CN106041363A - Flux-cored wire for low-temperature and ultra-high-strength steel - Google Patents
Flux-cored wire for low-temperature and ultra-high-strength steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106041363A CN106041363A CN201610629232.2A CN201610629232A CN106041363A CN 106041363 A CN106041363 A CN 106041363A CN 201610629232 A CN201610629232 A CN 201610629232A CN 106041363 A CN106041363 A CN 106041363A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- flux
- cored wire
- medicated core
- ferrosilicon
- unimach
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
- B23K35/3073—Fe as the principal constituent with Mn as next major constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
- B23K35/0261—Rods, electrodes, wires
- B23K35/0266—Rods, electrodes, wires flux-cored
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
- B23K35/3608—Titania or titanates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
- B23K35/368—Selection of non-metallic compositions of core materials either alone or conjoint with selection of soldering or welding materials
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nonmetallic Welding Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a flux-cored wire for low-temperature and ultra-high-strength steel. The flux-cored wire for the low-temperature and ultra-high-strength steel comprises a carbon steel skin and a flux core. The flux core comprises the following ingredients in percentages by mass: 33-38% of rutile, 2-6% of zircon sand, 25-30% of high carbon ferromanganese, 6-8% of barium fluoride, 2-4% of aluminium magnesium alloy, 5-7% of ferrosilicon, 5-7% of ferrotitanium, 1.5-3% of rare earth ferrosilicon, 8-10% of nickel powder and the balance of iron powder. The flux-cored wire for the low-temperature and ultra-high-strength steel is welded by using CO2 protective gas; comprehensive properties of deposited metal and a welded joint are as follows: yield strength is greater than or equal to 550 MPa, tensile strength is greater than or equal to 670 MPa, the elongation is greater than or equal to 20%, and Akv is greater than or equal to 55 J at the temperature of -40 DEG C; moreover, the content of the deposited metal nickel of the flux-cored wire is less than 1.4%, the flux-cored wire does not contain precious metals such as Mo and Cr, and the weld metal of the flux-cored wire has good toughness and cold crack resistance.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to welding material manufacturing technology field, be specifically related to a kind of low temperature unimach flux-cored wire,
Supporting for yield strength 550MPa level steel.
Background technology
Gas-shielded flux-cored wire welding method has the highest welding efficiency, can obtain the weld seam that combination property is good.?
The industry such as shipbuilding, ocean engineering obtains more and more application, needs to use in a large number low temperature in offshore oil drilling platform is built
Ultra-high tensile steel welding material, it is especially desirable to there is the flux-cored wire of favorable low-temperature impact toughness.
At present, in drilling platforms and sea work project, conventional unimach steel plate mainly includes EQ56, EH550 etc., and
Corresponding welding material is mainly the external products such as the U.S.；The demand of matched flux-cored wire will be more and more, but state
Outer flux-cored wire product is many using argon-rich gas as protective gas.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of low temperature unimach flux-cored wire, can meet under-40 DEG C of cryogenic conditions
Impact flexibility requirement, and its yield strength 550MPa level.
The technical scheme is that and provide a kind of low temperature unimach flux-cored wire, including carbon steel crust and medicine
Core, the composition of described medicated core and mass percentage content shared in medicated core thereof be: rutile 33～38%, zircon sand 2～
6%, high carbon ferromanganese 25～30%, barium fluoride 6～8%, almag 2～4%, ferrosilicon 5～7%, ferrotianium 5～7%, rare earth silicon
Ferrum 1.5～3%, nikel powder 8～10%, surplus is iron powder.
Further, composition and the mass percentage content shared in medicated core thereof of above-mentioned medicated core is: rutile 33～
35%, zircon sand 2～6%, high carbon ferromanganese 26～30%, barium fluoride 7～8%, almag 2～4%, ferrosilicon 5～6%, titanium
Ferrum 5～7%, rare earth ferrosilicon 2～3%, nikel powder 8～8.5%, surplus is iron powder.
Further, the quality of above-mentioned medicated core is the 12～16% of flux-cored wire gross mass.
Preferably, the quality of above-mentioned medicated core is the 13% of flux-cored wire gross mass, the composition of described medicated core and at medicated core
Mass percentage content shared by is: rutile 33%, zircon sand 6%, high carbon ferromanganese 30%, barium fluoride 8%, almag
2%, ferrosilicon 5%, ferrotianium 5%, rare earth ferrosilicon 1.5%, nikel powder 8%, surplus is iron powder.
Preferably, the quality of above-mentioned medicated core is the 16% of flux-cored wire gross mass, the composition of described medicated core and at medicated core
Mass percentage content shared by is: rutile 38%, zircon sand 2%, high carbon ferromanganese 25%, barium fluoride 6%, almag
4%, ferrosilicon 7%, ferrotianium 7%, rare earth ferrosilicon 1.5%, nikel powder 8.5%, surplus is iron powder.
Preferably, the quality of above-mentioned medicated core is the 13% of flux-cored wire gross mass, the composition of described medicated core and at medicated core
Mass percentage content shared by is: rutile 33%, zircon sand 2%, high carbon ferromanganese 30%, barium fluoride 6%, almag
2.5%, ferrosilicon 6%, ferrotianium 5%, rare earth ferrosilicon 2%, nikel powder 10%, surplus is iron powder.
Preferably, the quality of above-mentioned medicated core is the 14% of flux-cored wire gross mass, the composition of described medicated core and at medicated core
Mass percentage content shared by is: rutile 35%, zircon sand 5%, high carbon ferromanganese 26%, barium fluoride 7%, almag
3%, ferrosilicon 5.5%, ferrotianium 6.5%, rare earth ferrosilicon 2.5%, nikel powder 8.5%, surplus is iron powder.
Further, in above-mentioned high carbon ferromanganese the mass percent of C more than 7%；When in high carbon ferromanganese, C content is low,
In order to make weld seam have higher intensity, further amounts of high carbon ferromanganese will be used, will increase in the flue dust that welding process produces
The concentration of manganese oxide, welding operation personnel are healthy in harm.
Further, above-mentioned carbon steel crust is SPCC steel band.
Low temperature unimach flux-cored wire of the present invention uses conventional flux-cored wire manufacturing process to prepare.
The welding method of the above-mentioned low temperature unimach flux-cored wire that the present invention also provides for, welding condition is: protection
Gas CO2Purity 99.95%, welding current 230～250A, weldingvoltage 26～28V, speed of welding 30mm/min.
The design principle of low temperature unimach medicated core solder wire formula of the present invention: containing a large amount of rutile in the present invention,
Can ensure that there is the good all-position welding suitability；Take multiple strong deoxidant element combined deoxidation mode, carbon, manganese, silicon simultaneously
It is transitioned in weld seam as alloying component, so that it is guaranteed that weld metal yield strength can reach more than 550MPa.
In medicated core component, rutile main component is TiO2, play fluxing effect；Rutile weight/mass percentage composition is less than 33%
Time, all-position welding is neutral, overhead welding difficulty operation, and molding is bad；When rutile is more than 38%, slag fusing point raises, welding process
In be easily generated slag inclusion and appearance of weld and be deteriorated.
Zircon sand contains more ZrO2, be conducive to improving the slag removability of slag；Zircon sand weight/mass percentage composition less than 2% time pair
De-slag improvement result is inconspicuous, when zircon sand weight/mass percentage composition is more than 6%, easily occurs weld seam residual slag during all-position welding
Phenomenon.
High carbon ferromanganese refers to containing the manganeisen more than 7% carbon, and wherein Mn can participate in deoxidation, has alloying simultaneously
Effect；Carbon is transitioned into weld seam as main intensified element.When medicated core medium high carbon ferromanganese weight/mass percentage composition is less than 25%, weld seam Mn
Content is low, is unfavorable for that weld seam hot stage obtains more tiny austenite, thus causes weld seam cold stage to be difficult to obtain relatively
Many tiny acicular ferrites, impact flexibility is low and yield strength and tensile strength low, it is impossible to meet corresponding requirements；High carbon ferromanganese
When mass percentage content is more than 30%, weld seam C, Mn too high levels, it is easily formed thick high carbon martensite, though it is strong to improve tension
Spend but reduce impact flexibility.When weld seam weld seam contains appropriate carbon, except obtaining tiny acicular ferrite, also can obtain a small amount of
, because its formation temperature of low-carbon martensite is higher, there is " self tempering " at weld seam temperature-fall period in low-carbon martensite, it makes weld seam have
Higher-strength and good toughness.
Barium fluoride (BaF2) welding decomposites fluorine, weld seam diffusible hydrogen content can be reduced with dehydrogenation, reduce and produce cold crack
Probability；When barium fluoride weight/mass percentage composition is less than 6%, dehydrogenation is inconspicuous；When its weight/mass percentage composition is more than 8%, weldering
In termination process, molten drop becomes big, and splashing increases, and welding procedure is deteriorated；Additionally, BaO can be formed after barium fluoride dehydrogenation, improve slag alkali
Degree.
Almag is as deoxidizer, and deoxidation products is Al2O3And MgO, appropriate Al2O3All-position welding behaviour can be improved
Making processing performance, MgO can improve slag basicity；Almag, as deoxidizer, can make to be formed in melt tank reaction Ti2O3, promote pin
Columnar ferrite forming core, thus improve weld seam impact toughness；Almag can also reduce weld seam N content, improves impact further
Toughness.
Ferrosilicon has alloying effect, and ferrotianium is as deoxidizer, it is ensured that deposited metal yield strength grade meets 550MPa；
When content is too much, yield strength is too high, and weld seam impact toughness declines, and content the most then weld strength does not reaches requirement.
It is said that in general, rare earth oxide middle rare earth is the most oxidized, because the fusing point of rare earth oxide is the highest, only molten
Stage in pond stage plays Grain refinement as nucleating agent.And it is dilute containing more activity in the rare earth ferrosilicon selected in the present invention
Soil, it may participate in the reactions such as deoxidation, desulfurization, dephosphorization, purifies molten drop molten bath further, improve weld seam degree of purity, reduce O, S, P etc.
Impurity content, improves weld seam impact toughness.When rare earth ferrosilicon weight/mass percentage composition is less than 1.5%, act on inconspicuous, its quality hundred
When point content is more than 3%, in weld metal, activity content of rare earth is too much, and oxygen content will be caused to drastically reduce, and occur rare earth " in
Poison " phenomenon, reduces impact flexibility on the contrary.
Nikel powder contains a large amount of Ni, uses as alloying agent, and weld seam contains appropriate Ni, it is possible to decrease brittle transition temperature,
Low-temperature impact toughness is made to meet requirement.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention:
(1) this low temperature unimach flux-cored wire that the present invention provides uses CO2Shielding gas, has excellent
Good welding technological properties, deposited metal and welding point combination property: yield strength >=550MPa；Tensile strength >=
670MPa；Percentage elongation >=20%；When-40 DEG C, Akv >=55J.
(2) this low temperature unimach flux-cored wire deposited metal nickel content that the present invention provides is less than 1.4%, and
Without precious metals such as Mo, Cr, its weld metal has good toughness and cold-crack resistance energy.
Detailed description of the invention
Below the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiment
It is only a part of embodiment of the present invention rather than whole embodiments.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, the common skill in this area
All other embodiments that art personnel are obtained under not making creative work premise, broadly fall into the model of present invention protection
Enclose.
Embodiment low temperature unimach medicated core solder wire formula is shown in Table 1, and sheetmetal is SPCC steel band, uses conventional medicated core weldering
Silk manufacturing process prepares.Table 2 show chemical composition and the mechanical property of corresponding embodiment flux-cored wire deposited metal；Its welding
Condition: protective gas CO2Purity 99.95%, welding current 230～250A, weldingvoltage 26～28V, speed of welding 30mm/
min。
Table 1: flux-cored wire formula (mass percent)
Table 2: the chemical composition of deposited metal and mechanical property
From the chemical composition of table 1 and table 2 illustrated embodiment it follows that the flux-cored wire of the present invention uses CO2Protection gas
Body welds, deposited metal and welding point combination property: yield strength >=550MPa；Tensile strength >=670MPa；Percentage elongation >=
20%；Under the conditions of-40 DEG C, Akv >=55J；And this flux-cored wire deposited metal nickel content is less than 1.4%, and without Mo, Cr etc.
Precious metal, its weld metal has good toughness and cold-crack resistance energy.
Exemplified as above is only the illustration to the present invention, is not intended that the restriction to protection scope of the present invention, all
It is within design same or analogous with the present invention belongs to protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a low temperature unimach flux-cored wire, including carbon steel crust and medicated core, it is characterised in that: the one-tenth of described medicated core
Point and mass percentage content shared in medicated core be: rutile 33～38%, zircon sand 2～6%, high carbon ferromanganese 25～
30%, barium fluoride 6～8%, almag 2～4%, ferrosilicon 5～7%, ferrotianium 5～7%, rare earth ferrosilicon 1.5～3%, nikel powder 8
～10%, surplus is iron powder.
2. low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that: the composition of described medicated core and
Mass percentage content shared in medicated core is: rutile 33～35%, zircon sand 2～6%, high carbon ferromanganese 26～30%,
Barium fluoride 7～8%, almag 2～4%, ferrosilicon 5～6%, ferrotianium 5～7%, rare earth ferrosilicon 2～3%, nikel powder 8～
8.5%, surplus is iron powder.
3. low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that: the quality of described medicated core
For flux-cored wire gross mass 12～16%.
4. low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that: the quality of described medicated core is medicine
The 13% of core welding wire gross mass, the composition of described medicated core and mass percentage content shared in medicated core thereof be: rutile
33%, zircon sand 6%, high carbon ferromanganese 30%, barium fluoride 8%, almag 2%, ferrosilicon 5%, ferrotianium 5%, rare earth ferrosilicon
1.5%, nikel powder 8%, surplus is iron powder.
5. low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that: the quality of described medicated core is medicine
The 16% of core welding wire gross mass, the composition of described medicated core and mass percentage content shared in medicated core thereof be: rutile
38%, zircon sand 2%, high carbon ferromanganese 25%, barium fluoride 6%, almag 4%, ferrosilicon 7%, ferrotianium 7%, rare earth ferrosilicon
1.5%, nikel powder 8.5%, surplus is iron powder.
6. low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that: the quality of described medicated core is medicine
The 13% of core welding wire gross mass, the composition of described medicated core and mass percentage content shared in medicated core thereof be: rutile
33%, zircon sand 2%, high carbon ferromanganese 30%, barium fluoride 6%, almag 2.5%, ferrosilicon 6%, ferrotianium 5%, rare earth ferrosilicon
2%, nikel powder 10%, surplus is iron powder.
7. low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that: the quality of described medicated core is medicine
The 14% of core welding wire gross mass, the composition of described medicated core and mass percentage content shared in medicated core thereof be: rutile
35%, zircon sand 5%, high carbon ferromanganese 26%, barium fluoride 7%, almag 3%, ferrosilicon 5.5%, ferrotianium 6.5%, rare earth silicon
Ferrum 2.5%, nikel powder 8.5%, surplus is iron powder.
8. low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that: C in described high carbon ferromanganese
Mass percent more than 7%.
9. the low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as described in any one of claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that: described carbon steel
Crust is SPCC steel band.
10. the welding method of the low temperature unimach flux-cored wire as described in any one of claim 1～9, its feature exists
In: welding condition is, protective gas CO2Purity 99.95%, welding current 230～250A, weldingvoltage 26～28V, welding speed
Degree 30mm/min.
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| CN201610629232.2A CN106041363B (en) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | A kind of low temperature unimach flux-cored wire |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610629232.2A CN106041363B (en) | 2016-08-03 | 2016-08-03 | A kind of low temperature unimach flux-cored wire |
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| CN106041363B CN106041363B (en) | 2019-02-12 |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106825992A (en) * | 2017-01-20 | 2017-06-13 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | A kind of 620MPa grade low-temps steel flux-cored wire and its welding method |
| CN110202290A (en) * | 2019-05-29 | 2019-09-06 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | A kind of high-strength weathering steel flux-cored wire and its application |
| CN110625298A (en) * | 2019-11-06 | 2019-12-31 | 山东聚力焊接材料有限公司 | Welding wire flux-cored material with crack resistance and air hole resistance, welding wire and preparation method thereof |
| CN111761254A (en) * | 2020-06-29 | 2020-10-13 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | Seamless flux-cored wire for welding ocean engineering high-strength steel |
| CN112453756A (en) * | 2020-11-19 | 2021-03-09 | 天津大桥金属焊丝有限公司 | High-strength and high-toughness gas-shielded flux-cored wire |
| CN112719691A (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2021-04-30 | 四川大西洋焊接材料股份有限公司 | Flux-cored wire, flux-cored wire and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN112917044A (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2021-06-08 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | 550 MPa-level flux-cored wire with excellent moisture resistance |
| CN112935614A (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2021-06-11 | 山东聚力焊接材料有限公司 | Metal powder type flux-cored wire and application and preparation method thereof |
| CN114346517A (en) * | 2022-01-20 | 2022-04-15 | 上海工程技术大学 | High-heat-dissipation and high-strength steel gas shielded flux-cored welding wire for anti-overheating surfacing |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106825992A (en) * | 2017-01-20 | 2017-06-13 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | A kind of 620MPa grade low-temps steel flux-cored wire and its welding method |
| CN106825992B (en) * | 2017-01-20 | 2019-06-04 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | A kind of 620MPa grade low-temp steel flux-cored wire and its welding method |
| CN110202290A (en) * | 2019-05-29 | 2019-09-06 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | A kind of high-strength weathering steel flux-cored wire and its application |
| CN110625298B (en) * | 2019-11-06 | 2021-07-27 | 山东聚力焊接材料有限公司 | Welding wire flux-cored material with crack resistance and air hole resistance, welding wire and preparation method thereof |
| CN110625298A (en) * | 2019-11-06 | 2019-12-31 | 山东聚力焊接材料有限公司 | Welding wire flux-cored material with crack resistance and air hole resistance, welding wire and preparation method thereof |
| CN111761254A (en) * | 2020-06-29 | 2020-10-13 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | Seamless flux-cored wire for welding ocean engineering high-strength steel |
| CN111761254B (en) * | 2020-06-29 | 2022-01-28 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | Seamless flux-cored wire for welding ocean engineering high-strength steel |
| CN112453756A (en) * | 2020-11-19 | 2021-03-09 | 天津大桥金属焊丝有限公司 | High-strength and high-toughness gas-shielded flux-cored wire |
| CN112719691A (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2021-04-30 | 四川大西洋焊接材料股份有限公司 | Flux-cored wire, flux-cored wire and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN112917044A (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2021-06-08 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | 550 MPa-level flux-cored wire with excellent moisture resistance |
| CN112917044B (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2022-09-06 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | 550 MPa-level flux-cored wire with excellent moisture resistance |
| CN112935614A (en) * | 2021-03-08 | 2021-06-11 | 山东聚力焊接材料有限公司 | Metal powder type flux-cored wire and application and preparation method thereof |
| CN114346517A (en) * | 2022-01-20 | 2022-04-15 | 上海工程技术大学 | High-heat-dissipation and high-strength steel gas shielded flux-cored welding wire for anti-overheating surfacing |
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