CN106046425A - Ginger oil and resin blend modified pullulan-grafted pineapple fiber packaging film and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Ginger oil and resin blend modified pullulan-grafted pineapple fiber packaging film and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN106046425A CN106046425A CN201610518841.0A CN201610518841A CN106046425A CN 106046425 A CN106046425 A CN 106046425A CN 201610518841 A CN201610518841 A CN 201610518841A CN 106046425 A CN106046425 A CN 106046425A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D65/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
- B65D65/38—Packaging materials of special type or form
- B65D65/46—Applications of disintegrable, dissolvable or edible materials
- B65D65/466—Bio- or photodegradable packaging materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2301/00—Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08J2301/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2403/00—Characterised by the use of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
- C08J2403/04—Starch derivatives
- C08J2403/06—Esters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/011—Nanostructured additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/06—Biodegradable
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/16—Applications used for films
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend
- C08L2205/035—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend containing four or more polymers in a blend
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/90—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in food processing or handling, e.g. food conservation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02W90/10—Bio-packaging, e.g. packing containers made from renewable resources or bio-plastics
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
- General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses ginger oil and resin blend modified pullulan-grafted pineapple fiber packaging film, comprising the following components according to parts by weight: 125-130 parts of pineapple leaf fiber, 6.5-7 parts of composite cellulose, 2.8-3 parts of nano magnesia particles, 4.3-4.4 parts of citric acid, 25-26 parts of ginger oil and resin, 29-30 parts of pullulan, 15-16 parts of organic palygorskite, 9-10 parts of low-methoxy pectin, 60-65 parts of octenyl succinate anhydrate starch, 4-5 parts of sodium citrate, 6-7 parts of polyglycerol fatty acid ester, 7-8 parts of polyol, suitable water, and suitable deionized water. The ginger and resin blend modified pullulan is combined with nano pineapple leaf cellulose solution as well as other components and subjected to ultrasonic assisted emulsification and shearing to prepare homogeneous membrane solution, thus preparing a pineapple cellulose membrane which has good breathability, spatial structural property and the unique aroma and flavor of ginger.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to arghan packaging film technical field, particularly relate to a kind of ginger oil resin blending and modifying Pullulan
Polysaccharide graft pina fibre packaging film and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
With cellulose as raw material, the different macromolecule member material of processability is at necks such as medical science, biology and food medicine
Territory plays an important role, and has become as the focus of current research.China often produces substantial amounts of Fructus Ananadis comosi per year, and arghan has
The health-care effecies such as antibacterial, smelly eliminating, utilize arghan to prepare macromolecule member material and have huge development prospect.Pineapple leaves is fine
The fiber macromolecular alignment of dimension crystallization song is neat, regular, and the polyhydroxy structure of fiber molecule and strong hydrogen bonding effect make it clean
Cleanliness and the degree of orientation are higher, and chemical reactivity is low, thus cause its application to be restricted." the agriculture in south such as Wei Xiaoyi, Yang Qin
Journal ", 2016,47(1): 101-106 " arghan element film preparation process optimization " utilizes emulsifying cut mode to make pineapple leaves
Cellulose dissolution improves the chemical reactivity of arghan in ionic liquid, it is achieved the preparation of cellulose membrane, specifically does
Method is: be ground into cotton shape with Universalpulverizer after first being dried by arghan element, and alkali processes and acid treatment realizes it respectively
Purification process, is then being placed in together with ionic liquid in mulser, is carrying out shear treatment, acquisition prepare the cellulose of film from
Sub-liquid homogeneous phase solution, is layered on homogeneous phase solution on the carrier scribbling politef afterwards, through casting solution (glycerol, second
Alcohol) etc. soak drying and forming-film;This process technique improves the chemical reaction activity of arghan element, improves the equal of coating solution
Phase, but operate and employ substantial amounts of acidizer and alkali inorganic agent, adds somewhat to pollute, add Fructus Ananadis comosi
