CN105952542A - 用于操作燃气轮机的方法 - Google Patents
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
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- F02C9/48—Control of fuel supply conjointly with another control of the plant
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Abstract
用于操作燃气轮机的方法包括控制对燃气轮机燃烧室的氧化剂供应和/或对燃气轮机燃烧室的燃料供应,以便将火焰温度或表示其的参数保持在给定范围内。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于操作燃气轮机的方法。优选地,燃气轮机为联合循环发电设备的一部分。
背景技术
发电设备的燃气轮机通常设计成在高负载(例如,燃气轮机标称负载的60%到100%之间)下以高效率和降低的排放操作。在低负载下操作意味着高排放,但由于低负载下的操作是例外且将仅在有限时间内执行,故接受这些高排放。
目前,燃气轮机必须和可恢复的发电设备一起操作;这需要燃气轮机的更大灵活性,且大体上需要燃气轮机在低负载下操作较长时间;这使得在低负载下以高排放操作不再可接受。
发明内容
本发明的方面包括提供一种允许燃气轮机在低负载下以可接受的排放操作的方法。
这些和其它方面通过提供根据所附权利要求的方法来获得。
附图说明
进一步的特征和优点将从该方法的优选但非排他实施例的描述变得更清楚,其在附图中通过非限制性示例的方式示出,在附图中:
图1示出了根据现有技术的调节窗中的VIGV开口/压缩机叶片应力关系;
图2示出了根据本发明的调节窗中的VIGV开口/压缩机叶片应力关系;
图3示出了联合循环发电设备的示例;
图4至图6示出了燃烧室及其主要构件。
参考标号
1 燃气轮机
2 压缩机
2a-2d 压缩机级
3 燃烧室
4 涡轮
6 可变入口导向导叶
7 再循环管线
8 旁路
9 燃烧器
10 焚烧器
10EA-10EH 焚烧器
10IA-10IH 焚烧器
12 槽口
13 预混燃料喷射器
14 引导燃料喷射器
15 锅炉
16 汽轮机
17 冷凝器
18 泵
20 排气器
F 表示机械应力的函数
L 应力极限
T 线趋势。
具体实施方式
在下文中,首先描述了燃气轮机和燃气轮机是其一部分的联合循环发电设备。
燃气轮机1包括压缩机2、燃烧室3和涡轮4。
压缩机2具有可变入口导向导叶6,其包括其位置可为了调整进入压缩机的氧化剂(诸如空气)的流而调整的导叶。在可变入口导向导叶6下游,压缩机2具有若干压缩机级2a、2b、2c、2d,其通常分别包括导叶和叶片。压缩机级的数目取决于特定需要;例如,图3示出了四个压缩机级,但无论如何将清楚的是,压缩机2可具有少于四个级或多于四个级,诸如十个级或甚至更多。
在压缩机2下游,燃气轮机可具有再循环管线7,以用于将压缩空气的一部分再循环回压缩机2上游的位置。
此外,旁路8可设置成在燃烧室3下游使压缩空气的一部分旁通;例如,压缩空气可转送至涡轮4上游和/或涡轮4下游和/或涡轮4的中间级。
在压缩机2的下游,燃气轮机1具有燃烧室3。燃烧室3优选为预混燃烧室(即,适于在预混状态下燃烧燃料的燃烧室)。燃烧室3具有连接到一个或通常多于一个焚烧器10的燃烧器9。在操作期间,燃料和空气一起供应到焚烧器10中以形成混合物,混合物然后从焚烧器10行进到燃烧器9中,其在那里燃烧。
图6示出了焚烧器的示例。焚烧器可具有圆锥形状,带有用于空气进入的槽口12和在槽口12附近的预混燃料喷射器13。
此外,焚烧器10还具有用于将燃料直接地喷射到燃烧器9中的引导燃料喷射器14(但引导燃料喷射器14是优选的);经由引导燃料喷射器14喷射的引导燃料经历扩散燃烧。引导燃料喷射器14可位于各个焚烧器10周围,例如,在圆周上。
在燃烧室3下游,燃气轮机1具有涡轮4,其使燃烧室中生成的热气体膨胀来收集机械能,例如,启动发电机(未示出)。
