CN106049561B - Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure and method of testing - Google Patents
Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure and method of testing Download PDFInfo
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- CN106049561B CN106049561B CN201610387196.3A CN201610387196A CN106049561B CN 106049561 B CN106049561 B CN 106049561B CN 201610387196 A CN201610387196 A CN 201610387196A CN 106049561 B CN106049561 B CN 106049561B
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- load box
- steel
- pipe pile
- helical pitch
- inclined steel
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000006508 Nelumbo nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002853 Nelumbo nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006510 Nelumbo pentapetala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010720 hydraulic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D33/00—Testing foundations or foundation structures
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
- Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure, including inclined steel-pipe pile, are located at inclined steel-pipe pile internal loading case, it is characterised in that：Overhead gage and lower baffle plate are installed in the inclined steel-pipe pile, chute is offered on the lower baffle plate；Helical pitch steel wire extends to below chute through load box and block is connected with its bottom, and the inclined steel-pipe pile top is provided with helical pitch ring, and helical pitch steel wire extends to the top of inclined steel-pipe pile and setting fastening is on helical pitch ring；Compared with prior art, it is an advantage of the invention that：Present apparatus construction is simple, while the angle of the tilt adjustable section datum line beam particular for inclined steel-pipe pile, make both quickly correspond to；After the completion of construction, load box can be drawn out recycling, be adapted to promote the use of.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Bridge Inspection field, and in particular to a kind of Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing test of bearing capacity carries
Lotus case and method of testing.
Background technology
Load box is a kind of special loading device of building trade pile foundation bearing capacity self-balance test, is one group
（It is one or more）The structural assembly of jack (pressure unit).Common load box, it is generally divided into the conventional oil being slidingly sealed
Cylinder（Piston type or plunger type）For working cell and using the pressure unit of cavate sealing as working cell two types.Based on cavate
The advantage of Sealing Technology, in the application in pile measurement field, cavate pressure unit has in high volume replaced traditional slip close
The jack of envelope.
Patent application publication CN103147465A discloses a kind of load box for the test of open caisson self-balancing approach of knowing clearly, bag
Include load casing, hydraulic jack, the hydraulic oil pipe and hydraulic loading device being sequentially connected with hydraulic jack；The load casing bag
Doughnut-shaped steel plate, lower doughnut-shaped steel plate, outer ring baffle plate, annular baffle plate are included, wherein, above and below upper doughnut-shaped steel plate and lower doughnut-shaped steel plate
It is oppositely arranged, annular baffle plate and outer ring baffle plate are respectively provided at the inner side and periphery of doughnut-shaped steel plate and lower doughnut-shaped steel plate, and
Closed casing, when hydraulic jack preloads, upper doughnut-shaped steel plate and lower annular are formed with upper doughnut-shaped steel plate and lower doughnut-shaped steel plate
Steel plate can be moved up and down each；The hydraulic jack is located in load box body, and the bottom of hydraulic jack is connected in lower doughnut-shaped steel plate
On, the piston of hydraulic jack contacts with upper doughnut-shaped steel plate；The load box for the test of open caisson self-balancing approach also includes being used for
Doughnut-shaped steel plate and the displacement transfer device of lower doughnut-shaped steel plate displacement in test.
Using the most important device of self-balancing peg be it is a kind of by it is well-designed can be used for loading load box, the device
Mainly it is made up of the hydraulic jack of the positioning load-bearing steel plate at connection two sections pile crown and inside.Load box is fixed on steel
At stake equalization point computed in advance, pressed by built-in hydraulic jack, promote upper location-plate and hypomere stake, realized up and down
Two section stakes are moved up and down respectively, are delivered to ground by displacement signal by the displacement transfer device being connected on load box
Face, corresponding curve is drawn according to reading, judge pile bearing capacity, pile foundation settlement, stake elastic compression and ground plastic deformation.Pass through
Both sides are embedded in the reinforcing steel strain gauge in pile body in advance, can be obtained by reasoning the pile shaft force at each stake interface under load at different levels,
Frictional resistance is with load and the transfer law of change in depth.
