CN106047306A - High-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
High-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106047306A CN106047306A CN201610409777.2A CN201610409777A CN106047306A CN 106047306 A CN106047306 A CN 106047306A CN 201610409777 A CN201610409777 A CN 201610409777A CN 106047306 A CN106047306 A CN 106047306A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- conduction oil
- temperature stability
- heat
- oil compositions
- nanoparticle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/10—Liquid materials
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of chemical engineering and relates to a high-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition and a preparation method thereof. The high-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition comprises base oil, antioxidation preservative, detergent, metal deactivator, drag reducer, nano particles and a dispersing agent. The high-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition comprises the steps of placing the base oil, the antioxidation preservative, the detergent, the metal deactivator and the drag reducer in a stirring reactor to perform stirring for 2-4 h, adding the dispersing agent, performing stirring for 1-2 h, slowly adding the nano particles, performing stirring for 0.5-1 h, so that the dispersing agent fully wraps the nano particles to perform modification, and obtaining a heat-conduction oil product. The prepared heat-conduction oil has good stability at a high temperature and can still maintain a uniform state after being used under long-time high-temperature conditions. The heat-conduction oil is reasonable and scientific in ingredients, and through a special processing process, the heat-conduction oil has most excellent performance. The prepared heat-conduction oil can be used for multiple fields and have very high practical application values.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to chemical field, relate to a kind of conduction oil, particularly relate to a kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions
And preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Conduction oil is a kind of heat transfer medium, belongs to organic heat carrier, by its structure can be divided into hydrocarbon, ether, alcohol, silicone oil, containing halocarbon
And nitrogen heterocyclic ring etc..Using most conduction oils the most both at home and abroad is hydrocarbon, and the element i.e. formed only has carbon and hydrogen two kinds.Make with water
Comparing for heat-conducting medium, conduction oil has that use temperature is high, steam forces down and the feature such as easy to use, the most also having heat transfer effect
The advantages such as the best, homogeneous heating, are widely used in industrial circle and the daily life such as heating, cooling, waste heat recovery, solar energy
Among.There is certain defect in traditional conduction oil in terms of composition and processing technique, causes conduction oil in long term high temperature state
Lower instability, easily occurs that the problem such as carbon deposit, slagging scorification, conduction oil composition occur some to change accordingly, affects making of conduction oil
Use effect.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to prior art not enough, it is provided that a kind of.In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme is that
A kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions, includes following material according to weight fraction:
As preferably, described base oil is that at 40 DEG C, kinematic viscosity is 20-35mm2I class, II or the Group III base oil of/s
In any one.
As preferably, described antioxidant preservative is sulfur phosphorus fourth octyl group zinc salt, sulfur phosphorus double octyl group zinc salt, sulfur phosphorus fourth octyl group zinc salt
In at least one.
As preferably, described detersive is calcium alkyl salicylate with high base number, overbased calcium alkyl-salicylate, high base number alkyl monosulfide
At least one in phenol calcium, preferably SULFURIZED CALCIUM ALKYL PHENATE WITH HIGH BASE NUMBER.
As preferably, described matal deactivator is one or two in thiadiazoles derivative metal deactivator or triazole derivative
Kind.
As preferably, described nanoparticle is that Nanometer Copper, nano titanium oxide, nano silicon, nanometer three aoxidize two
Any one in aluminum, modified Nano particle diameter size is 8-15nm.
As preferably, described dispersant is lipophilic surfactant sorbester p37, and described drag reducer is hexadecyl
Any one in leptodactyline or cetrimonium bromide salt.
A kind of method preparing described high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions, comprises the following steps:
(1) base oil, antioxidant preservative, detersive, matal deactivator, drag reducer are added in stirred tank, at 40-60
DEG C, rotating speed 100-300 turns/min under the conditions of stir 2-4h, obtain mixture a；
(2) toward mixture a adds dispersant, at 50-80 DEG C, rotating speed 300-500 turns/min under the conditions of stir 1-2h,
To mixture b；
(3) in mixture b, be slowly added to nanoparticle, at 35-55 DEG C, rotating speed 600-800 turns/min under the conditions of stir
0.5-1h, makes dispersant fully wrap up nanoparticle and is modified, obtain conduction oil product c.
