的材料在根据本发明的接合中被加热且熔化(焊接添加物)。在此涉及杆部3的截锥形部分，如在图4中给出的。
通过杆部3的长度L和锥角α，可针对应用情况的要求在结构上在很宽的范围相应地确定焊接添加物。
在杆部3的对置于头部5的端部9上，杆部3球罩形或其他方式地被设计，使得其在待接合的部件的预穿孔的孔17、19中很好地定心。
当在待接合的部件中没有预穿孔的孔时，杆部3的端部9被设计成使得杆部3将孔“钻入”或置入部件中。
在图2中示出根据本发明的圆屋顶状物1的另一实施例。相同的部件设置有相同的参考标记，所述情况相应地适用于其他视图。
根据图2，圆屋顶状物1与根据图1的第一实施例之间的基本不同在于，根据图2的圆屋顶状物1具有轴向孔11，该轴向孔在本情况下被构建成通孔。
应理解，轴向孔11也可被构建成盲孔(未示出)。例如，当气体或液体不应流动穿过圆屋顶状物1时。在此可行的是，轴向孔11在杆部3的端部9上开始被构建成盲孔，或轴向孔在圆屋顶状物1的头部5中开始且在端部9之前结束。
在图3中，示意性地剖视示出第一部件13和第二部件15。第一部件13例如可以是金属材料的金属片，而第二部件15由例如具有碳纤维和热塑性的基体的纤维复合材料构成。为了简化示图，示出两个部件13为板形的部件，其具有多个相互间隔的孔17和19，所述孔可在之前的可选的方法步骤中被置于部件13、15中。
替选地，不带有孔的部件13、15在所期望的位置上相互重叠也是可行的(参见图8)。
也可行的是，部件13、15中的仅一个被预穿孔，且两个部件在接合之前在所期望的位置上相互重叠(参见图9)。
根据本发明的接合过程通过下述方式开始，即，圆屋顶状物被置于旋转和/或振动中。同时，圆屋顶状物进入部件13、15，且由此实现孔或所要求的孔。
两个部件13和15的孔17和19的中间点是一致的。在所示的实施例中，孔17和19的直径也相同。这并非是强制性的。也可行的是，孔具有不同的直径，且圆屋顶状物3相应地具有阶梯杆部。在图6中还详细地示出该变型方案。
在多个应用情况下，仅通过圆屋顶状物1也未足以连接两个部件13和15，多个根据本发明的摩擦焊接连接间隔地被施加，类似于成行的铆钉，从而实现足够的稳固性。
在图4中仅示意性地以三个阶段I、II和III示出接合过程。在图4中，开始在左边，圆屋顶状物1已经被置入的孔17和19被定心(在图4中的I)，且然后被置于旋转中，且在旋转的同时在图4中向下首先被挤压通过第一部件13的孔17，且然后通过第二部件15的孔19。
在图4的中间，示出接合过程的中间阶段(在图4中的II)。在此明显地，杆部3的截锥形部分通过转动运动以及通过在杆部与孔17或19中间出现的摩擦而被软化且部分地磨损，直至该杆部具有圆柱形形状，且其直径对应于孔17和19的直径。只要圆屋顶状物1的头部5在其表面上接触第一部件13，也在环形的接触面上在头部5与部件13之间出现摩擦，至少头部5的下部部分相应地熔化且变得可流动。然后，圆屋顶状物的转动结束，且准备并且进行所谓的摇动压紧阶段(在图4中的III)。在图4中完全右侧示出该状态。在该状态下，仅在朝向圆屋顶状物1的头部5的轴向方向上作用的力F被施加到圆屋顶状物1上，使得头部5的下侧与第一部件13尽可能好地连接。
当第一部件13由在理想状态下带有热塑性的基体的纤维增强的塑料构成时，在此产生圆环形的第一接合面21，其由于其几何尺寸而可传递相对大的力。在第一部件13的孔17与圆屋顶状物1的杆部3之间出现圆柱形的第二接合面23，且在与第二部件15的孔19之间出现同样是圆柱形的另一第三接合面25。
对三个接合面21、23和25以及其大小的列举在下述情况已经清楚，即，通过根据本发明的方法可实现在圆屋顶状物1、第一部件13以及圆屋顶状物1和第二部件15之间的非常高强度的且能承重的连接。因为圆屋顶状物1通过其杆部3具有足够的壁厚和足够的稳固性，由此可通过圆屋顶状物1在第一部件13与第二部件15之间传递大的作用力。
也可设想，通过圆屋顶状物1接合两个部件13、15，而不事先将孔17、19引入到部件中。在此可行的是，圆屋顶状物1通过下述方式自身产生所需要的结构空间，即，当圆屋顶状物被旋转或振动驱动时其例如局部地熔化部件13、15。在图8中示意性地示出该状态。在以“II”标记的阶段中可很好地看到，圆屋顶状物1如何部分地排挤出部件13和15的材料从而产生空间。
在以“III”标记的阶段中，在部件15的下侧上可看到凸起部(不带有标记)，其围绕圆屋顶状物1延伸且与圆屋顶状物连接。当部件13和15未被预穿孔时，省去该制造步骤，且部件13与15之间的连接变得特别稳固，因为圆屋顶状物1的未熔化的核形成形锁合的连接，而被熔化的且然后再次凝固的区域形成材料接合的连接。
在图9中示意性地示出在预穿孔的部件13的和未预穿孔的部件15的实例上的根据本发明的接合方法。在以“II”标记的阶段中可很好地看到，圆屋顶状物1如何部分排挤出部件13和15的材料从而产生空间。
然而下述情况可以是有利的，即，在接合之前对部件13、15穿孔且在接合之前置入孔17、19。可特别在金属部件的情况下或在具有诸如热固性的盖层的硬盖层的部件13、15的情况下要求穿孔或置入孔17、19之前的步骤。
也当第一部件13由金属构成时，出现性能非常卓越的接合连接。当然省去了接合面21和23，因为圆屋顶状物1的被熔化的热塑性材料未与第一部件13的金属材料接合地连接。
当然在头部5与第二部件15之间出现力配合的连接，使得类似于铆接或栓接在仅具有一个材料接合的接合面25的部件13和15之间出现可靠的连接。
