CN106053250B - Device and method for measuring ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and fracture strain of material - Google Patents
Device and method for measuring ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and fracture strain of material Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/20—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady bending forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0023—Bending
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/006—Crack, flaws, fracture or rupture
- G01N2203/0067—Fracture or rupture
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
- G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
- G01N2203/0222—Temperature
- G01N2203/0226—High temperature; Heating means
Abstract
The invention discloses a device for measuring the bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of a material at ultrahigh temperature, which comprises a load transfer structure, a deformation transfer structure and a deformation sensor, and solves the problem that the environment where the traditional deformation sensor is located exceeds the service temperature and cannot be measured under the ultrahigh temperature test environment of more than 1500 ℃.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a device and a method for measuring ultrahigh-temperature bending modulus and fracture strain of a material, belonging to the field of material mechanical property testing.
Background
With the rapid development of the field of hypersonic aircrafts in near space, the aircrafts fly in the atmosphere at hypersonic speed (>5Ma), the heat end parts such as nose cones, wing leading edges and the like bear severe pneumatic heating, the temperature of the severe parts can reach more than 1800 ℃, high requirements are provided for materials which can be in service in the temperature section, and the development of carbon/carbon, ceramic matrix composite materials, ultrahigh temperature ceramic materials and refractory metal materials is promoted. Therefore, in aircraft design and new material development, mechanical property testing under the ultra-high temperature condition is a critical problem to be solved urgently, and obtaining mechanical property data of the material under the ultra-high temperature condition is an essential basic requirement for ensuring aircraft design correctness and service safety.
At present, the testing method for high-temperature bending performance at home and abroad only has one testing item of bending strength, and has no two key items of bending elastic modulus and breaking strain. The main reason is that under the condition of ultrahigh temperature, most tests at more than 1500 ℃ are carried out in a vacuum (inert gas) furnace, heat dissipation conditions such as air cooling and the like do not exist, the extensometer works in the vacuum (inert gas) furnace, and the high temperature brought by radiation and heat conduction under the ultrahigh temperature test environment exceeds the highest service temperature of the existing strain gauge type, inductive type and capacitive extensometer, so that the measurement of parameters such as flexural modulus, fracture strain and the like cannot be carried out.
The invention patent CN 105092372a discloses "a system and a method for monitoring the strain of a metal sample in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment in real time", but the above method has the following disadvantages: first, the above strain measurement method is suitable for metal tensile tests, but not for bending tests of brittle materials. Secondly, the strain measurement method leads the deformation of the sample out of the high temperature furnace, has more connecting parts and larger deformation loss, and can meet the requirement on the precision of the metal sample with large strain, but has higher elastic modulus, lower breaking strain and high requirement on the deformation measurement precision for the ceramic-based, carbon/carbon and ultrahigh temperature ceramic samples in the ultrahigh temperature service environment, and the patent disclosed above is not suitable for the material bending strain measurement in the ultrahigh temperature environment.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are as follows: in order to overcome the defects of the prior art, a device and a method for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending modulus and the fracture strain of the material are provided.
The technical solution of the invention is as follows:
the device for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material comprises a load transfer structure, a deformation transfer structure and a deformation sensor,
the load transfer structure comprises an upper pressure head, a lower pressure head, a hot end lower pressure rod and a water-cooling protective sleeve, wherein a through hole is formed in the center of the lower pressure head, a bending sample is placed on the lower pressure head, the upper pressure head is positioned above the center of the bending sample, the water-cooling protective sleeve is of a hollow water-cooling I-shaped structure and comprises an upper cross beam, a lower cross beam and a middle upright post and is used for blocking heat conducted by the hot end lower pressure rod, a through hole is formed in the center of the water-cooling protective sleeve, one end of the hot end lower pressure rod is connected with the upper end of the water-cooling protective sleeve, the hot end lower pressure rod is communicated with the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve, the other end of the hot;
the deformation transmission structure comprises a deformation transmission rod, a fixing clamp and a moving clamp, the deformation transmission rod is arranged in a water-cooling protective sleeve, a hot-end pressing rod is arranged in a through hole, the through hole of the pressing rod passes through the lower pressing head and is contacted with the center of the bottom surface of a bending sample, the fixing clamp is fixed on a middle upright post of the water-cooling protective sleeve, the moving clamp is connected with the deformation transmission rod, the two can slide along the middle upright post of the water-cooling protective sleeve in the axial direction, a spring is arranged in the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve, one end of the spring is connected with the deformation transmission rod, the other end.