One of the characteristics of inclined steel-pipe pile is exactly that pile body and gravity vertical are angled, can play withdrawal resistance and ship pulls in shore
When horizontal impact power be transferred to rock stratum.Applied on long piled wharf than wide, it is stable in order to increase it in addition such as footbridge
Property, resistance river waterflow also uses inclined steel-pipe pile to the horizontal thrust and other horizontal forces of walking Bridge Foundation, in general, its
Construction difficulty is higher.
Inclined steel-pipe pile majority is squeezed into opening, and soil can be poured in inside steel-pipe pile, can produce larger piling impact in addition
Power, make to be deformed at load box special joint, causing load box displacement that the changing of the relative positions occurs can not be tested, and load box has been tested
After can not take out recycling, for specific load box, its processing cost and resource are relatively not environmentally.
The content of the invention
The present invention is in view of the shortcomings of the prior art, it is proposed that a kind of Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure
And method of testing, the structure and method are simple in construction, easy to operate, are adapted to promote the use of.
To realize the purpose of the present invention, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is：
Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure, including inclined steel-pipe pile, are located at inclined steel-pipe pile internal loading case,
It is characterized in that：Overhead gage and lower baffle plate are installed in the inclined steel-pipe pile, chute is offered on the lower baffle plate；Helical pitch steel wire
Extended to through load box below chute, the bottom of helical pitch steel wire 2 is connected with block, and the inclined steel-pipe pile top is provided with helical pitch
Ring, helical pitch steel wire extend to the top of inclined steel-pipe pile and pass through helical pitch ring；
Datum line beam is provided with above the inclined steel-pipe pile, described datum line beam one end is provided with pivoting support one, pivoting support one
Lower section is provided with lift, and the datum line beam other end is provided with pivoting support two；Magnetic gauge stand is fixed with the datum line beam,
Displacement transducer is provided with below Magnetic gauge stand, displacement bar is connected with below displacement transducer；The displacement bar totally 4, wherein：Two
The upper plate of individual displacement bar connection load box is shifted up for measurement, and the lower shoe of two other displacement bar connection load box is used
In measurement to bottom offset.
Preferentially, the internal diameter of the overhead gage is more than the internal diameter of lower baffle plate；Supporting construction is also equipped with the load box.
Preferentially, the supporting construction includes fagging and the fixed block being connected to above upper plate, and shifting chute is located at fagging
Both sides, are hinge structure between the fagging and fixed block, and fagging can rotate around fixed block, is provided with the shifting chute
Suspension hook block, connecting rope are connected to above suspension hook block and extended on the outside of inclined steel-pipe pile.
Based on said apparatus, the invention also provides a kind of Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure is tested
Method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
1）Inclined steel-pipe pile is set, and is removed the sediment in inclined steel-pipe pile totally with reacting cycle sediment separator；
2）Helical pitch steel wire is passed through into load box and helical pitch ring, load box is moved down into lower baffle plate along the track of helical pitch steel wire
On, in load box folding process, connecting rope is in tension, fagging is upturned, is easy to supporting construction to pass through
Overhead gage；
3）Start reference for installation beam, make datum line beam make displacement bar mutually flat with inclined steel-pipe pile by lift lift adjustment
OK, and displacement transducer is set, and connects data collecting instrument；
4）Loosen connecting rope, make to be in 90 degree between fagging and fixed block, now fagging withstands inclined steel-pipe pile, and load box is consolidated
Fixed, preparation terminates before test；
5）Begin through high-pressure oil pump to be tested to the oil-filled loading of load box, displacement transducer constantly detects displacement number
According to until test terminates；
6）Connecting rope is tensed, constantly above carried, load box moves up along by helical pitch steel wire, finally takes out.
Compared with prior art, it is an advantage of the invention that：Present apparatus construction is simple, while particular for inclined steel-pipe pile
The angle of tilt adjustable section datum line beam, makes both quickly correspond to；After the completion of construction, load box can be drawn out repetition profit
With, it is green, it is adapted to promote the use of.