图3示出了联合循环发电设备的示例,其还包括接收从涡轮4排放的排气的锅炉15以蒸发水且生成过热蒸汽。过热蒸汽在汽轮机16中膨胀以进一步收集机械能,例如,用于启动发电机(连接到燃气轮机的相同发电机或不同发电机)。
连接在汽轮机16下游的是用于冷凝蒸汽的冷凝器17,以及用于将源自冷凝的水转送至锅炉15的泵18。
在穿过锅炉15之后,排出气体被传送至排气器20且排放到大气中。
为了控制涡轮(且因此整个联合循环发电设备)的负载,通常,穿过燃气轮机的质量流经由可变入口导向导叶6控制和调整。通过该控制,一起调节穿过燃气轮机的空气质量流和供应到燃烧室中的燃料量,使得调节燃气轮机负载且燃烧在有限排放的情况下高效地发生。
调整可变入口导向导叶6除调整质量流之外,还引起可变入口导向导叶6下游的压缩机叶片中的高应力。当可变入口导向导叶6的开口减小(即,穿过燃气轮机的空气量减少)时,应力增大。为此,传统上,可变入口导向导叶6的调节仅在有限开口范围中完成,即,在0到-20°之间的开口范围中,以便限制压缩机叶片的应力(0°表示具有最大开口的基准位置,且-20°表示相对于基准位置闭合20°的位置)。例如,图1示出了可变入口导向导叶(VIGV)开口与应力之间的关系。
在图1中,L表示对于压缩机叶片的应力极限,高于其,可靠操作不再可能。
传统上,燃气轮机的进一步负载调节(即,将其中可变入口导向导叶6具有设置成例如-20°的开口的调节超过的调节)仅通过基于燃烧室3内的热气体温度(或表示燃烧室3内的热气体温度的涡轮下游的排出气体温度)调节进入燃烧室的燃料供应而没有任何空气调节来完成。该调节在太少量燃料给送到燃气轮机中的情况下承受达到贫乏吹熄状态的风险。
发明人已发现了在较宽范围(例如,超过可变入口导向导叶6的调节)中控制负载同时保持燃气轮机操作符合排放要求且远离燃烧不稳定(诸如贫乏吹熄状态)的方式。
除基于燃烧室内的热气体温度和/或涡轮之后的排出气体温度(该温度反正表示燃烧室的热气体温度)的传统控制外,发明人构想出了控制火焰温度或表示其的参数的优点。
该方法包括(一旦供应至燃烧室的燃料量基于负载限定)控制供应至燃烧室的氧化剂和/或供应至燃烧室的燃料,以便将火焰温度或表示其的参数保持在给定范围内。给定范围为允许带有有限排放和降低的火焰熄灭风险的正确燃烧的范围。
控制供应至燃烧室3的氧化剂优选包括控制:可变入口导向导叶开口和/或再循环至压缩机2的氧化剂和/或旁通燃烧室3的下游的氧化剂。
在本发明的第一实施例中,控制供应至燃烧室的燃料包括中断对一些焚烧器10的预混燃料供应,以及增大对其它焚烧器10的预混燃料供应。
这样,仅其中一些焚烧器(操作的焚烧器)操作;这些焚烧器以正确的燃料/氧化剂比率操作,生成具有给定范围内的足够高的温度的火焰,以将排放保持在所需值内,且防止燃烧不稳定,诸如贫乏吹熄状态,但供应到燃烧室3中的燃料的总量根据低负载状态限制。其它焚烧器不操作,即,它们并不供应有燃料。
具体而言,增加预混燃料供应可在保持供应至燃气轮机的燃料的总量大致恒定(由于燃料量限定负载)的同时执行。
优选地,周向相邻的焚烧器的预混燃料增加;这样,燃烧室3下游的涡轮的叶片暴露于具有在周向上大致一致的温度的热气体。
例如,参照图5,对焚烧器10IA-10IH的燃料供应可中断,而对焚烧器10EA-10EH的燃料供应增加相同量。
在此情况下,为了减少燃烧室3中的冷区,对于各个焚烧器10,当预混燃料供应中断时,引导燃料给送(在提供时)优选不中断。因此,参照图5,对于焚烧器10IA-10IH,预混燃料的供应中断,而引导燃料的供应不中断,且供应至焚烧器10EA-10EH的预混燃料量增加与从焚烧器10IA-10IH中断的预混燃料量相同的量。
在第二实施例中,控制至燃烧室的氧化剂供应包括使压缩的氧化剂的一部分经由再循环管线7从压缩机2的下游再循环至压缩机2(即,压缩机的上游或压缩机处,例如,在压缩机2的第一级与末级之间)。
实际上,穿过压缩机2的流的量必须具有最小量,以便允许压缩机的安全且可靠的操作;因此,空气的再循环允许将减少量的空气转送至燃烧室(且至涡轮),同时保持穿过压缩机2的空气的正确量。
在第三实施例中,控制至燃烧室3的氧化剂供应包括使压缩的氧化剂的一部分从压缩机2经由旁路8旁通至燃烧室3的下游。