当这样的连接应承受特别高的负重时，下述情况可以是有利的，即，在圆屋顶状物1中设置贯穿的轴向孔11，且在该轴向孔11中设置具有相应螺母和垫片的螺栓。在图5中非常简单且示意性地示出这样的实施例。在图5的右边部分中，螺栓27被插入通过根据本发明的圆屋顶状物1或其轴向孔11和垫片29，且与螺母31拧紧。垫片29具有环形的边缘30，其用于使得垫片29贴靠在第二部件15上且不在圆屋顶状物1的端部9上。在该实施例中，极度能负载的连接即使在复杂困难的材料配置/材料配对的情况下也是安全且可靠的，其中，在螺栓27和螺母31上不出现接触腐蚀。
在图6中示出根据本发明的组件或根据本发明的方法的另一实施例，在其中，孔17和19具有不同的直径。相应地，圆屋顶状物1被构建成阶梯状的。杆部3的凸肩33在其直径方面匹配第一部件的孔17的直径，而杆部3的另一部分匹配第二部件的孔19的直径。由此例如可以增大接合面23。应理解，该实施方式在下述情况下起作用，即，第一部件由纤维增强的复合材料或金属材料构成。
在图7中以曲线图示意性地示出根据本发明的方法的可能的时间过程。时间被绘制在横坐标上。
第一线35高质量地示出被施加到圆屋顶状物1上的轴向作用力的在时间上的变化。
第二线37高质量地示出圆屋顶状物1的转速的在时间上的变化。
对应于图4以符号I、II和III表示不同的方法步骤。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于接合至少两个部件(13、15)的方法，其中，至少一个部件(13)由纤维增强的塑料构成，其特征在于，通过下述方式将所述至少两个部件(13、15)接合成形锁合的连接，即，由被填充的塑料制成的圆屋顶状物(1)被置于旋转、振动和/或圆周运动中，且在施加轴向作用力的情况下被引入到待连接的部件(13、15)中，由此通过在待接合的部件上的摩擦加热且部分地熔化所述圆屋顶状物，同时圆屋顶状物的核芯保持固定，使得圆屋顶状物在设定过程中自身产生其所需要的结构空间，其中，在圆屋顶状物在待连接的部件中已经到达其最终位置之后，圆屋顶状物的熔化的添加材料与待连接的部件中的至少一个焊接，使得在接下来的冷却接合点之后在部件之间产生能负载的非金属连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述圆屋顶状物(1)由玻璃纤维增强的聚酰胺或聚丙烯制成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，待接合的部件(13、15)中的至少一个在接合之前被穿孔。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，圆屋顶状物(1)的旋转、振动和/或圆周运动被结束，且然后圆屋顶状物(1)在轴向方向上被挤压抵靠待连接的部件(13、15)。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，根据待连接的部件(13、15)选择圆屋顶状物(1)的转速、材料，在圆屋顶状物(1)上的添加材料，接合过程(II)的持续时间和/或挤压过程(III)的持续时间。
6.一种包括至少两个部件(13、15)的组件，其中，至少一个部件(15)由纤维增强的塑料构成，其特征在于，所述至少两个部件(13、15)通过一个或多个由填充的塑料制成的圆屋顶状物(1)通过根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法被接合。
7.根据权利要求6所述的组件，其特征在于，所述圆屋顶状物(1)由玻璃纤维增强的聚酰胺或聚丙烯制成。
8.根据权利要求6所述的组件，其特征在于，至少远离圆屋顶状物(1)的头部(5)地布置的部件(13)由纤维增强的塑料构成。
9.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的组件，其特征在于，纤维增强的塑料包含热塑性的或热固性的基体和/或由碳、玻璃和/或芳纶制成的纤维。
10.根据权利要求8所述的组件，其特征在于，所述圆屋顶状物(1)至少部分地由热塑性的塑料构成，其中，所述头部(5)由填充的塑料构成。
11.根据权利要求10所述的组件，其特征在于，所述头部(5)由玻璃纤维增强的聚酰胺或聚丙烯构成。
12.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的组件，其特征在于，圆屋顶状物(1)的头部(5)被构建成用于容纳在驱动装置中和/或用于传递扭矩。
13.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的组件，其特征在于，圆屋顶状物(1)具有中心轴向孔(11)。
14.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的组件，其特征在于，圆屋顶状物(1)具有截锥形的杆部(3)。
15.根据权利要求14所述的组件，其特征在于，杆部(3)在其远离头部(5)的端部上具有直径(D1)，该直径基本等于在待连接的部件(13、15)中的孔(17、19)的直径。
16.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的组件，其特征在于，圆屋顶状物(1)具有10至50％重量百分比的填料份额。
17.根据权利要求16所述的组件，其特征在于，圆屋顶状物(1)具有30％重量百分比的填料份额。
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