Brief description of the drawings
Brief description is next carried out to the present invention by means of the accompanying drawing of embodiment now.In accompanying drawing：
Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure of the present invention；
Fig. 2 shows the structural representation of supporting construction of the present invention；
Fig. 3 shows the structural representation of datum line beam of the present invention.
Embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, the present invention is described in detail.Following examples will be helpful to the technology of this area
Personnel further understand the present invention, but the invention is not limited in any way.It should be pointed out that the ordinary skill to this area
For personnel, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, various modifications and improvements can be made.These belong to the present invention
Protection domain.
Embodiment 1
As illustrated, Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure, including inclined steel-pipe pile 3, it is oblique to be located at steel pipe
3 internal loading casees 6 of stake, are provided with overhead gage 8 and lower baffle plate 10 in the inclined steel-pipe pile 3, the internal diameter of overhead gage 8 is more than lower baffle plate 10
Internal diameter；So load box 6 can wear only lower baffle plate 10 by overhead gage 8, and chute 11 is offered on lower baffle plate 10；Helical pitch steel
Silk 2 extends to the lower section of chute 11 through load box 6, and the bottom of helical pitch steel wire 2 is connected with block 12, the top of inclined steel-pipe pile 3
Provided with helical pitch ring 1, helical pitch steel wire 2 extends to the top of inclined steel-pipe pile 3 and passes through helical pitch ring 1, because helical pitch steel wire 2 is to load box
6 limited displacement is set for using, and can effectively prevent load box 6 from being collided with inclined steel-pipe pile 3.
The top of inclined steel-pipe pile 3 is provided with datum line beam 17, and described one end of datum line beam 17 is provided with pivoting support 1, pivoting support
One 13 lower sections are provided with lift 14, and the other end of datum line beam 17 is provided with pivoting support 2 50；It is solid on the datum line beam 17
Surely be magnetic gauge stand 18, and the lower section of Magnetic gauge stand 18 is provided with displacement transducer 15, and the lower section of displacement transducer 15 is connected with displacement bar 16；
The displacement bar 16 totally 4, wherein：The upper plate 4 of two displacement bars connection load boxes 6 shifts up for measurement, and in addition two
The lower shoe 7 of individual displacement bar connection load box 6 is used to measure to bottom offset.
Supporting construction 9 is also equipped with load box 6, supporting construction 9 includes fagging 904 and is connected to above upper plate 4
Fixed block 906, shifting chute 901 are located at the both sides of fagging 904, are hinge structure between the fagging 904 and fixed block 906, fagging
904 can rotate around fixed block 906, be provided with suspension hook block 902 in the shifting chute 901, connecting rope is connected to suspension hook block 902
Above and extend the outside of inclined steel-pipe pile 3, connecting rope can pull fagging 904 to rotate, and connecting rope is nylon rope or steel
Cord.
Based on said apparatus, the invention also provides a kind of Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure is tested
Method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
1）The position that precalculated load box 6 is placed, is welded overhead gage 8 and lower baffle plate 10,2 steel-pipe weldings is arrived
One piece of formation inclined steel-pipe pile 3, sets inclined steel-pipe pile 3, and remove the sediment in inclined steel-pipe pile 3 with reacting cycle sediment separator and do
Only；
2）Helical pitch steel wire 2 is passed through into load box 6 and helical pitch ring 1, load box 6 is moved down into along the track of helical pitch steel wire 2
On lower baffle plate 10, in the folding process of load box 6, connecting rope is in tension, fagging 904 is upturned, and is easy to support
Structure 9 passes through overhead gage 8；
3）Start reference for installation beam 17, datum line beam 17 is made displacement bar 16 and inclined steel-pipe pile by the lift adjustment of lift 14
3 are parallel to each other, and set displacement transducer 15, and connect data collecting instrument；
4）Loosen connecting rope, make to be in 90 degree between fagging 904 and fixed block 906, now fagging 904 withstands inclined steel-pipe pile 3,
Load box 6 is fixed, and preparation terminates before test；
5）Begin through high-pressure oil pump to be tested to the oil-filled loading of load box 6, displacement transducer 15 constantly detects displacement
Data, until test terminates；
6）Connecting rope is tensed, constantly above carried, load box 6 moves up along by helical pitch steel wire 2, finally takes out.