在第四实施例中:
-可变入口导向导叶开口被控制在最小开口(0°)与最大开口(例如,-50°)之间,
-表示由可变入口导向导叶6下游的压缩机叶片经历的机械应力的函数F具有从可变入口导向导叶6的最大开口到最小开口的增大的线趋势T;函数F例如可经由施加在叶片上且连接到无线电发射机的变形传感器来测量,
-函数F小于应力极限L,其中在应力极限处或低于应力极限L,燃气轮机可以可靠地继续操作,且高于应力极限,燃气轮机不可以可靠地连续操作,
-在可变入口导向导叶6的最大开口与最小开口之间,表示机械应力的函数F是非单调函数。
因此,根据该方法,即使开口减小到达到-40°或更大,例如,诸如-50°,操作也总是以可靠状态发生,由于应力-VIGV开口关系的特定非单调性质,才将应力极限克服。
在不同实施例中,表示由可变入口导向导叶下游的压缩机叶片经历的机械应力的函数F表示第二压缩机级2b和/或第三压缩机级2c的叶片的应力;确定在这些压缩机级处应力较高。
在下文中,描述了燃气轮机的操作的一些示例。
示例1
在第一示例中,通过基于涡轮下游的温度调节VIGV开口来在标称功率的100%到60%之间的负载范围中调节燃气轮机(传统调节)。
此外,通过控制供应到燃烧室中的燃料和基于火焰温度中断/增加对焚烧器10的预混燃料供应在标称功率的例如60%到40%之间的负载范围中调节燃气轮机(上述第一实施例)。
示例2
在第二示例中,通过基于涡轮下游的温度调节VIGV开口(例如,在0°到-20°的范围中)在标称功率的100%到60%之间的负载范围中调节燃气轮机(传统调节)。
通过基于火焰温度控制供应到燃烧室中的燃料和VIVG开口超过-20°(开口超过-20°意思是开口小于0°的开口;例如,在-20°到-50°之间的VIGV开口中完成控制)在标称功率的例如60%到40%之间的负载范围中调节燃气轮机(上文所述的第四实施例)。
示例3
在第三示例中,通过基于涡轮下游的温度调节VIGV开口(例如,在0°到-20°的范围中)在标称功率的100%到60%之间的负载范围中调节燃气轮机(传统调节)。
通过基于火焰温度控制供应到燃烧室中的燃料和再循环(以上第二实施例)或旁通(以上第三实施例)的压缩氧化剂量在标称功率的例如60%到40%之间的负载范围中进一步调节燃气轮机。
示例4
在第四实施例中,上述控制方法集成,以便在较宽的操作范围中调节燃气轮机操作。
通过基于涡轮下游的温度调节可变入口导向导叶开口(例如,0°到-20°的范围中)在标称功率的100%到60%之间的负载范围中调节燃气轮机(传统调节)。
通过基于火焰温度控制供应到燃烧室中的燃料和超过-20°的可变入口导向导叶开口在例如60%到40%之间的负载范围中进一步调节燃气轮机。
通过基于火焰温度控制供应到燃烧室中的燃料和对焚烧器10的预混燃料供应的中断/增加可在标称功率的例如40%到30%之间的负载范围中进一步调节燃气轮机。
通过基于火焰温度控制供应到燃烧室中的燃料和再循环和/或旁通的压缩氧化剂的量可在30%到20%之间的负载范围中进一步调节燃气轮机。
在额外示例中,可根据上述的任何控制实施例和控制实施例的组合来调节燃气轮机。
自然,所述特征可与彼此独立地提供。
Claims (13)
1. 一种用于操作包括压缩机(2)、燃烧室(3)和涡轮(4)的燃气轮机(1)的方法,其特征在于,控制对所述燃烧室(3)的氧化剂供应和/或对所述燃烧室(3)的燃料供应将火焰温度或表示其的参数保持在给定范围内。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,控制对所述燃烧室(3)的所述氧化剂供应包括控制可变入口导向导叶开口和/或至所述压缩机(2)的氧化剂再循环和/或所述燃烧室(3)下游的氧化剂旁通。
3. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述燃烧室(3)具有连接到若干焚烧器(10)的燃烧器(9),其中预混燃料和氧化剂供应至所述焚烧器(10),且混合在一起以生成混合物,所述混合物转送到所述燃烧器(9)中且燃烧,