Leaf fibre element film preparation cost, the cellulose membrane function singleness simultaneously prepared.Nano-cellulose have high-crystallinity, high intensity,
The excellent properties such as high-specific surface area, environmental friendliness and low cost, also exist substantial amounts of-OH in its molecular structure, with other skies
So macromole is easily formed intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bond when being blended, and when being used for making membrane material, can make the formation of intermingling material
Membrane structure more stable.Micro-nano bubble refers to that diameter is between micron bubble (bubble of a diameter of 10-50um in water body)
And the bubble between nano bubble (a diameter of bubble less than 200nm in water body), have big specific surface area, can be at water
In body, the time of staying is long, and micro-nano bubble is when shrinking, it is possible to produce substantial amounts of hydroxyl radical free radical, these substantial amounts of hydroxyls
Free radical can attract the hydrogen bond in arghan element to a certain extent, plays equivalent acidifying alkalization and destroys the effect that hydrogen bond is identical
Really, the nanorize promoting arghan is improved its chemical reaction activity and there is certain facilitation.Pulullan polysaccharide is
The polymer substance of colorless and odorless odorless, has edibility and biodegradability, has good film property, the thin film tool made
There are good gas barrier property and water preventing ability, but containing substantial amounts of hydrophilic radical on pulullan polysaccharide strand, can be with other
Fibrous material combines the fibrous membrane prepared, but these fibrous membranes chance water is instant, limits its application on some packaging films;
The fibrous membrane that arghan based on modified pulullan polysaccharide and high chemical reactivity combines is to improving pineapple leaves
Comprehensive utilization and abundant packaging film kind are significant.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is contemplated to make up the defect of prior art, it is provided that a kind of ginger oil resin blending and modifying Pullulan is many
Sugar grafting pina fibre packaging film and preparation method thereof.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
A kind of ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide grafting pina fibre packaging film, including following parts by weight of component: Fructus Ananadis comosi
Leaf fibre 125-130, compound cellulase 6.5-7, nano oxidized magnesium particle 2.8-3, citric acid 4.3-4.4, ginger oil resin 25-
26, pulullan polysaccharide 29-30, organic Paligorskite 15-16, hypo-methoxy pectin 9-10, starch octenylsuccinate 60-
65, sodium citrate 4-5, polyglyceryl fatty acid ester 6-7, polyhydric alcohol 7-8, appropriate water, appropriate deionized water.
A kind of ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide grafting pina fibre packaging film preparation method, including following step
Rapid:
(1), will arghan dry after become cotton shape by pulverization process 30min in Universalpulverizer, afterwards with citric acid with
And the water mixing and stirring of gross weight 4 times to obtain slurry standby, slurry is heated to 60 DEG C, and is continuously added into compound cellulase
Mix and blend enzymolysis 40min, after 100 DEG C of enzyme denaturing 3.5min, vacuum filtration is also washed, and obtains purification arghan, by purification spinach
Trailing plants leaf fibre adds nano oxidized magnesium particle and the deionized water of gross weight 10 times, then the high pressure homogenize machinery through 700bar
Processing strength supersound process 50min under 30min, 1400W power, obtain uniform mixed liquor, using, intermittent steam blasting procedure is quick-fried
Tear manages this uniform mixed liquor 5 times, and each 10min obtains nanorize arghan cellulose solution standby;
(2), the deionized water of ginger oil resin, hypo-methoxy pectin, organic Paligorskite and gross weight 2 times is mixed, at 50 DEG C
Heated and stirred 40min, obtains organic paligorskite modified ginger oil resin, adds pulullan polysaccharide afterwards, 80 DEG C of heated and stirred
20min, be spray-dried afterwards ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide is standby;
(3), by nanorize arghan cellulose solution, ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide, octenyl succinated
Stir, so after the deionized water mixing of starch, sodium citrate, polyglyceryl fatty acid ester, polyhydric alcohol and gross weight 3-4 times
After put into the mulser with intense ultrasonic wave carry out ultrasonic assistant emulsifying shear treatment 40min, then carry out the micro-of 350W
Ripple processes 1min, obtains homogeneous membrane solution for standby, wherein ultrasonic power 1000W, emulsifying shear rate 15000r/min;
(4), by homogeneous membrane solution with pouring in mould, then deaeration process is carried out through supersound process 15-18min, then at 50-
At 55 DEG C, humidity be 55-60% calorstat in be dried 3-4h, to obtain final product.