The deformation transfer rod is in clearance fit with the through hole of the lower pressure head, the hot end lower pressure rod and the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve.
The fit clearance between the deformation transfer rod and the through hole of the lower pressure head, the fit clearance between the hot end lower pressure rod and the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve are 0-0.5 mm.
The upper pressure head, the lower pressure head and the hot end lower pressure rod are made of materials capable of resisting the ultrahigh temperature of more than 1500 ℃.
The material which can endure the ultra-high temperature of more than 1500 ℃ is graphite, ceramic or refractory metal.
The radial dimension of the assembled deformation sensor is smaller than that of the upper cross beam of the water-cooling protective sleeve.
The upper crossbeam is used for blocking heat conduction and heat radiation of the outside to the deformation sensor, so that the temperature of the deformation sensor is below 50 ℃.
The left side and the right side of the middle upright post of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8) are both provided with a fixing clamp and a movable clamp.
The method for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material utilizes the device for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material, and comprises the following specific steps of:
step 1: assembling the load transfer structure, the deformation transfer structure and the deformation sensor, so that the upper pressure head, the bending sample, the lower pressure head, the deformation transfer rod and the hot end lower pressure rod are placed in a heating chamber of the vacuum furnace, the deformation sensor is connected with the data acquisition system, and the deformation sensor transmits deformation data of the bending sample in the loading process to the data acquisition system;
step 2: raising the temperature of the vacuum furnace to a test temperature, and keeping the temperature of the bent sample at the test temperature for more than 15 minutes;
and step 3: the upper pressure head applies bending load to the bending test sample, the data acquisition system acquires deformation data transmitted by the deformation sensor, and the bending elastic modulus is calculated as follows:
in the formula: efFor flexural modulus, l is the span, △ F is the load increment of the initial straight segment on the load-deflection curve, b is the specimen width, h is the specimen thickness, △ S is the deflection increment at the midpoint of the span corresponding to load increment △ F;
calculating the breaking strain:
in the formula: epsilonfFor the fracture strain, S is the total deformation amount on the load-deformation curve corresponding to the maximum load.
The vacuum furnace is a tungsten alloy or graphite vacuum furnace.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention solves the problem that the environment of the traditional deformation sensor exceeds the service temperature and cannot be measured under the ultra-high temperature test environment of more than 1500 ℃, and the water-cooling protective sleeve is connected on the compression bar under the hot end, so that the heat conduction and the heat radiation of the outside to the deformation sensor can be effectively blocked, the temperature of the deformation sensor can be reduced to be below 50 ℃, and the deformation sensor can measure the bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material under the ultra-high temperature environment;
(2) the upper pressure head, the lower pressure head and the hot end lower pressure rod are made of graphite, ceramic or refractory metal which can bear ultrahigh-temperature materials above 1500 ℃, so that the materials are placed under the ultrahigh-temperature condition to smoothly measure parameters such as bending elastic modulus, breaking strain and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is the bending stress-strain curve at 1800 ℃ of the superhigh temperature ceramic composite material.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the following figures and specific examples:
the device for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material, as shown in figure 1, comprises a load transmission structure, a deformation transmission structure and a deformation sensor 11,
the load transfer structure comprises an upper pressure head 3, a lower pressure head 6, a hot end lower pressure rod 7 and a water-cooling protective sleeve 8, wherein a through hole is formed in the center of the lower pressure head 6, a bending sample 4 is placed on the lower pressure head 6, the upper pressure head 3 is positioned above the center of the bending sample 4, the water-cooling protective sleeve 8 is of a hollow water-cooling I-shaped structure and comprises an upper cross beam, a lower cross beam and a middle upright post and is used for blocking heat conducted by the hot end lower pressure rod 7, the center of the water-cooling protective sleeve 8 is provided with the through hole, the center of the hot end lower pressure rod 7 is provided with the through hole, one end of the hot end lower pressure rod 7 is connected with the upper end of the water-cooling protective sleeve 8, the hot end lower pressure rod 7 is communicated with the through hole of;
the upper pressure head 3, the lower pressure head 6 and the hot end lower pressure rod 7 are made of materials capable of enduring the ultra-high temperature of more than 1500 ℃, and the materials can be one or more of graphite, ceramic or refractory metals.
