CN106025344B - A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte - Google Patents

A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte Download PDF

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CN106025344B
CN106025344B CN201610502374.2A CN201610502374A CN106025344B CN 106025344 B CN106025344 B CN 106025344B CN 201610502374 A CN201610502374 A CN 201610502374A CN 106025344 B CN106025344 B CN 106025344B
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electrolyte
retardant
flame
ion battery
lithium ion
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CN106025344A (en
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陈果
刘立炳
惠怀兵
冯修成
孟仙雅
王烨明
孙晓芬
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Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte, its raw material composition includes electrolyte lithium salt, organic solvent and flame-retardant additive, the composition and its volume ratio of organic solvent are as follows: organic base solvent 15-40 of high dielectric constant, low-steam pressure solvent 5-45, low viscosity solvent 10-55, ionic liquid at room temperature 2-35, and the anion of ionic liquid at room temperature is by tetrafluoroborate, hexafluoro-phosphate radical, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid root, double trifluorosulfonimide roots, at least one of trifluoroacetic acid root ion composition, cation is ammonium cation, flame-retardant additive is a fluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, difluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, trifluoromethy ethylene carbonate, fluorphenotol, fluoro ether, propyl -2, 2, at least one of 2 trifluoroethyl carbonic esters, its quality accounts for the 1%-2 of electrolyte gross mass 0%.The present invention not only significantly improves the flame retardant property of electrolyte, but also influences on the charge-discharge performance of battery small.

Description

A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte
Technical field
Of the invention belongs to technical field of lithium ion, and in particular to a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte is applicable in In the flame retardant property for improving electrolyte.
Background technique
Electrolyte is the material that unique in lithium ion battery and anode, cathode, diaphragm are all in contact, its specific volume to battery Amount, operating temperature range, cycle efficieny and security performance etc. all play a crucial role.Existing lithium ion battery electrolysis Liquid solvent is made of carbonate based organic solvent, such solvent flash-point is low, and when heated or high temperature can fire in air It burns, very big security risk is brought to battery.Exploitation flame-retardant electrolyte can reduce electrolyte combustibility, to significantly reduce The risk that electrolyte burns in battery.
Chinese patent: application publication number CN103326063A, date of publication are that the patent of invention on the 25th of September in 2013 discloses A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte, is made of, which passes through addition lithium salts, organic solvent and phosphorous acid ester additive agent The method of phosphite ester improves the anti-flammabilitys of lithium-ion battery electrolytes.But since the flame retardant effect of phosphite ester is bad, and And have detrimental effect to the chemical property of electrolyte, therefore, it will affect the cycle performance of battery using the electrolyte.
Chinese patent: application publication number CN101702445B, date of publication are that the patent of invention on May 5th, 2010 discloses A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte is stablized by cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, fire retardant, lithium salts and cathode SEI film Agent composition comes fire-retardant mainly by fire retardant dimethoxy-methyl phosphate.The invention does not improve the organic solvent of electrolyte, And organic solvent is the principal element of electrolyte burning, therefore its flame retardant effect is unsatisfactory, meanwhile, dimethoxy-methyl phosphoric acid Ester addition excessively will be greatly reduced the cycle performance of battery.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is overcoming the problems, such as that electrolyte flame-retardant performance existing in the prior art is bad, a kind of energy is provided Enough effectively improve the lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte of flame retardant property.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides following technical schemes:
A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte, raw material composition include electrolyte lithium salt, organic solvent and fire-retardant add Add agent；
The flame-retardant additive is a fluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, difluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, trifluoromethy Ethylene carbonate, fluorphenotol, fluoro ether, propyl -2,2, at least one of 2 trifluoroethyl carbonic esters, and its quality Account for the 1%-20% of electrolyte gross mass.
The flame-retardant additive is 1,1,2,2- tetrafluoro ethyl etherate, and quality accounts for the 10% of electrolyte gross mass.
The composition and its volume ratio of the organic solvent are as follows: organic base solvent 15-40, the low steam of high dielectric constant Pressure solution agent 5-45, low viscosity solvent 10-55, ionic liquid at room temperature 2-35.
The anion of the ionic liquid at room temperature is by tetrafluoroborate (BF4 -), hexafluoro-phosphate radical (PF6 -), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Root (CF3SO3 -), double trifluorosulfonimide roots (TFSI), at least one of trifluoroacetic acid root ion composition, ionic liquid at room temperature Cation be ammonium cation, general structure are as follows:
Wherein, R1And R2It is independently selected from a kind of alkyl containing 1-8 carbon atom.
Organic base solvent of the high dielectric constant is ethylene carbonate.
The low-steam pressure solvent is diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, propene carbonate, gamma-butyrolacton, diformazan Asia At least one of sulfone, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, sulfolane, butylene.