The invention have the advantage that
The present invention use the pulullan polysaccharide of ginger oil resin blending and modifying combine nanorize arghan cellulose solution and other
Composition is sheared preparation homogeneous membrane solution through ultrasonic assistant emulsifying and is prepared pina fibre element film, it is achieved that pina fibre is plain and general
Shandong orchid polysaccharide, has because using nanorize pina fibre cellulose solution at the application of packaging film Material Field, the cellulose membrane of preparation
Good breathability and spatial structure, the ginger oil resin of employing is the liquid of dark-brown stickiness or high viscosity, has Jiang Te
Some perfume (or spice) and taste, blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide together with organic Paligorskite, it is achieved that the hydrophilic modifying of pulullan polysaccharide same
Time, give pulullan polysaccharide Jiang Xiang, the most modified, add and nanorize pina fibre cellulose solution and ocentyl succinic
The cosolvency of esterification starch;For the problem that arghan chemical reaction activity is low, have employed enzyme purification, highly active successively
Nano oxidized magnesium particle additional high pressure homogenizing, strong supersound process and intermittent steam blasting procedure explosion treatment, it is achieved that Fructus Ananadis comosi
The purification of leaf fibre and nanorize, lay a good foundation for preparing high performance arghan film;Homogeneous for coating solution
Problem, uses strong supersound process to coordinate the mode that emulsifying is sheared, and strong supersound process improves containing of micro-nano bubble in coating solution
Amount, helps lend some impetus to the dissolving of each material, improves the homogeneous of membrane material solution.
Detailed description of the invention
A kind of ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide grafting pina fibre packaging film, including following parts by weight of component:
Arghan 125, compound cellulase 6.5, nano oxidized magnesium particle 2.8, citric acid 4.3, ginger oil resin 25, Pullulan are many
Sugar 29, organic Paligorskite 15, hypo-methoxy pectin 9, starch octenylsuccinate 60, sodium citrate 4, polyglycerol fatty acid
Ester 6, polyhydric alcohol 7, appropriate water, appropriate deionized water.
A kind of ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide grafting pina fibre packaging film preparation method, including following step
Rapid:
(1), will arghan dry after become cotton shape by pulverization process 30min in Universalpulverizer, afterwards with citric acid with
And the water mixing and stirring of gross weight 4 times to obtain slurry standby, slurry is heated to 60 DEG C, and is continuously added into compound cellulase
Mix and blend enzymolysis 40min, after 100 DEG C of enzyme denaturing 3.5min, vacuum filtration is also washed, and obtains purification arghan, by purification spinach
Trailing plants leaf fibre adds nano oxidized magnesium particle and the deionized water of gross weight 10 times, then the high pressure homogenize machinery through 700bar
Processing strength supersound process 50min under 30min, 1400W power, obtain uniform mixed liquor, using, intermittent steam blasting procedure is quick-fried
Tear manages this uniform mixed liquor 5 times, and each 10min obtains nanorize arghan cellulose solution standby;
(2), the deionized water of ginger oil resin, hypo-methoxy pectin, organic Paligorskite and gross weight 2 times is mixed, at 50 DEG C
Heated and stirred 40min, obtains organic paligorskite modified ginger oil resin, adds pulullan polysaccharide afterwards, 80 DEG C of heated and stirred
20min, be spray-dried afterwards ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide is standby;
(3), by nanorize arghan cellulose solution, ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide, octenyl succinated
Stir, then after the deionized water mixing of starch, sodium citrate, polyglyceryl fatty acid ester, polyhydric alcohol and gross weight 3 times
Put into and the mulser with intense ultrasonic wave carries out ultrasonic assistant emulsifying shear treatment 40min, then carry out the microwave of 350W
Process 1min, obtain homogeneous membrane solution for standby, wherein ultrasonic power 1000W, emulsifying shear rate 15000r/min;
(4), by homogeneous membrane solution with pouring in mould, then deaeration process is carried out through supersound process 15min, then at 50 DEG C
Under, humidity be 55% calorstat in be dried 3h, to obtain final product.
After tested, this packaging film impingement rate is 17.10kJ/m2, and anti-to stretch intensity be 24.5MPa, elongation at break 42.5%,
The OTR oxygen transmission rate of film is reached for 3.45 × 10-5cm3/ (m2 d Pa), and after soil buries 150d, its biological degradation rate reaches 98.6%, aobvious
Excellent biological degradability is shown.