Compared with prior art, advantages of the present invention and good effect are, conduction oil prepared by the present invention is at high temperature
There is preferable stability, use under long-time hot conditions and be maintained to more uniform state.Conduction oil one-tenth deciliter
Natural sciences, the most special processing technique, when such as nanoparticle being joined in raw mixture, will mixture add in advance
Enter dispersant, utilize dispersant that nanoparticle is modified, and by controlling nanoparticle and the consumption of dispersant, to heat conduction
In oil, other component contents improve equally, under special processing conditions, make conduction oil possess excellent properties.Institute of the present invention
The conduction oil of preparation can be used for petrochemical industry, metal casting industry, coking industry etc. and comprises heating, cooling or waste heat recovery
Multiple fields, are of very high actual application value.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to be more clearly understood that the above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, feature and advantage, below in conjunction with specific embodiment pair
The present invention is described further.It should be noted that the spy in the case of not conflicting, in embodiments herein and embodiment
Levy and can be mutually combined.
Elaborate a lot of detail in the following description so that fully understanding the present invention, but, the present invention also may be used
Being different from other modes described here with employing to implement, therefore, the present invention is not limited to the concrete of description described below
The restriction of embodiment.
Embodiment 1, the present embodiment provides a kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions and preparation method thereof.In conduction oil respectively
Material is as follows: base oil 80 parts, antioxidant preservative 0.8 part, detersive 0.1 part, matal deactivator 0.5
Part, drag reducer 0.01 part, nanoparticle 3 parts, dispersant 0.2 part.Wherein, at base oil is 40 DEG C, kinematic viscosity is 20-
35mm2The I class base oil of/s.Antioxidant preservative is sulfur phosphorus fourth octyl group zinc salt, and detersive is calcium alkyl salicylate with high base number, metal
Passivator is thiadiazoles derivative metal deactivator, and nanoparticle is Nanometer Copper, and modified Nano particle diameter size is 8-15nm.
Dispersant is lipophilic surfactant sorbester p37, and drag reducer is cetyltrimethylammonium chloride salt.
Preparation process is: base oil, antioxidant preservative, detersive, matal deactivator, drag reducer are added stirred tank by (1)
In, at 40 DEG C, stir 2h under the conditions of 100 turns/min of rotating speed, obtain mixture a；
(2) in mixture a, add dispersant, at 50 DEG C, stir 1h under the conditions of 300 turns/min of rotating speed, obtain mixture
b；
(3) in mixture b, it is slowly added to nanoparticle, at 35 DEG C, stirs 0.5h under the conditions of 600 turns/min of rotating speed, make
Dispersant fully wraps up nanoparticle and is modified, and obtains conduction oil product c.
Embodiment 2, the present embodiment provides a kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions and preparation method thereof.In conduction oil respectively
Material is as follows: base oil 85 parts, antioxidant preservative 2.5 parts, detersive 1 part, matal deactivator 4 parts,
Drag reducer 0.5 part, nanoparticle 5 parts, dispersant 0.8 part.Wherein, at base oil is 40 DEG C, kinematic viscosity is 20-35mm2/ s's
II class base oil.Antioxidant preservative is the double octyl group zinc salt of sulfur phosphorus, and detersive is overbased calcium alkyl-salicylate, high base number sulfenyl phenolate
The mixture of calcium, both mass ratioes are 1:1, and matal deactivator is both thiadiazoles derivative metal deactivator or triazole derivative
The mixture of 2:3 in mass ratio.Nanoparticle nano silicon, nano particle diameter size is 8-15nm.Dispersant is parent
Oiliness surfactant sorbester p37, drag reducer is cetrimonium bromide salt.