Claims (1)
1. the method for testing of Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure, wherein, the Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile is certainly flat
Weighing apparatus method load box test structure includes：Inclined steel-pipe pile (3), the load box (6) being located in inclined steel-pipe pile (3), it is characterised in that：
Overhead gage (8) and lower baffle plate (10) are installed in the inclined steel-pipe pile (3), chute (11) is offered on the lower baffle plate (10)；
Helical pitch steel wire (2) is extended to below chute (11) through load box (6), and the bottom of helical pitch steel wire (2) is connected with block (12), institute
State inclined steel-pipe pile (3) top and be provided with helical pitch ring (1), the other end of helical pitch steel wire (2) extends to the top of inclined steel-pipe pile (3) simultaneously
Through helical pitch ring (1)；
Datum line beam (17) is provided with above the inclined steel-pipe pile (3), described datum line beam (17) one end is provided with pivoting support one
(13) lift (14), is installed below pivoting support one (13), datum line beam (17) other end is provided with pivoting support two
(50)；Magnetic gauge stand (18) is fixed with the datum line beam (17), displacement transducer (15), position are provided with below Magnetic gauge stand (18)
Displacement bar (16) is connected with below displacement sensor (15)；The displacement bar (16) totally 4, wherein：Two displacement bars connect load
The upper plate (4) of case (6) shifts up for measurement, and the lower shoe (7) of two other displacement bar connection load box (6) is used for
Measure to bottom offset；
The internal diameter of the overhead gage (8) is more than the internal diameter of lower baffle plate (10)；Load box (6) can be worn only by overhead gage (8)
Lower baffle plate (10)；Supporting construction (9) is also equipped with the load box (6)；
The supporting construction (9) includes fagging (904) and is connected to the fixed block (906) of upper plate (4) above, shifting chute
(901) fagging (904) both sides are located at, are hinge structure between the fagging (904) and fixed block (906), fagging (904) can
Rotated around fixed block (906), be provided with suspension hook block (902) in the shifting chute (901), connecting rope is connected to suspension hook block
(902) above and extend on the outside of inclined steel-pipe pile (3)；
Specific method comprises the following steps：
1）Set inclined steel-pipe pile（3）, and with reacting cycle sediment separator by inclined steel-pipe pile（3）Interior sediment is removed clean；
2）By helical pitch steel wire（2）Through load box（6）With helical pitch ring（1）, make load box（6）Along helical pitch steel wire（2）Track
Move down into lower baffle plate（10）On, in load box（6）In folding process, connecting rope is in tension, makes fagging（904）Upwards
Tilt, be easy to supporting construction（9）Pass through overhead gage（8）；
3）Start reference for installation beam（17）, pass through lift（14）Lift adjustment makes datum line beam（17）Make displacement bar（16）With steel pipe
Taper pile（3）It is parallel to each other, and sets displacement transducer（15）, and connect data collecting instrument；
4）Loosen connecting rope, make fagging（904）And fixed block（906）Between be in 90 degree, now fagging（904）Withstand inclined steel-pipe pile
（3）, load box（6）Fixed, preparation terminates before test；
5）High-pressure oil pump is begun through to load box（6）Oil-filled loading is tested, displacement transducer（15）Constantly detection displacement
Data, until test terminates；
6）Connecting rope is tensed, constantly above carried, load box（6）Along passing through helical pitch steel wire（2）Move up, finally take out.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610387196.3A CN106049561B (en) | 2015-08-12 | 2015-08-12 | Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure and method of testing |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610387196.3A CN106049561B (en) | 2015-08-12 | 2015-08-12 | Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure and method of testing |