The deformation transfer structure comprises a deformation transfer rod 5, a fixing clamp 10 and a moving clamp 13, the deformation transfer rod 5 is arranged in a water-cooling protective sleeve 8, a hot-end lower pressure rod 7 is arranged in a through hole, the through hole penetrates through a lower pressure head 6 to be in contact with the center of the bottom surface of a bending sample 4, the fixing clamp 10 is fixed on a middle upright post of the water-cooling protective sleeve 8, the moving clamp 13 is connected with the deformation transfer rod 5, the two can slide along the middle upright post of the water-cooling protective sleeve 8 in the axial direction synchronously, a spring 14 is arranged in the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve 8, one end of the spring 14 is connected with the deformation transfer rod 5, the other end of the spring is. The radial dimension of the assembled deformation sensor 11 is smaller than that of the upper beam of the water-cooling protective sleeve 8, so that the upper beam can block the heat conduction and the heat radiation of the outside to the deformation sensor, and the temperature of the deformation sensor can be reduced to be below 50 ℃.
The deformation transfer rod 5 is in clearance fit with the through hole of the lower pressure head 6, the hot end lower pressure rod 7 and the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve 8, and the fit clearance is 0-0.5 mm.
The method for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material not only utilizes the device for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material, but also comprises a vacuum furnace 1, a heating chamber 2 and a data acquisition system 16, wherein the vacuum furnace 1 can select a tungsten alloy or graphite vacuum furnace, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1: assembling the load transfer structure, the deformation transfer structure and the deformation sensor 11, so that the upper pressure head 3, the bending sample 4, the lower pressure head 6, the deformation transfer rod 5 and the hot end lower pressure rod 7 are placed in the heating chamber 2 of the vacuum furnace 1, the deformation sensor 11 is connected with the data acquisition system 15, and the deformation sensor 11 transmits deformation data of the bending sample 4 in the loading process to the data acquisition system (15);
step 2: raising the temperature of the vacuum furnace 1 to a test temperature, and keeping the temperature of the bent sample 4 at the test temperature for more than 15 minutes;
and step 3: the upper ram 3 applies a bending load to the bending specimen 4, and the data acquisition system 16 acquires deformation data transmitted from the deformation sensor 11, and calculates the bending elastic modulus:
in the formula: efIn terms of flexural modulus (GPa), l is the span (mm), △ F is the load increment (N) of the initial straight line segment on the load-deformation curve, b is the specimen width (mm),h is the specimen thickness (mm), △ S is the deflection increment (mm) at the span midpoint corresponding to the load increment △ F;
calculating the breaking strain:
in the formula: epsilonfAnd fracture strain (%), S is the total deformation (mm) on the load-deformation curve corresponding to the maximum load.
In practical tests, specifically: the upper end of an upper pressure head 3 is connected with a vacuum furnace 1 through a corrugated pipe in a sealing mode and is connected with a load sensor of an electronic universal testing machine, a bending sample 4 is placed between the upper pressure head 3 and a lower pressure head 6, the lower pressure head 6 is placed on a hot end lower pressure rod 7, the hot end lower pressure rod 7 is in threaded connection with a water-cooling protective sleeve 8, and the lower end of the water-cooling protective sleeve 8 is in threaded connection with the lower end of the vacuum furnace 1.
Before testing, the water-cooled protective sleeve 8 is cooled through a cooling water inlet and a cooling water outlet on the water-cooled protective sleeve 8, a deformation sensor 11 is arranged between a fixed clamp 10 and a movable clamp 13, under the protection condition of vacuumizing or charging inert gas, the temperature is raised to 1600 ℃, an electronic universal testing machine applies load to a bending sample 4 placed on a lower pressure head 6 through an upper pressure head 3 until the bending sample 4 is broken, a deformation transfer rod 5 transfers the bending deformation of the sample to the movable clamp 13, the deformation sensor 11 respectively measures the distance change between the movable clamp 13 on the left side and the movable clamp 10 on the right side, a computer collects the load and deformation information in the loading process of the bending sample 4 through a data collection system 15, the deformation information of the two deformation sensors 11 is averaged, the measurement error caused by the possible bending of a deformation transfer rod 5 is eliminated, and according to the sample size and the load deformation curve and according to the formula, and (4) calculating the flexural modulus and the breaking strain of the sample under the ultrahigh-temperature environment.
The bending stress-strain curve of the ultrahigh-temperature ceramic composite material at 1800 ℃ is shown in figure 2. The bending strength is 41.2MPa, the bending elastic modulus is 45.2GPa, and the breaking strain is 0.24%. The embodiment results show that the method can accurately measure the ultrahigh-temperature bending modulus and the fracture strain of the material, and the test result is reliable.
The absence of a disclosure of the present invention is within the knowledge of a person skilled in the art.
Claims (8)
1. The device for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material is characterized by comprising a load transmission structure, a deformation transmission structure and a deformation sensor (11),
the load transfer structure comprises an upper pressure head (3), a lower pressure head (6), a hot end lower pressure rod (7) and a water-cooling protective sleeve (8), wherein a through hole is formed in the center of the lower pressure head (6), a bending sample (4) is placed on the lower pressure head (6), the upper pressure head (3) is positioned above the center of the bending sample (4), the water-cooling protective sleeve (8) is of a hollow water-cooling I-shaped structure and comprises an upper cross beam, a lower cross beam and a middle upright column, the hot end pressing rod type heat exchanger is used for blocking heat conducted by a hot end pressing rod (7), a through hole is formed in the center of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8), a through hole is formed in the center of the hot end pressing rod (7), one end of the hot end pressing rod (7) is connected with the upper end of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8), the hot end pressing rod (7) is communicated with the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8), the other end of the hot end pressing rod (7) is connected with the bottom surface of the pressing head (6), and the through hole of the hot end pressing rod (7) is communicated with the through;
the deformation transfer structure comprises a deformation transfer rod (5), a fixing clamp (10) and a movable clamp (13), wherein the deformation transfer rod (5) is arranged in through holes of a water-cooling protective sleeve (8) and a hot-end lower pressure rod (7) and penetrates through a through hole of a lower pressure head (6) to be contacted with the center of the bottom surface of a bending sample (4), the fixing clamp (10) and the movable clamp (13) are arranged on the left side and the right side of a middle upright post of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8), the fixing clamp (10) is fixed on the middle upright post of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8), the movable clamp (13) is connected with the deformation transfer rod (5) and can synchronously and axially slide along the middle upright post of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8), a deformation sensor (11) is arranged on the left fixing clamp (10) and the movable clamp (11) and is used for measuring the distance change of two sides of the deformation transfer rod, a spring (14) is arranged in the through, the other end is connected with the bottom end of a water-cooling protective sleeve (8) to ensure that the deformation transfer rod (5) is contacted with the center of the bottom surface of the bending sample (4);
in actual use, a load transfer structure, a deformation transfer structure and a deformation sensor (11) are assembled, an upper pressure head (3), a bending sample (4), a lower pressure head (6), a deformation transfer rod (5) and a hot end lower pressure rod (7) are placed in a heating chamber (2) of a vacuum furnace (1), the deformation sensor (11) is connected with a data acquisition system (15), and the deformation sensor (11) transmits deformation data of the bending sample (4) in a loading process to the data acquisition system (15);
the upper pressure head (3) applies bending load to the bending sample (4), the data acquisition system (16) acquires deformation data transmitted by the deformation sensor (11), and the bending elastic modulus is calculated as follows:
in the formula: efFor flexural modulus, l is the span, △ F is the load increment of the initial straight segment on the load-deflection curve, b is the specimen width, h is the specimen thickness, △ S is the deflection increment at the midpoint of the span corresponding to load increment △ F;
calculating the breaking strain:
in the formula: epsilonfFor fracture strain, S is the total deformation on the load-deformation curve corresponding to the maximum load;
before testing, the water-cooled protective sleeve (8) is cooled through a cooling water inlet and a cooling water outlet on the water-cooled protective sleeve (8), a deformation sensor (11) is installed between a fixed clamp (10) and a movable clamp (13), under the protection condition of vacuumizing or charging inert gas, the temperature is raised to 1600 ℃, an electronic universal testing machine applies load to a bending sample (4) placed on a lower pressure head (6) through an upper pressure head (3) until the bending sample is broken, a deformation transmission rod (5) transmits the bending deformation of the sample to the movable clamp (13), the deformation sensor (11) respectively measures the distance change between the movable clamp (13) on the left side and the movable clamp (10) on the right side, a data acquisition system (15) is used for acquiring the load and the deformation information in the loading process of the bending sample (4), the deformation information of the two deformation sensors (11) is averaged, and the measurement error caused by possible bending of the deformation transmission rod (5) is eliminated, and calculating the flexural modulus and the breaking strain of the sample under the ultrahigh-temperature environment according to the formula.
2. The device for measuring the bending elastic modulus and the breaking strain of the material at the ultrahigh temperature according to claim 1, wherein the deformation transmission rod (5) is in clearance fit with the through hole of the lower pressure head (6), the hot end lower pressure rod (7) and the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8).
3. The device for measuring the ultrahigh-temperature bending elastic modulus and the fracture strain of the material according to claim 2, wherein the fit clearance between the deformation transmission rod (5) and the through hole of the lower pressure head (6), the through hole of the hot-end lower pressure rod (7) and the through hole of the water-cooling protective sleeve (8) is 0-0.5 mm.
4. The device for measuring the bending elastic modulus and the breaking strain of the material at the ultrahigh temperature according to claim 1, wherein the upper pressure head (3), the lower pressure head (6) and the hot end lower pressure rod (7) are made of the material which can resist the ultrahigh temperature of more than 1500 ℃.
5. The apparatus for measuring bending modulus and breaking strain of ultrahigh temperature material of claim 4, wherein the material capable of resisting the ultrahigh temperature of 1500 ℃ is graphite, ceramic or refractory metal.
6. The device for measuring the bending modulus of elasticity and the strain at break of the material at the ultrahigh temperature according to claim 1, wherein the radial dimension of the deformation sensor (11) after assembly is smaller than that of the upper beam of the water-cooled protective sleeve (8).
7. The apparatus for measuring the bending modulus and the strain at break of a material at ultra high temperature according to claim 1, wherein the upper beam is used for blocking the heat conduction and the heat radiation from the outside to the deformation sensor (11), so that the temperature of the deformation sensor (11) is below 50 ℃.
8. The apparatus for measuring the bending modulus and the breaking strain of the material at ultrahigh temperature according to claim 1, wherein the vacuum furnace (1) is a tungsten alloy or graphite vacuum furnace.
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| CN106679914A (en) * | 2017-02-24 | 2017-05-17 | 长春机械科学研究院有限公司 | Bending deflection test device for high temperature vacuum environment |
| CN106885664A (en) * | 2017-02-24 | 2017-06-23 | 长春机械科学研究院有限公司 | Suitable for the sag method of testing and device of vacuum environment |
| CN107389444A (en) * | 2017-09-19 | 2017-11-24 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | A kind of ceramic high temperature bend test chucking appliance system of measurable deformation |
| CN108344645B (en) * | 2018-01-24 | 2021-03-02 | 北京航空航天大学 | High-temperature bending test deflection measuring device and measuring method |
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| CN109012495B (en) * | 2018-09-20 | 2024-03-15 | 西安力创材料检测技术有限公司 | Device for dynamically monitoring deformation index under high-temperature and high-pressure condition in reaction kettle |
| CN110779809A (en) * | 2018-12-21 | 2020-02-11 | 航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所 | 1050 ℃ -1700 ℃ three-point bending testing device |
| CN113654769A (en) * | 2021-07-22 | 2021-11-16 | 昆山丘钛微电子科技股份有限公司 | Optical filter detection method and three-point bending equipment |
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| WO2011141701A1 (en) * | 2010-05-12 | 2011-11-17 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Improvements to pressure vessels for mechanical testing |
| CN103105336A (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2013-05-15 | 华东理工大学 | Micro sample creep and creep fatigue test system and test method |
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