Preparation process is: base oil, antioxidant preservative, detersive, matal deactivator, drag reducer are added stirred tank by (1)
In, at 60 DEG C, stir 2h under the conditions of 300 turns/min of rotating speed, obtain mixture a；
(2) in mixture a, add dispersant, at 80 DEG C, stir 1h under the conditions of 500 turns/min of rotating speed, obtain mixture
b；
(3) in mixture b, it is slowly added to nanoparticle, at 55 DEG C, stirs 0.5h under the conditions of 800 turns/min of rotating speed, make
Dispersant fully wraps up nanoparticle and is modified, and obtains conduction oil product c.
Embodiment 3, the present embodiment provides a kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions and preparation method thereof.In conduction oil respectively
Material is as follows: base oil 80-85 part, antioxidant preservative 1 part, detersive 0.5 part, matal deactivator 2
Part, drag reducer 0.1 part, nanoparticle 3.5 parts, dispersant 0.5 part.Wherein, at base oil is 40 DEG C, kinematic viscosity is 20-
35mm2The Group III base oil of/s.Antioxidant preservative is sulfur phosphorus fourth octyl group zinc salt, sulfur phosphorus double octyl group zinc salt, sulfur phosphorus fourth octyl group zinc salt
In at least one.Detersive is in calcium alkyl salicylate with high base number, overbased calcium alkyl-salicylate, SULFURIZED CALCIUM ALKYL PHENATE WITH HIGH BASE NUMBER
At least one, preferably SULFURIZED CALCIUM ALKYL PHENATE WITH HIGH BASE NUMBER.Matal deactivator is thiadiazoles derivative metal deactivator or Triazole
In biology one or both.Nanoparticle is in Nanometer Copper, nano titanium oxide, nano silicon, nano-aluminium oxide
Any one, modified Nano particle diameter size is 8-15nm.Dispersant is lipophilic surfactant sorbester p37, drag reducer
For any one in cetyltrimethylammonium chloride salt or cetrimonium bromide salt.
Preparation process is: base oil, antioxidant preservative, detersive, matal deactivator, drag reducer are added stirred tank by (1)
In, at 55 DEG C, stir 3h under the conditions of 200 turns/min of rotating speed, obtain mixture a；
(2) in mixture a, add dispersant, at 60 DEG C, stir 1.5 under the conditions of 350 turns/min of rotating speed, obtain mixture
b；
(3) in mixture b, it is slowly added to nanoparticle, at 40 DEG C, stirs 0.8h under the conditions of 650 turns/min of rotating speed, make
Dispersant fully wraps up nanoparticle and is modified, and obtains conduction oil product c.
Embodiment 4, the present embodiment provides a kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions and preparation method thereof.In conduction oil respectively
Material is as follows: base oil 85 parts, antioxidant preservative 2.5 parts, detersive 1 part, matal deactivator 3 parts,
Drag reducer 0.08 part, nanoparticle 4 parts, dispersant 0.5 part.Wherein, at base oil is 40 DEG C, kinematic viscosity is 20-35mm2/s
I class base oil.Antioxidant preservative is sulfur phosphorus fourth octyl group zinc salt, and detersive is SULFURIZED CALCIUM ALKYL PHENATE WITH HIGH BASE NUMBER.Matal deactivator
For thiadiazoles derivative metal deactivator, nanoparticle is Nanometer Copper, and modified Nano particle diameter size is 8-15nm.Dispersant
For lipophilic surfactant sorbester p37, drag reducer is cetrimonium bromide salt.
Preparation process is: base oil, antioxidant preservative, detersive, matal deactivator, drag reducer are added stirred tank by (1)
In, at 40 DEG C, stir 4h under the conditions of 100 turns/min of rotating speed, obtain mixture a；
(2) in mixture a, add dispersant, at 50 DEG C, stir 2h under the conditions of 300 turns/min of rotating speed, obtain mixture
b；
(3) in mixture b, it is slowly added to nanoparticle, at 35 DEG C, stirs 1h under the conditions of 600 turns/min of rotating speed, make point
Powder fully wraps up nanoparticle and is modified, and obtains conduction oil product c.
The high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions that embodiment 1-4 prepares being detected, result is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 embodiment 1-4 prepares high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions properties testing result
The above, be only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not the restriction that the present invention makees other form, appoints
What those skilled in the art changed possibly also with the technology contents of the disclosure above or be modified as equivalent variations etc.