The low viscosity solvent be dioxolanes, 1,2- dimethoxy-ethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, At least one of dimethyl sulfite, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propionate.
The electrolyte further includes film for additive, which is glycol sulfite, 4- methyl sulfurous acid Asia Ethyl ester, chlorocarbonic acid vinyl acetate, dichloro- ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, in propylene sulfite At least one, quality accounts for the 0.02%-2% of electrolyte gross mass.
The electrolyte lithium salt is LiPF6、LiBOB、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiAlCl4 In extremely Few one kind, concentration in organic solvent are 0.8-1.5mol/L.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the benefit that
1, flame-retardant additive is a fluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, two in a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte of the present invention Fluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, trifluoromethy ethylene carbonate, fluorphenotol, fluoro ether, propyl -2,2,2 trifluoro second At least one of base carbonic ester, on the one hand, such additive has strong electron-withdrawing group, can capture electrolyte because of height Temperature decomposes and is discharged into the hydrogeneous organic free radical in air, to reduce the dense of hydrogen-containing radicals in the reactant of combustion reaction Degree terminates combustion reaction, to play excellent flame retardant effect, another party until blocking free radical and oxygen reacts Face, such additive have good conductivity and film forming characteristics, can reduce it and the shadow to electrolyte electrochemical performance is added It rings, to ensure that the cycle performance of lithium battery.Therefore, not only flame retardant effect is good by the present invention, but also ensure that lithium battery Cycle performance.
2, in a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte of the present invention organic solvent composition and its volume ratio are as follows: high dielectric Organic base solvent 15-40, low-steam pressure solvent 5-45, the low viscosity solvent 10-55, ionic liquid at room temperature 2-35 of constant, and The anion of ionic liquid at room temperature is by tetrafluoroborate (BF4 -), hexafluoro-phosphate radical (PF6 -), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid root (CF3SO3 -)、 At least one of double trifluorosulfonimide roots (TFSI), trifluoroacetic acid root ion composition, the cation of ionic liquid at room temperature are The dicyandiamide solution of ammonium cation, low-steam pressure can reduce the volatility of electrolyte, fire to reduce electrolyte volatile matter A possibility that burning, and ionic liquid at room temperature is almost without vapour pressure, volatility is minimum, and its decomposition temperature is high, good flame resistance, and two Person is used cooperatively the volatilization that can substantially reduce electrolyte, improves the heat-resistant stable of electrolyte, makes the combustibility of electrolyte It is substantially reduced.Therefore, the present invention further improves flame retardant property.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is further illustrated With reference to embodiment.
A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte, raw material composition include electrolyte lithium salt, organic solvent and fire-retardant add Add agent；
The flame-retardant additive is a fluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, difluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, trifluoromethy Ethylene carbonate, fluorphenotol, fluoro ether, propyl -2,2, at least one of 2 trifluoroethyl carbonic esters, and its quality Account for the 1%-20% of electrolyte gross mass.
The flame-retardant additive is 1,1,2,2- tetrafluoro ethyl etherate, and quality accounts for the 10% of electrolyte gross mass.
The composition and its volume ratio of the organic solvent are as follows: organic base solvent 15-40, the low steam of high dielectric constant Pressure solution agent 5-45, low viscosity solvent 10-55, ionic liquid at room temperature 2-35.
The anion of the ionic liquid at room temperature is by tetrafluoroborate (BF4 -), hexafluoro-phosphate radical (PF6 -), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Root (CF3SO3 -), double trifluorosulfonimide roots (TFSI), at least one of trifluoroacetic acid root ion composition, ionic liquid at room temperature Cation be ammonium cation, general structure are as follows:
Wherein, R1And R2It is independently selected from a kind of alkyl containing 1-8 carbon atom.
Organic base solvent of the high dielectric constant is ethylene carbonate.
The low-steam pressure solvent is diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, propene carbonate, gamma-butyrolacton, diformazan Asia At least one of sulfone, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, sulfolane, butylene.
The low viscosity solvent be dioxolanes, 1,2- dimethoxy-ethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, At least one of dimethyl sulfite, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propionate.
The electrolyte further includes film for additive, which is glycol sulfite, 4- methyl sulfurous acid Asia Ethyl ester, chlorocarbonic acid vinyl acetate, dichloro- ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, in propylene sulfite At least one, quality accounts for the 0.02%-2% of electrolyte gross mass.
The electrolyte lithium salt is LiPF6、LiBOB、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiAlCl4 In extremely Few one kind, concentration in organic solvent are 0.8-1.5mol/L.
The principle of the present invention is described as follows:
The present invention reduces the combustibility of electrolyte by the selection of flame-retardant additive and to the optimization of organic solvent, from And achieve the purpose that fire-retardant.
Flame-retardant additive:
The burning of organic electrolyte is the hydrogeneous organic free radical and sky formed by electrolyte decomposition in the case of a high temperature Oxygen radical in gas, which reacts, to be generated a large amount of heat to realize, therefore, to block burning, can be hydrogeneous certainly by prevention It is realized by reacting for base and oxygen radical.Flame-retardant additive is replaced using the fluorine element contained compared with strong electronegativity in the present invention Protium, the ability for adsorbing free radical is strong, not only increases the fire retardancy of fire retardant in this way, and make the electricity of electrolyte Conductance is higher, and influence when charge and discharge to electrolyte electrochemical performance is smaller, ensure that the charge-discharge performance of battery.
In addition, a small amount of flame-retardant additive of the present invention, which is added, can reach significant ground flame retardant effect.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte, raw material composition include electrolyte lithium salt, organic solvent, flame-retardant additive And film for additive, the electrolyte lithium salt are LiPF6, concentration in organic solvent is 1mol/L, described organic molten The composition and its volume ratio of agent are as follows: ethylene carbonate 28, dimethyl carbonate 42, methyl ethyl carbonate 30, the flame-retardant additive For difluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, and its quality accounts for the 8% of electrolyte gross mass, and the film for additive is vinylene carbonate Ester, quality account for the 2% of electrolyte gross mass.
When preparation, first electrolyte lithium salt is dissolved in organic solvent to form mixed solution, then to the mixed solution Middle addition film for additive simultaneously stirs evenly to get lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte is arrived.
Embodiment 2:
With embodiment 1, the difference is that,
Flame-retardant additive is 1,2- bis-fluoro ethyls ether (C in the electrolyte4H8F2O), quality accounts for electrolyte gross mass 1%.
Embodiment 3:
With embodiment 1, the difference is that,
Flame-retardant additive is 1,1,2,2- tetrafluoro ethyl etherate (C in the electrolyte4H6F4O), it is total to account for electrolyte for quality The 20% of quality.
Embodiment 4:
With embodiment 1, the difference is that,
The composition and its volume ratio of the organic solvent are as follows: ethylene carbonate 28, dimethyl carbonate 42, methyl ethyl carbonate 30, N, N- diethyl-N- methyl-N- butyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (C9H22NBF4) 10。
It is first that organic base solvent of electrolyte lithium salt and high dielectric constant, low-steam pressure solvent, low-viscosity is molten when preparation Agent is mixed to form mixed solution, and ionic liquid at room temperature, film for additive, flame-retardant additive then is added simultaneously into the mixed solution It stirs evenly to get lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte is arrived.
Embodiment 5:
With embodiment 3, the difference is that,
The concentration of the electrolyte lithium salt in organic solvent is 1.5mol/L, the composition and its volume of the organic solvent Part ratio are as follows: ethylene carbonate 15, dimethyl carbonate 45, methyl ethyl carbonate 10, N, N- diethyl-N- Methyl-N-propyl tetrafluoro boron Sour ammonium (C8H20NBF4) 35, the quality of the film for additive accounts for the 0.02% of electrolyte gross mass.
Embodiment 6:
With embodiment 3, the difference is that,
The composition and its volume ratio of the organic solvent are as follows: ethylene carbonate 28, dimethyl carbonate 42, methyl ethyl carbonate 30, N, N- diethyl-N- Methyl-N-propyl lithium hexafluoro phosphate (C8H20NPF6) 10。
Embodiment 7:
With embodiment 3, the difference is that,
The concentration of the electrolyte lithium salt in organic solvent is 0.8mol/L, the composition and its volume of the organic solvent Part ratio are as follows: ethylene carbonate 40, dimethyl carbonate 5, methyl ethyl carbonate 55, N, N- diethyl-N- Methyl-N-propyl tetrafluoro boric acid Ammonium (C8H20NBF4) 2, the quality of the film for additive accounts for the 2% of electrolyte gross mass.
It, will be by LiPF for the effect for detecting the embodiment of the present invention6, organic solvent, the vinylene carbonate (organic solvent Composition and its volume ratio are as follows: ethylene carbonate 28, dimethyl carbonate 42, methyl ethyl carbonate 30, the matter of vinylene carbonate Amount accounts for 2%, LiPF of electrolyte gross mass6Concentration in organic solvent is electric as a comparison case for the electrolyte of 1mol/L) composition Liquid is solved, test comparison example electrolyte and electrolyte of the embodiment of the present invention after button cell are prepared using artificial plumbago negative pole material Charging and discharging capabilities, the specific steps are as follows:
Artificial graphite, SP and PVDF are weighed according to the mass ratio of 80:10:10 first and are put in mortar, NMP (electricity is added Pond grade) it stirs and is uniformly mixed, it is then coated on copper foil and is pressed into pole piece, electricity is made in the disk that diameter 12mm is cut into after drying Pole is metal lithium sheet to electrode, and diaphragm is polyethylene diagrams, and 2032 button half-cells of production test different formulations electrolyte respectively The SET time (referring to U.S.'s fire proofing standard be ANSI/UL-94-1985 in kindling and self-extinguishment test method), for the first time 100 weeks capacity retention ratios of discharge capacity and circulation.It the results are shown in Table 1.