| CN201510494444.XA CN105064424B (en) | 2015-08-12 | 2015-08-12 | Self-balancing load box testing structure and method for inclined steel pipe pile of bridge |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510494444.XA Division CN105064424B (en) | 2015-08-12 | 2015-08-12 | Self-balancing load box testing structure and method for inclined steel pipe pile of bridge |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106049561A CN106049561A (en) | 2016-10-26 |
| CN106049561B true CN106049561B (en) | 2018-03-23 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610387196.3A Expired - Fee Related CN106049561B (en) | 2015-08-12 | 2015-08-12 | Steel Tubes For Bridge Application taper pile self-balancing approach load box test structure and method of testing |
| CN201510494444.XA Expired - Fee Related CN105064424B (en) | 2015-08-12 | 2015-08-12 | Self-balancing load box testing structure and method for inclined steel pipe pile of bridge |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510494444.XA Expired - Fee Related CN105064424B (en) | 2015-08-12 | 2015-08-12 | Self-balancing load box testing structure and method for inclined steel pipe pile of bridge |
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| CN (2) | CN106049561B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107178101A (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2017-09-19 | 浙江欧感机械制造有限公司 | Self-balancing approach annular load box |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2401189A (en) * | 2003-02-28 | 2004-11-03 | Roxbury Ltd | Friction and bearing force testing apparatus |
| CN102677708A (en) * | 2012-03-05 | 2012-09-19 | 王振东 | Method for applying prestress by reaction beam for static load test of pile foundation and steel box girder |
| CN103422517A (en) * | 2013-08-23 | 2013-12-04 | 南昌永祺科技发展有限公司 | Stacked pile body self-counter-force balance load box |
| CN204163118U (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2015-02-18 | 浙江龙舜建设集团有限公司 | Self-balancing peg structure |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103147465B (en) * | 2013-03-04 | 2014-02-12 | 东南大学 | Load box for testing open caisson with self-balancing method |
| CN204849859U (en) * | 2015-08-12 | 2015-12-09 | 浙江省建筑科学设计研究院有限公司 | Bridge steel tube pile self -balance method load box test structure |
-
2015
- 2015-08-12 CN CN201610387196.3A patent/CN106049561B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2015-08-12 CN CN201510494444.XA patent/CN105064424B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2401189A (en) * | 2003-02-28 | 2004-11-03 | Roxbury Ltd | Friction and bearing force testing apparatus |
| CN102677708A (en) * | 2012-03-05 | 2012-09-19 | 王振东 | Method for applying prestress by reaction beam for static load test of pile foundation and steel box girder |
| CN103422517A (en) * | 2013-08-23 | 2013-12-04 | 南昌永祺科技发展有限公司 | Stacked pile body self-counter-force balance load box |
| CN204163118U (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2015-02-18 | 浙江龙舜建设集团有限公司 | Self-balancing peg structure |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105064424B (en) | 2017-01-11 |
| CN106049561A (en) | 2016-10-26 |
| CN105064424A (en) | 2015-11-18 |
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Effective date of registration: 20170214 Address after: Hangzhou City, Zhejiang province 310012 Xihu District Baochu Road No. 36 1 room 9 Applicant after: Hou Hongwei Address before: 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Wen Road No. 28, No. two Applicant before: ZHEJIANG ACADEMY OF BUILDING RESEARCH & DESIGN Ltd. |
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| CB03 | Change of inventor or designer information | ||
| CB03 | Change of inventor or designer information |
Inventor after: Ren Kaibo Inventor after: Guo Yanyong Inventor after: Wang Lina Inventor after: Yang Longfei Inventor after: Cui Hongfeng Inventor after: Li Xinyong Inventor after: Wang Xiaodong Inventor after: Gu Yanhua Inventor after: Li Zhiqiang Inventor after: Wang Huan Inventor after: Liu Bing Inventor before: Hou Hongwei |
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