Effect embodiment is applied to other field, but every without departing from technical solution of the present invention content, according to the technical spirit of the present invention
Any simple modification, equivalent variations and the remodeling being made above example, still falls within the protection domain of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions, it is characterised in that include following material according to weight fraction:
A kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described base oil is 40
At DEG C, kinematic viscosity is 20-35mm2Any one in I class, II or the Group III base oil of/s.
A kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described antioxidant preservative
For at least one in sulfur phosphorus fourth octyl group zinc salt, sulfur phosphorus double octyl group zinc salt, sulfur phosphorus fourth octyl group zinc salt.
A kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described detersive is high
At least one in basicity alkyl calcium salicylate, overbased calcium alkyl-salicylate, SULFURIZED CALCIUM ALKYL PHENATE WITH HIGH BASE NUMBER, preferably high base number sulfur
Change alkyl phenol calcium.
A kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described matal deactivator
For in thiadiazoles derivative metal deactivator or triazole derivative one or both.
A kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described nanoparticle is
Any one in Nanometer Copper, nano titanium oxide, nano silicon, nano-aluminium oxide, nano particle diameter size
For 8-15nm.
A kind of high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described dispersant is parent
Oiliness surfactant sorbester p37, described drag reducer is cetyltrimethylammonium chloride salt or cetrimonium bromide
Any one in salt.
8. prepare the method for high-temperature stability conduction oil compositions described in claim 1-7 any one for one kind, it is characterised in that
Comprise the following steps:
(1) base oil, antioxidant preservative, detersive, matal deactivator, drag reducer are added in stirred tank, at 40-60 DEG C, turn
Speed 100-300 turn/min under the conditions of stir 2-4h, obtain mixture a；
(2) toward mixture a adds dispersant, at 50-80 DEG C, rotating speed 300-500 turns/min under the conditions of stir 1-2h, mixed
Compound b；
(3) in mixture b, be slowly added to nanoparticle, at 35-55 DEG C, rotating speed 600-800 turns/min under the conditions of stir 0.5-
1h, makes dispersant fully wrap up nanoparticle and is modified, obtain conduction oil product c.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610409777.2A CN106047306A (en) | 2016-06-12 | 2016-06-12 | High-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition and preparation method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610409777.2A CN106047306A (en) | 2016-06-12 | 2016-06-12 | High-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition and preparation method thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106047306A true CN106047306A (en) | 2016-10-26 |
Family
ID=57171083
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610409777.2A Pending CN106047306A (en) | 2016-06-12 | 2016-06-12 | High-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition and preparation method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN106047306A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107434969A (en) * | 2017-05-05 | 2017-12-05 | 山东沾化莱斯特石油化工有限公司 | A kind of height leads conduction oil |
| CN108424751A (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-08-21 | 山东沾化莱斯特石油化工有限公司 | A kind of high-temperature resistant nano conduction oil and preparation method thereof |
| CN108424752A (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-08-21 | 山东沾化莱斯特石油化工有限公司 | A kind of conduction oil and preparation method thereof of graphene-containing and nano-particle |
| CN108424753A (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-08-21 | 山东沾化莱斯特石油化工有限公司 | A kind of high admittance rice conduction oil and preparation method thereof |
| CN108949113A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-12-07 | 广州雷斯曼新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of conduction oil and preparation method thereof |
| CN111073609A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-28 | 陶普斯化学科技(北京)有限公司 | Wide-temperature-range heat transfer medium and preparation method thereof |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102925256A (en) * | 2011-08-10 | 2013-02-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Heat-conductive oil composition having high temperature oxidation resistance |
| CN103923617A (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2014-07-16 | 深圳市爱能森科技有限公司 | Hydrogenated terphenyl type high-temperature nanometer heat-conduction oil, and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN103937463A (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2014-07-23 | 深圳市爱能森科技有限公司 | Dibenzyltoluene type high-temperature nanometer heat-conducting oil, and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN105385419A (en) * | 2015-12-22 | 2016-03-09 | 山东北方淄特特种油股份有限公司 | Conduction oil with heat oxidation stability |