1 electrolyte flame-retardant performance test data of table
。
Electrolyte (self-extinguishment) SET after flame-retardant additive and/or ionic liquid at room temperature is added it can be seen from upper table data Time significantly reduces, and the flame retardant property of electrolyte is remarkably reinforced, and using the head of lithium ion battery made from electrolyte of the present invention 100 weeks capacity retention ratios of secondary discharge capacity and circulation are kept at higher level, i.e., influence on the charge-discharge performance of lithium battery It is small.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte, raw material composition includes electrolyte lithium salt, organic solvent and fire-retardant addition Agent, it is characterised in that:
The flame-retardant additive be fluorphenotol, fluoro ether, propyl -2,2, at least one of 2 trifluoroethyl carbonic esters, And its quality accounts for the 1%-20% of electrolyte gross mass.
2. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the flame-retardant additive is 1,1,2,2- tetrafluoro ethyl etherate, quality account for the 10% of electrolyte gross mass.
3. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The composition and its volume ratio of the organic solvent are as follows: organic base solvent 15-40, the low-steam pressure of high dielectric constant are molten Agent 5-45, low viscosity solvent 10-55, ionic liquid at room temperature 2-35.
4. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:
The anion of the ionic liquid at room temperature is by tetrafluoroborate (BF4 -), hexafluoro-phosphate radical (PF6 -), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid root (CF3SO3 -), double trifluorosulfonimide roots (TFSI), at least one of trifluoroacetic acid root ion composition, ionic liquid at room temperature Cation is ammonium cation, general structure are as follows:
Wherein, R1And R2It is independently selected from a kind of alkyl containing 1-8 carbon atom.
5. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the high dielectric constant Organic base solvent is ethylene carbonate.
6. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the low-steam pressure solvent For diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, propene carbonate, gamma-butyrolacton, dimethyl sulfoxide, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, sulfolane, At least one of butylene.
7. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the low viscosity solvent is Dioxolanes, 1,2- dimethoxy-ethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfite, methyl propyl carbonate, At least one of ethyl propionate.
8. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte described in any one of -7 according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the electricity Solving liquid further includes film for additive, which is glycol sulfite, 4- methyl glycol sulfite, chlorocarbonic acid second At least one of enester, dichloro- ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, matter Amount accounts for the 0.02%-2% of electrolyte gross mass.
9. a kind of lithium ion battery flame-retardant electrolyte described in any one of -7 according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the electricity Solution matter lithium salts is LiPF6、LiBOB、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiAlCl4 At least one of, organic Concentration in solvent is 0.8-1.5mol/L.
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CN107994231A (en) * 2017-10-13 2018-05-04 北京汉能光伏投资有限公司 Flame-retardant additive, cosolvent and lithium ion battery
CN107959054A (en) * 2017-12-25 2018-04-24 湖北环天高科新能源有限公司 A kind of power battery electrolyte
CN109256284A (en) * 2018-08-17 2019-01-22 西安力能新能源科技有限公司 A kind of electrolyte and supercapacitor containing ionic liquid
CN109873207A (en) * 2019-02-27 2019-06-11 西安交通大学 A kind of high security electrolyte and its preparation method and application
CN112310476B (en) * 2019-07-31 2021-10-29 中石化南京化工研究院有限公司 Ionic liquid electrolyte of lithium ion battery
CN111205322B (en) * 2020-01-11 2022-07-26 山东理工大学 Preparation method of 2,4, 6-trioxo-1, 3, 5-triazine-lithium triphosphate and compound thereof used for flame-retardant electrolyte
CN111463485B (en) * 2020-04-09 2022-05-10 杉杉新材料（衢州）有限公司 Lithium ion battery electrolyte and lithium ion battery
CN114695953A (en) * 2020-12-28 2022-07-01 荣盛盟固利新能源科技有限公司 High-voltage high-safety polyimide gel polymer electrolyte, preparation method and application thereof, and lithium ion battery
CN113675473A (en) * 2021-08-12 2021-11-19 湖州昆仑亿恩科电池材料有限公司 Electrolyte and battery containing same
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