Claims (2)
1. a ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide grafting pina fibre packaging film, it is characterised in that include following heavy
Amount part component: arghan 125-130, compound cellulase 6.5-7, nano oxidized magnesium particle 2.8-3, citric acid 4.3-
4.4, ginger oil resin 25-26, pulullan polysaccharide 29-30, organic Paligorskite 15-16, hypo-methoxy pectin 9-10, octenyl succinic
Esterification starch 60-65, sodium citrate 4-5, polyglyceryl fatty acid ester 6-7, polyhydric alcohol 7-8, appropriate water, appropriate deionization
Water.
2. a ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide grafting pina fibre packaging film preparation method, it is characterised in that bag
Include following steps:
(1), will arghan dry after become cotton shape by pulverization process 30min in Universalpulverizer, afterwards with citric acid with
And the water mixing and stirring of gross weight 4 times to obtain slurry standby, slurry is heated to 60 DEG C, and is continuously added into compound cellulase
Mix and blend enzymolysis 40min, after 100 DEG C of enzyme denaturing 3.5min, vacuum filtration is also washed, and obtains purification arghan, by purification spinach
Trailing plants leaf fibre adds nano oxidized magnesium particle and the deionized water of gross weight 10 times, then the high pressure homogenize machinery through 700bar
Processing strength supersound process 50min under 30min, 1400W power, obtain uniform mixed liquor, using, intermittent steam blasting procedure is quick-fried
Tear manages this uniform mixed liquor 5 times, and each 10min obtains nanorize arghan cellulose solution standby;
(2), the deionized water of ginger oil resin, hypo-methoxy pectin, organic Paligorskite and gross weight 2 times is mixed, at 50 DEG C
Heated and stirred 40min, obtains organic paligorskite modified ginger oil resin, adds pulullan polysaccharide afterwards, 80 DEG C of heated and stirred
20min, be spray-dried afterwards ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide is standby;
(3), by nanorize arghan cellulose solution, ginger oil resin blending and modifying pulullan polysaccharide, octenyl succinated
Stir, so after the deionized water mixing of starch, sodium citrate, polyglyceryl fatty acid ester, polyhydric alcohol and gross weight 3-4 times
After put into the mulser with intense ultrasonic wave carry out ultrasonic assistant emulsifying shear treatment 40min, then carry out the micro-of 350W
Ripple processes 1min, obtains homogeneous membrane solution for standby, wherein ultrasonic power 1000W, emulsifying shear rate 15000r/min;
(4), by homogeneous membrane solution with pouring in mould, then deaeration process is carried out through supersound process 15-18min, then at 50-
At 55 DEG C, humidity be 55-60% calorstat in be dried 3-4h, to obtain final product.
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CN201610518841.0A CN106046425A (en) | 2016-07-04 | 2016-07-04 | Ginger oil and resin blend modified pullulan-grafted pineapple fiber packaging film and preparation method thereof |
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Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103102419A (en) * | 2013-01-25 | 2013-05-15 | 浙江理工大学 | Method for preparing nano microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolyzing phyllostachys edulis fiber with cellulase |
CN103254469A (en) * | 2013-06-08 | 2013-08-21 | 中国国旅贸易有限责任公司 | Edible film material containing nanocellulose, edible film and preparation method of edible film |
CN104610580A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2015-05-13 | 安徽巢湖南方膜业有限责任公司 | Edible plant starch-cellulose composite packaging film for meat products |
CN105542234A (en) * | 2016-01-25 | 2016-05-04 | 中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所 | Degradable composite film for cold fresh meat |
-
2016
- 2016-07-04 CN CN201610518841.0A patent/CN106046425A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103102419A (en) * | 2013-01-25 | 2013-05-15 | 浙江理工大学 | Method for preparing nano microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolyzing phyllostachys edulis fiber with cellulase |
CN103254469A (en) * | 2013-06-08 | 2013-08-21 | 中国国旅贸易有限责任公司 | Edible film material containing nanocellulose, edible film and preparation method of edible film |
CN104610580A (en) * | 2015-01-15 | 2015-05-13 | 安徽巢湖南方膜业有限责任公司 | Edible plant starch-cellulose composite packaging film for meat products |
CN105542234A (en) * | 2016-01-25 | 2016-05-04 | 中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所 | Degradable composite film for cold fresh meat |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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张莉等: "纤维素纳米改性技术及其性能研究", 《中国印刷与包装研究》 * |
魏晓奕等: "菠萝叶纤维素膜制备工艺优化", 《南方农业学报》 * |
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Application publication date: 20161026 |