-
2016
- 2016-06-12 CN CN201610409777.2A patent/CN106047306A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102925256A (en) * | 2011-08-10 | 2013-02-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Heat-conductive oil composition having high temperature oxidation resistance |
| CN103923617A (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2014-07-16 | 深圳市爱能森科技有限公司 | Hydrogenated terphenyl type high-temperature nanometer heat-conduction oil, and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN103937463A (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2014-07-23 | 深圳市爱能森科技有限公司 | Dibenzyltoluene type high-temperature nanometer heat-conducting oil, and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN105385419A (en) * | 2015-12-22 | 2016-03-09 | 山东北方淄特特种油股份有限公司 | Conduction oil with heat oxidation stability |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107434969A (en) * | 2017-05-05 | 2017-12-05 | 山东沾化莱斯特石油化工有限公司 | A kind of height leads conduction oil |
| CN108424751A (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-08-21 | 山东沾化莱斯特石油化工有限公司 | A kind of high-temperature resistant nano conduction oil and preparation method thereof |
| CN108424752A (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-08-21 | 山东沾化莱斯特石油化工有限公司 | A kind of conduction oil and preparation method thereof of graphene-containing and nano-particle |
| CN108424753A (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2018-08-21 | 山东沾化莱斯特石油化工有限公司 | A kind of high admittance rice conduction oil and preparation method thereof |
| CN108949113A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-12-07 | 广州雷斯曼新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of conduction oil and preparation method thereof |
| CN111073609A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-28 | 陶普斯化学科技(北京)有限公司 | Wide-temperature-range heat transfer medium and preparation method thereof |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN106047306A (en) | High-temperature stability heat-conduction oil composition and preparation method thereof | |
| Hu et al. | Preparation and tribological properties of nanometer magnesium borate as lubricating oil additive | |
| CN103881662B (en) | Ternary nitric acid nano-molten salt heat transfer and storage medium, preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN104560289B (en) | A kind of lithium base grease and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104017627B (en) | A kind of preparation method of modified graphene oxide antiwear additive | |
| CN105271136B (en) | A kind of ultrathin nanometer hollow ball MoSe2Preparation method | |
| CN102876435B (en) | Semisynthetic metal cutting fluid with trimethylolpropane oleate serving as base oil and preparation method of semisynthetic metal cutting fluid | |
| CN106590877B (en) | A kind of fully synthetic heavy load screw air compressor oil and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104327917A (en) | Modified SiO2 lubricating grease and preparation method thereof | |
| CN106520256A (en) | Graphene/Fe2O3 nanometer particle composite lubricating oil, lubricating oil additive and preparing method of the additive | |
| CN102604723B (en) | Lubricating grease composition and preparation method thereof | |
| Zhao et al. | Preparation of tin nanoparticles by solution dispersion | |
| CN104194863A (en) | Preparation method of nano copper@titanium dioxide core-shell structure lubricating oil additive | |
| CN104498142A (en) | Silicon slice cutting fluid and preparation method thereof | |
| CN109401819A (en) | A kind of low form complex calcium sulfonate grease and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103555392A (en) | Ionic liquid-containing micro-emulsified metal cutting fluid, and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN104531082A (en) | Novel nanoscale copper-aluminum-alloy particle heat-conduction fluid material | |
| CN108424752A (en) | A kind of conduction oil and preparation method thereof of graphene-containing and nano-particle | |
| CN114085695A (en) | Special oil for rust prevention and lubrication of high-speed moving assembly and preparation process thereof | |
| CN108517240A (en) | A kind of high anti-friction wear-resistant lubricating oil and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105061361B (en) | Nanometer anti-wear particle formed through reaction of thiadiazole derivative and rare earth element, and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN104403639B (en) | Preparation method for enhanced heat transfer type nano-refrigerant | |
| CN107474818B (en) | High-temperature-resistant microemulsion acid system and preparation method thereof | |
| Luna et al. | Preparation and characterization of CuO-PVA nanofluids for heat transfer applications | |
| CN101264525A (en) | Preparation of nano copper fluid |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20161026 |
|
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |