CN105922700A - 一种可降解复合强度板 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种可降解复合强度板，由多层复合而得，包括1个或多个复合板单元，单个复合板单元从上到下依次包括聚乳酸阻燃表层板、聚乳酸瓦楞板层、淀粉增韧板层，复合板单元下设有聚乳酸阻燃底层板；其特征还在于：所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层是以聚乳酸复合材料为原料，通过模压成型而得且具有表层板、瓦楞结构和底层板结构。该复合板具有可降解的特性，且具有高抗压强度，良好的韧性，可防火阻燃，可用于高档板材领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种复合板材的制备方法，尤其涉及一种可降解的、具有优异力学性能尤其是抗压强度的、且具有阻燃性的复合板材的制备方法。
背景技术
板材是目前用途最多的材料，且用途非常广泛，如用于装饰板、包装板、建筑等领域。现代生活对板材的性能提出了更高的要求，除了优异的力学性能包括强度、韧性、弹性等外，环保性也被提出，塑料板由于其结构的可选择性，可搭配出具有各种不同高性能的板材。但塑料不可降解，将会导致资源的大量浪费和白色污染。
除此以外，目前环保板材应用最大量的为纸板材料，包括瓦楞纸板、蜂窝纸板以及纸浆模塑。其中，瓦楞纸板因其强度较好而被广泛应用于包装领域。制作包装箱所用的瓦楞纸板主要由瓦楞纸、面纸以及里纸组成，瓦楞纸一般设置2层或3层，中间用芯纸隔开，胶粘成形后形成人们所说的5层板或7层板，纸板内瓦楞的存在为纸板提供了优良的强度，但其缓冲性明显较差，在冲击中容易遭到破坏。而近20年开发的蜂窝纸板，由于其特殊蜂窝结构的存在，使得板材具有较好的抗冲性而被广泛的应用。但单独使用的蜂窝纸板抗压性较差，无法使用于大重量作用下的保护。但就整体而言，纸板承压和其强度因为材料的原因仍然有限，无法满足具有高强度要求的领域。将环保与
在目前的可降解材料中，淀粉因其便宜的价格和广泛的来源已被深入研究并通过改性与复合制备了多种生活与工业用品，如淀粉基膜、淀粉餐具等。但淀粉有其天然的缺陷，它的力学性能差，性能不稳定，只能运用于对力学性能要求低的领域。而聚乳酸的出现改变了这一现状。聚乳酸（PLA）是脂肪族聚酯，以乳酸（2-羟基丙酸）为基本结构单元。PLA可通过发酵玉米等天然原料制得，也可采用乳酸缩聚制得。PLA 及其终端产品可在堆肥条件下自然分解成为CO2和水，降低了固体废弃物排放量，是一种绿色环保的生物来源材料。
PLA具有类似于聚苯乙烯的力学特性，弯曲模量和拉伸强度较好，但热稳定性和抗冲击性能差，在热成型加工过程中存在熔体黏度低的缺陷，限制了它的应用。在改善了这些缺点后，PLA将可有望作为塑料材料的最佳替代品可被运用于工业、民用领域。在聚乳酸的增韧改性研究中，聚乳酸与多种材料复合以达到增韧效果，如淀粉、聚己内酯、聚乙烯等，经复合后，虽然材料的韧性有所提高，但其强度相应下降，且缺口冲击性任较差。综合来看，采用单一的聚乳酸板材仍无法实现具有优异的强度、韧性需要。在板材制备领域，通过多层复合和结构设计的方式可综合各层的优势，实现协同得作用以得到具有优异综合性能的板材。本发明将采用不同性能可降解板之间复合以提供一种具有优异强度、及可阻燃的复合可降解板。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服单层可降解板强度、韧性差、且无法满足需求的缺陷，提供一种具有优异力学性能，且可阻燃的复合环保板材制备方法。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种可降解复合强度板，由多层复合而得，包括1个或多个复合板单元，单个复合板单元从上到下依次包括聚乳酸阻燃表层板、聚乳酸瓦楞板层、淀粉增韧板层，复合板单元下设有聚乳酸阻燃底层板。
进一步，所述聚乳酸阻燃表层板和聚乳酸阻燃底层板以聚乳酸、增韧组分、无卤阻燃组分为原料挤出或压制成板。其中，聚乳酸、增韧组分、无卤阻燃组分的质量比介于100:20-40:10:15。其中增韧组分为乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物EVA, 乙烯丙烯酸共聚物EAA, 热塑性聚氨酯弹性体TPU中的一种或几种任意比例混合。无卤阻燃组分为化学膨胀类阻燃剂，包括酸源如聚磷酸酯、炭源季戊四醇和气源如三聚氰胺。
进一步，所述无卤阻燃组分可选择聚磷酸酯、三聚氰胺和季戊四醇的组合，三者质量比例范围为：10-15：1-3：5-10。
进一步，所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层是以聚乳酸复合材料为原料，通过模压成型的具有表层板、瓦楞结构和底层板结构的板层。
进一步，所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层的表层板和底层板的厚度介于2-4mm之间，瓦楞结构中楞为U型或V型楞，楞高介于5-10mm，楞的厚度介于1-4mm之间，U、V型瓦楞一个完整瓦楞波（相邻波峰或波底）宽介于10-24mm之间。
进一步，所述用于聚乳酸瓦楞板层压制成型所用的原料聚乳酸复合材料以聚乳酸、聚己内酯、相容剂、流动改性剂组成。聚乳酸、聚己内酯、相容剂、流动改性剂的质量比介于：100：30-50：2-5：1-4。相容剂可为聚乳酸接枝聚己内酯、聚乳酸接枝马来酸酐，流动改性剂可为聚酯流动助剂或PE、PP流动助剂。
进一步，所述淀粉增韧层为以塑化淀粉、增韧改性剂、植物纤维为原料挤出或压制成板。其中，塑化淀粉、增韧改性剂、植物纤维的质量比介于：100：20-40：5-12之间。所述增韧改性剂为聚己内酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物EVA、乙烯丙烯酸共聚物EAA中的任意一种。
进一步，所述塑化淀粉为以玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉为原料，通过甘油塑化后得到的可加工淀粉，其中，塑化剂甘油的用量介于淀粉质量的20%-35%之间。
进一步，植物纤维为以竹纤维、木纤维、稻草纤维、秸秆纤维等为原料，经过机械破碎后，通过化学方法或者物理方法结合化学方法处理后得到的纤维，所述化学方法处理为碱液活化法，其典型方法可为将纤维投入15%-20%质量浓度的氢氧化钠水溶液中，40度下处理8-12小时，所述物理方法为蒸汽闪爆法，其典型方法为将机械破碎后的稻草纤维被投入高压蒸汽缸内，缸内充入175℃过热蒸汽，压力控制于0.7-0.8MPa之间，保持蒸汽60分钟，后突释蒸汽产生微蒸汽流以实现闪爆并释放压力。此方式重复多次。
进一步，所述各层之间以丙烯酸类粘合剂粘合。
该发明的有益效果在于：该复合板由多层复合而得，多层之间力学性能起到协效作用。其中聚乳酸阻燃表层板提供良好的表面性质及表层阻燃性，聚乳酸瓦楞板层为复合板提供足够的抗压强度，而淀粉增韧板层则提供一定的韧性和弹性。多层复合后，板材具有优异的强度和韧性，且表面阻燃。
附图说明
图1为实施例1的截面结构示意图。
图2为实施例2的截面结构示意图。
具体实施方式
以下将详细描述本发明的示例性实施方法。但这些实施方法仅为示范性目的，而本发明不限于此。
实施例1
参照图1，一种可降解复合强度板，由多层复合而得，包括1个复合板单元，复合板单元从上到下依次为，聚乳酸阻燃表层板1、聚乳酸瓦楞板层2、淀粉增韧板层3，复合板单元下设有聚乳酸阻燃底层板4。
所述聚乳酸阻燃表层板和聚乳酸阻燃底层板1和4以聚乳酸、增韧组分、无卤阻燃组分为原料挤出或压制成板。其中，聚乳酸、增韧组分、无卤阻燃组分的质量比介于100：25:12。其中增韧组分为乙烯丙烯酸共聚物EAA。无卤阻燃组分为化学膨胀类阻燃剂，包括聚磷酸酯、三聚氰胺和季戊四醇，其质量比例为：聚磷酸酯：三聚氰胺：季戊四醇为12：2：6。
所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层2是以聚乳酸复合材料为原料，通过模压成型的具有表层板2-1、瓦楞结构2-2和底层板2-3结构的板层。
所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层的表层板2-1和底层板2-3的厚度为2.5mm，瓦楞结构中楞为U型楞，楞的厚度为1.5mm，楞高为8mm，相邻U型楞之间的宽度为12mm。
所述用于聚乳酸瓦楞板层2所用的聚乳酸复合材料以聚乳酸、聚己内酯、相容剂、流动改性剂组成。聚乳酸、聚己内酯、相容剂、流动改性剂的质量比为：100：42：3.5：3。相容剂为聚乳酸接枝聚己内酯、流动改性剂可为PET流动助剂。
所述淀粉增韧层3为以塑化淀粉、增韧改性剂、植物纤维为原料挤出或压制成板。其中，塑化淀粉、增韧改性剂、植物纤维的质量比为100：30：8。所述增韧改性剂为聚己内酯。
所述塑化淀粉为以玉米淀粉为原料，通过甘油塑化后得到的可加工淀粉，其中，塑化剂甘油的用量为淀粉质量的25%。
所述植物纤维为以木纤维为原料，经过机械破碎后，通过碱液活化法，即将纤维投入17.5%质量浓度的氢氧化钠水溶液中，40度下处理10小时，后浸泡并中和至中性，干燥出料。
所述各层之间以丙烯酸类粘合剂粘合。
实施例2
参照图2，一种可降解复合强度板，由多层复合而得，包括1个复合板单元，复合板单元从上到下依次为，聚乳酸阻燃表层板1’、聚乳酸瓦楞板层2’、淀粉增韧板层3’，复合板单元下设有聚乳酸阻燃底层板4’。
所述聚乳酸阻燃表层板和聚乳酸阻燃底层板1’和4’以聚乳酸、增韧组分、无卤阻燃组分为原料挤出或压制成板。其中，聚乳酸、增韧组分、无卤阻燃组分的质量比介于100：32：14，其中增韧组分为乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物EVA。无卤阻燃组分为化学膨胀类阻燃剂，包括聚磷酸酯、三聚氰胺和季戊四醇，其比例为：聚磷酸酯：三聚氰胺：季戊四醇为14：1.5：8.5。
所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层2’是以聚乳酸复合材料为原料，通过模压成型的具有表层板2-1’、瓦楞结构2-2’和底层板2-3’结构的板层。
所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层的表层板2-1’和底层板2-3’的厚度为3mm，瓦楞结构中楞为V型楞，楞的厚度为3mm，楞高为7mm，相邻V型楞的底部之间的宽度为20mm。
所述用于聚乳酸瓦楞板层2’所用的聚乳酸复合材料以聚乳酸、聚己内酯、相容剂、流动改性剂组成。聚乳酸、聚己内酯、相容剂、流动改性剂的质量比为：100：35：4：2.5。相容剂为聚乳酸接枝聚马来酸酐、流动改性剂可为PET流动助剂。
所述淀粉增韧层3’为以塑化淀粉、增韧改性剂、植物纤维为原料挤出或压制成板。其中，塑化淀粉、增韧改性剂、植物纤维的质量比为100：32：10，所述增韧改性剂为EVA。
所述塑化淀粉为以木薯淀粉为原料，通过甘油塑化后得到的可加工淀粉，其中，塑化剂甘油的用量为淀粉质量的30%。
所述植物纤维为以木纤维为原料，经过机械破碎后，通过蒸汽闪爆法处理，即将机械破碎后的纤维被投入高压蒸汽缸内，缸内充入175℃过热蒸汽，压力控制于0.7-0.8MPa之间，保持蒸汽60分钟，后突释蒸汽产生微蒸汽流以实现闪爆并释放压力。此方式重复4次。
所述各层之间以丙烯酸类粘合剂粘合。
Claims (5)
1.一种可降解复合强度板，由多层复合而得，包括1个或多个复合板单元，单个复合板单元从上到下依次包括聚乳酸阻燃表层板、聚乳酸瓦楞板层、淀粉增韧板层，复合板单元下设有聚乳酸阻燃底层板；其特征还在于：所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层是以聚乳酸复合材料为原料，通过模压成型而得且具有表层板、瓦楞结构和底层板结构。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种可降解复合强度板，其特征在于：所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层的表层板和底层板的厚度介于2-4mm之间，瓦楞结构中楞为U型或V型楞，楞高介于5-10mm，楞的厚度介于1-4mm之间，U、V型瓦楞一个完整瓦楞波宽（相邻波峰或波底的宽度）介于10-24mm之间。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种可降解复合强度板，其特征在于：所述聚乳酸瓦楞板层制备的原料聚乳酸复合材料以聚乳酸、聚己内酯、相容剂、流动改性剂组成。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种纸板复合强度板，其特征在于：所述所述聚乳酸阻燃表层板和聚乳酸阻燃底层板以聚乳酸、增韧组分、无卤阻燃组分为原料挤出或压制成板。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种纸板复合强度板，其特征在于：所述淀粉增韧层为以塑化淀粉、增韧改性剂、植物纤维为原料挤出或压制成板。
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