其中控制对所述燃烧室(3)的所述燃料供应包括中断对一些焚烧器(10)的预混燃料供应,以及增加对其它焚烧器(10)的预混燃料供应。
4. 根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,在中断对一些焚烧器(10)的所述燃料供应且增大对其它焚烧器(10)的所述预混燃料供应时,保持供应至所述燃气轮机(1)的燃料总量大致恒定。
5. 根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,增加周向相邻的焚烧器(10)的预混燃料。
6. 根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述焚烧器(10)给送有引导燃料,其供应到所述燃烧室(3)中而不与所述氧化剂预混,
对于至少一个焚烧器,在所述预混燃料供应中断时不中断所述引导燃料。
7. 根据权利要求1或3所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述压缩机(2)压缩所述氧化剂,所述氧化剂然后供应到所述燃烧室(3)中,
其中控制对所述燃烧室的所述氧化剂供应包括使压缩的氧化剂的一部分从所述压缩机(2)的下游再循环至所述压缩机(2)。
8. 根据权利要求1或3所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述压缩机(2)压缩所述氧化剂,所述氧化剂然后供应到所述燃烧室(3)中,
其中控制对所述燃烧室的所述氧化剂供应包括在所述燃烧室(3)下游旁通所述氧化剂的一部分。
9. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述燃气轮机(1)具有可变入口导向导叶(6),
表示由所述可变入口导向导叶(6)下游的压缩机叶片经历的机械应力的函数(F)具有从所述可变入口导向导叶(6)的最大开口到最小开口的增大的线趋势(T),
表示由所述可变入口导向导叶(6)下游的所述压缩机叶片经历的机械应力的所述函数(F)小于应力极限(L),
在所述应力极限(L)处或低于所述应力极限(L),所述燃气轮机可以可靠地连续操作,且高于所述应力极限,所述燃气轮机不可以可靠地连续操作,
在所述可变入口导向导叶(6)的最大开口与最小开口之间,表示机械应力的所述函数(F)为非单调函数。
10. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述压缩机(2)具有若干压缩机级(2a,2b,2c,2d),
表示由所述可变入口导向导叶(6)下游的压缩机叶片经历的机械应力的所述函数(F)表示第二压缩机级(2b)的叶片的应力。
11. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,
所述压缩机(2)具有若干压缩机级(2a,2b,2c,2d),
表示由所述可变入口导向导叶(6)下游的压缩机叶片经历的机械应力的所述函数(F)表示第三压缩机级(2c)的叶片的应力。
12. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述燃气轮机(1)为联合循环发电设备的一部分。
13. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,基于负载向所述燃烧室(3)供应燃料量。
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CN102032569A (zh) * | 2009-09-30 | 2011-04-27 | 株式会社日立制作所 | 燃烧器 |
EP2677239A1 (en) * | 2012-06-19 | 2013-12-25 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Method for operating a two stage gas turbine combustion chamber |
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