CN106045956A - 一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法及其应用 - Google Patents

一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法及其应用 Download PDF

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CN106045956A
CN106045956A CN201610364143.XA CN201610364143A CN106045956A CN 106045956 A CN106045956 A CN 106045956A CN 201610364143 A CN201610364143 A CN 201610364143A CN 106045956 A CN106045956 A CN 106045956A
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王怡
史璐璐
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Xian University of Architecture and Technology
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法及其应用,方法采用甲醇从石榴皮中提取、分离并鉴定抑制蓝绿藻生长的提取物,首先制备甲醇粗提取物,然后使用硅胶柱层析将甲醇粗提取物进行分离,再进行石榴皮甲醇提取物抑制藻生长的检测,最后对目标抑藻物进行鉴定,结果表明,石榴皮甲醇提取物中主要的抑藻活性成分为山奈素和绿原酸。并发现该提取物具有抑制蓝绿藻生长的效果,能够作为制备水中蓝绿藻抑制剂。本发明的方法不仅对控制蓝绿藻藻华提供了一种有效控制方法,而且对实现石榴皮的资源化利用提供了一条可行的思路。

Description

一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法及其应用
技术领域
本发明属于水环境保护开发利用技术领域,涉及水体藻类抑制剂的提取、分离和鉴定,特别是一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法及其应用。
背景技术
随着水体富营养化问题的加剧,大面积淡水生态系统遭到严重破坏。微囊藻水华在水体的频繁出现,不仅降低了水体的美观程度和溶解氧,而且其释放的藻毒素对人体及其他水生生物均有不同程度的毒害作用。因此,为了改善水生态和饮用水安全,控制水体中微囊藻的过度生长是非常必要的。
控制藻类生长的传统方法主要有物理、化学和生物方法,其中:
物理方法如机械除藻、紫外线杀藻、遮光抑藻等,其特点是见效快,但耗时长、费用高、操作困难,因此不易大规模实施。
化学方法如投加重金属(CuSO4等)、氧化剂和有机类农药等,其特点是杀藻快速,但存在化学药剂二次污染问题,因此生态风险高。
生物法是利用鱼类、微生物、水生植物直接或者间接抑藻,如利用滤食性鱼类控藻类的过度增殖,但后期管理复杂,高密度放养也容易破坏水体生态环境。
近年来,利用植物产生的次生代谢产物(即化感物质)抑制水体中藻类的过度生长,是一种符合环境友好和可持续发展要求的方法。化感作用(allelopathy)最早由奥地利植物生理学家提出,是指运用植物和微生物能释放某些化学物质,对其他个体产生有益或者有害的影响,从而达到促进或者抑制个体的生长繁殖。目前对化感物质抑藻的研究主要集中在利用水生植物的抑藻上,已经报道具有抑藻作用的水生植物有穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻、水剑叶、伊乐藻、轮藻、菹草、再力花、菖蒲、凤眼莲等。
与水生植物相比,利用陆生植物提取物抑藻的研究较少,但是也一些研究表明,陆生植物也具有化感抑藻的能力,如利用大麦秸秆抑藻已经被证明是一种有效的方法。
我国石榴栽植面积居世界第一,陕西临潼、山东枣庄、安徽怀远、四川(会理等攀西地区)和云南(蒙自等地区)是我国最有影响力的五大产区,石榴产量丰富。石榴皮的利用在医药领域研究较多,但利用石榴皮提取物抑制水中蓝绿藻的研究却鲜有报道。
发明内容
为了解决蓝绿藻藻华引起的水体富营养化问题并实现石榴皮的资源化利用,本发明的目的在于,提供一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法,并对提取分离的提取物研究了对蓝绿藻的抑制效果。
为了实现上述任务,本发明采取如下的技术解决方案:
一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法,其特征在于,采用甲醇从石榴皮中提取、分离并鉴定抑制蓝绿藻生长的提取物,具体包括如下步骤:
步骤一:石榴皮甲醇粗提取物的制备
以甲醇为提取剂,取石榴皮粉末与提取剂的质量/体积比为1:10~1:40,室温超声20~50min后,滤掉大的浮渣,收集滤液;
4℃条件下,将滤液在5000~10000rpm离心5~10min,沉渣弃掉,收集上清液,上清液经0.22微米有机系滤膜过滤,得到的滤液即为石榴皮甲醇粗提取物;
将石榴皮甲醇粗提取物在45℃~55℃条件下旋转蒸发除去溶剂,获得棕色石榴皮浸膏;
步骤二:石榴皮甲醇粗提取物的分离
1)采用粒径200~300目的硅胶装填硅胶柱,硅胶柱有效柱高为40cm,在硅胶柱装填完毕后,以初始洗脱液过柱,使硅胶柱压实无裂缝;待初始洗脱液过柱完成时,再将溶有3g石榴皮浸膏的3mL~5mL样品沿柱壁均匀加入硅胶柱;
2)分别以600毫升的4种混合洗脱液对石榴皮浸膏进行梯度洗脱,得到的洗脱产物颜色由无色-淡黄色-棕色-绿色逐渐变化,最终用纯甲醇冲洗至无色为止;
3)将收集到的洗脱产物用薄层色谱进行初步鉴定后,最终合并为14个洗脱产物;
步骤三:石榴皮甲醇提取物各洗脱产物抑制藻生长的检测
将收集到的14个洗脱产物旋转蒸发除去溶剂后,用二甲基亚砜定容,使最终培养基中各洗脱产物的浓度为50mg/L,然后以初始藻密度为1~10*105个/mL的铜绿微囊藻和初始藻密度为1~10*105个/mL的伪鱼腥藻为对象,进行各洗脱产物抑制藻生长的检测,选择对铜绿微囊藻和伪鱼腥藻抑制效果好的洗脱产物为目标抑藻物;
步骤四:目标抑藻物活性组分的鉴定
通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用对各洗脱产物进行鉴定,结果表明,石榴皮甲醇提取物中主要的抑藻活性成分为山奈素和绿原酸。
根据本发明,所述的石榴皮粉末采用以下方式得到:
(1)将新鲜石榴皮用蒸馏水冲洗干净,然后破碎;
(2)将破碎后的石榴皮碎屑冷冻干燥除去水分,获得干燥的石榴皮碎屑;
(3)将干燥后的石榴皮碎屑磨成粉末,储存待用。
所述的初始洗脱液的体积比为:氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=45:45:10。
所述的4种混合洗脱液的体积比分别为:氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=45:45:10;氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=30:60:10;氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=20:70:10和氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=10:80:10。
本发明以石榴皮为研究对象,利用甲醇为提取剂对石榴皮进行提取并将提取物进行分离鉴定,其主要活性成分为山萘素和绿原酸。并发现该提取物具有抑制蓝绿藻生长的效果,能够作为制备水中蓝绿藻抑制剂。本发明的方法不仅对控制蓝绿藻藻华提供了一种有效控制方法,而且对实现石榴皮的资源化利用提供了一条可行的思路。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的详细描述。
实施例1:
本实施例给出一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法,采用甲醇从石榴皮中提取、分离并鉴定抑制蓝绿藻生长的提取物,包括如下步骤:
第一步,石榴皮甲醇粗提取物的制备
(1)将新鲜石榴皮用蒸馏水冲洗干净,然后破碎;
(2)将石榴皮碎屑冷冻干燥除去水分,获得干燥的石榴皮碎屑;
(3)将干燥的石榴皮碎屑磨成粉末,储存于冰箱待用;
(4)以甲醇为提取剂,取石榴皮粉末与提取剂的质量/体积比(W/V)为1:20,室温超声30min后,滤掉大的浮渣,收集滤液。
(5)将滤液在10000rpm(4℃)条件下离心5~10min,沉渣弃掉,收集上清液。
(6)上清液经0.22微米有机系滤膜过滤,得到的滤液即为石榴皮甲醇粗提取物;
(7)将石榴皮甲醇粗提取物中的溶剂在50℃条件下旋转蒸发除去,获得棕色石榴皮浸膏,得率为石榴皮粉末干物质的60~70%。
第二步,石榴皮甲醇粗提取物的分离
(1)采用190~200g粒径200~300目的硅胶装填60*4cm的硅胶柱,使有效柱高约为40cm。用氯仿、甲醇和乙酸乙酯按体积比(V/V/V)为45:45:10配制成初始洗脱液,在硅胶柱装填完毕后,以初始洗脱液过柱,使硅胶柱压实无裂缝。
(2)待初始洗脱液过柱基本完成时,将溶有约3g的石榴皮浸膏的3mL-5mL样品沿柱壁均匀加入硅胶柱。
(3)以氯仿、甲醇和乙酸乙酯按体积比(V/V/V)分别为45:45:10、30:60:10、20:70:10、10:80:10,配制约600毫升的4种混合洗脱液进行梯度洗脱,洗脱产物颜色由无色-淡黄色-棕色-绿色逐渐变化,最终用纯甲醇冲洗至无色为止;
(4)将收集到的洗脱产物用薄层色谱进行初步鉴定后,最终合并为14个洗脱产物。
第三步,石榴皮甲醇提取物各洗脱产物抑制藻生长的检测
将收集合并后的14个洗脱产物旋转蒸发除去甲醇后,用二甲基亚砜(DMSO)定容,使最终培养基中各洗脱产物的浓度约为50mg/L,然后以铜绿微囊藻(初始藻密度为5*105个/mL)和伪鱼腥藻(初始藻密度1*105个/mL)为对象,进行石榴皮甲醇提取物各洗脱产物抑制藻生长的检测,选择对铜绿微囊藻和伪鱼腥藻抑制效果好的洗脱产物为目标抑藻物。
第四步,目标抑藻物活性组分的鉴定
通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用对效果好的洗脱产物进行鉴定,结果表明,石榴皮甲醇提取物中主要的抑藻活性成分为山奈素和绿原酸,其中,山奈素分子式为C16H12O6,分子量为300.26288,结构式如下:
绿原酸分子式为C16H18O9,分子量约为354.31,结构式如下:
与市售已知的山奈素和绿原酸相吻合。
实施例2:
本实施例与实施例1所不同的是石榴皮粉末与甲醇的质量/体积比为1:10,其余与实施例1均相同。
实施例3:
本实施例与实施例1所不同的是石榴皮粉末与甲醇的质量/体积比为1:30,其余与实施例1均相同。
实施例4:
本实施例与实施例1所不同的是石榴皮粉末与甲醇的质量/体积比为1:40,其余与实施例1均相同。
应用实施例1:
在铜绿微囊藻培养液营养充分、初始藻密度10*105个/mL的条件下,进行平行试验。其中一个作为空白,另一个添加1%的石榴皮醇提取物。
6天时,石榴皮醇提取物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率为94%,8天时抑制率为96%。
应用实施例2:
在伪鱼腥藻培养液营养充分、初始藻密度10*105个/mL的条件下,进行平行试验。其中一个作为空白,另一个添加1%的石榴皮醇提取物。
6天时,石榴皮醇提取物对伪鱼腥藻的抑制率为80%,8天时抑制率为85%。
应用实施例3:
在小球藻培养液营养充分、初始藻密度8*105个/mL的条件下,进行平行试验。其中一个作为空白,另一个添加1%的石榴皮醇提取物。
6天时,石榴皮醇提取物对小球藻的抑制率为90%,8天时抑制率为95%。

Claims (6)

1.一种提取分离抑藻物质的方法,其特征在于,采用甲醇从石榴皮中提取、分离并鉴定抑制蓝绿藻生长的提取物,具体包括如下步骤:
步骤一:石榴皮甲醇粗提取物的制备
以甲醇为提取剂,取石榴皮粉末与提取剂的质量/体积比为1:10~1:40,室温超声20~50min后,滤掉大的浮渣,收集滤液;
4℃条件下,将滤液在5000~10000rpm离心5~10min,沉渣弃掉,收集上清液,上清液经0.22微米有机系滤膜过滤,得到的滤液即为石榴皮甲醇粗提取物;
将石榴皮甲醇粗提取物在45℃~55℃条件下旋转蒸发除去溶剂,获得棕色石榴皮浸膏;
步骤二:石榴皮甲醇粗提取物的分离
1)采用粒径200~300目的硅胶装填硅胶柱,硅胶柱有效柱高为40cm,在硅胶柱装填完毕后,以初始洗脱液过柱,使硅胶柱压实无裂缝;待初始洗脱液过柱完成时,再将溶有3g石榴皮浸膏的3ml~5ml的样品沿柱壁均匀加入硅胶柱;
2)分别以600毫升的4种混合洗脱液对石榴皮浸膏进行梯度洗脱,得到的洗脱产物颜色由无色-淡黄色-棕色-绿色逐渐变化,最终用纯甲醇冲洗至无色为止;
3)将收集到的洗脱产物用薄层色谱进行初步鉴定后,最终合并为14个洗脱产物;
步骤三:石榴皮甲醇提取物各洗脱产物抑制藻生长的检测
将合并后的14个洗脱产物旋转蒸发除去溶剂后,用二甲基亚砜定容,使最终培养基中各活性组分的浓度为50mg/L,然后以初始藻密度为1~10*105个/mL的铜绿微囊藻和初始藻密度为1~10*105个/mL的伪鱼腥藻为对象,进行各活性组分抑制藻生长的检测,选择对铜绿微囊藻和伪鱼腥藻抑制效果好的活性组分为目标抑藻物;
步骤四:目标抑藻物活性组分的鉴定
通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用对各活性组分进行鉴定,结果表明,石榴皮甲醇提取物中主要的抑藻活性成分为山奈素和绿原酸。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的石榴皮粉末采用以下方式得到:
(1)将新鲜石榴皮用蒸馏水冲洗干净,然后破碎;
(2)将破碎后的石榴皮碎屑冷冻干燥除去水分,获得干燥的石榴皮碎屑;
(3)将干燥后的石榴皮碎屑磨成粉末,储存待用。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的初始洗脱液的体积比为:氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=45:45:10。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的4种混合洗脱液的体积比分别为:氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=45:45:10;氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=30:60:10;氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=20:70:10和氯仿:甲醇:乙酸乙酯=10:80:10。
5.权利要求1至4其中之一所述的提取分离抑藻物质的方法得到的石榴皮甲醇提取物用于制备水中蓝绿藻抑制剂的应用。
6.如权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的蓝绿藻为铜绿微囊藻、伪鱼腥藻或小球藻。
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