CN105903755B - 用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯 - Google Patents
用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及生态修复技术领域,尤其涉及用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,包括自下而上依次设置的低渗透层、导水层和生长基质层,生长基质层为复合轻质基质垫,包括两层上下层叠设置的针刺短纤无纺布和设于两层针刺短纤无纺布之间的轻质基质层;导水层包括三维土工网,用于疏导入渗水;低渗透层包括膨润土防水垫,用于与堆场之间隔离和防渗。该隔离毯具有多层结构。在金属矿山废物堆场生态修复过程中,通过复合隔离毯的铺设,同时结合植被工程的实施,可有效的减少雨水和其它地表径流入渗量,从而最大化降低酸性废水的产生及毒重金属的释出,使环境污染降低到最小值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生态修复技术领域,尤其涉及用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯。
背景技术
金属矿山中硫化物赋存于矿物中的比例很大,尤其是铜、铅、锌等金属矿床,约相当于各类矿物种类总量的75%。我国金属矿贫矿多、富矿少,多金属矿多、单一矿种少,金属品位极低、矿物采剥比大,产生大量的固体废弃物。固体废弃物污染的范围主要以大堆场为中心通过地表径流和渗滤液向下游及周边扩散污染下游水体和土壤,在土壤中的含量和形态分布特征受其废弃物堆场中释放率的影响,且随距离的加大重金属的含量逐渐降低。
金属矿固废堆场表层多为碎石、渣土,结构松散,稳定性差,难以蓄存土壤和水分,植物无法生长,生态环境难以自然恢复。此外,受风化和降雨淋溶,固废中的毒害物质极易随降水进入河流和地下水,造成大范围环境污染和生态恶化。依据体废弃物污染形成的原理,因此,研发一种既具有较低渗透系数,又能起到较好的导水功能,同时营造良好的植物生长基础的隔离毯应用于金属矿山废物堆场生态修复领域就显得尤为必要。
发明内容
(一)要解决的技术问题
本发明要解决的技术问题是解决金属矿固废堆场造成环境污染和生态恶化的问题。
(二)技术方案
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明提供了一种用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,包括自下而上依次设置的低渗透层、导水层和生长基质层,所述生长基质层为复合轻质基质垫,包括两层上下层叠设置的针刺短纤无纺布和设于两层所述针刺短纤无纺布之间的轻质基质层;所述导水层包括三维土工网,用于疏导入渗水;所述低渗透层包括膨润土防水垫,用于与堆场之间隔离和防渗。
其中,所述低渗透层、导水层和生长基质层采用缝合方式连接。
其中,所述低渗透层的两端分别向外延伸形成搭接区,用于将多块所述隔离毯搭接。
其中,还包括施工吊带,所述施工吊带用于机械吊装所述隔离毯。
其中,还包括安全绳,用于将所述隔离毯固定铺设。
其中,所述膨润土防水垫包括自下而上依次设置的PP编织布、粉状钠基膨润土和针刺短纤无纺布,所述PP编织布、粉状钠基膨润土和针刺短纤无纺布采用针刺机固定连接。
其中,所述粉状钠基膨润土均匀铺撒在PP编织布上,且所述PP编织布上的粉状钠基膨润土的质量密度为2000~4000g/m2,所述粉状钠基膨润土的颗粒粒径为200目。
其中,所述轻质基质包括农作物秸秆、农作物果壳和木材加工废弃物中的一种或多种,且所述轻质基质均匀地铺撒在下层的所述针刺短纤无纺布上。
其中,所述轻质基质的质量密度为4000~8000g/m2。
(三)有益效果
本发明的上述技术方案具有如下优点:本发明提供了一种用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,包括自下而上依次设置的低渗透层、导水层和生长基质层,生长基质层为复合轻质基质垫,包括两层上下层叠设置的针刺短纤无纺布和设于两层针刺短纤无纺布之间的轻质基质;导水层包括三维土工网,用于疏导入渗水;低渗透层包括膨润土防水垫,用于与堆场之间隔离和防渗。该隔离毯具有多层结构。在金属矿山废物堆场生态修复过程中,通过复合隔离毯的铺设,同时结合植被工程的实施,可有效的减少雨水和其它地表径流入渗量,从而最大化降低酸性废水的产生及毒重金属的释出,使环境污染降低到最小值,将“源头控制”的理念引入到金属矿山废物堆场生态修复,从治本的角度解决堆场对环境的污染。
除了上面所描述的本发明解决的技术问题、构成的技术方案的技术特征以及有这些技术方案的技术特征所带来的优点之外,本发明的其他技术特征及这些技术特征带来的优点,将结合附图作出进一步说明。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例一提供的用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯的剖视图;
图2是本发明施例一提供的用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯的俯视图。
图中:2:轻质基质;3:三维土工网;4:粉状钠基膨润土;5:PP编织布;6:搭接区;7:安全绳;8:施工吊带;101:针刺短纤无纺布;102:针刺短纤无纺布;103:针刺短纤无纺布。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明的一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
在本发明的描述中,需要说明的是,除非另有明确的规定和限定,术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”应做广义理解,例如,可以是固定连接,也可以是可拆卸连接,或一体地连接;可以是机械连接,也可以是电连接;可以是直接相连,也可以通过中间媒介间接相连,可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以具体情况理解上述术语在本发明中的具体含义。
此外,在本发明的描述中,除非另有说明,“多个”、“多根”、“多组”的含义是两个或两个以上,“若干个”、“若干根”、“若干组”的含义是一个或一个以上。
实施例一
如图1所示,本发明实施例提供的一种用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,包括自下而上依次设置的低渗透层、导水层和生长基质层,生长基质层包括两层上下层叠设置的针刺短纤无纺布101、针刺短纤无纺布102和设于针刺短纤无纺布101与针刺短纤无纺布102之间的轻质基质2,轻质基质2由农作物秸秆、农作物果壳和木材加工废弃物中的一种或多种发酵而成,且轻质基质2均匀地铺撒在下层的针刺短纤无纺布102上,在本实施例中,农作物果壳为花生或稻谷等,木材加工废弃物为锯木屑或刨花等,轻质基质的质量密度优选为4000~8000g/m2。导水层包括三维土工网3,用于疏导入渗水,三维土工网3以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为原料,通过特制的机头挤出肋条,三根肋条按一定间距和角度排列形成有排水导槽的三维空间结构。中间肋条具有较大的刚性,形成矩形的排水通道。组成排水网的三层肋条具有较高的纵横向抗拉强度和抗压强度,三层肋条间形成的排水导槽在较高荷载下不易变形,确保排水畅通。低渗透层包括膨润土防水垫,用于与堆场之间隔离和防渗。膨润土防水垫包括自下而上依次设置的PP编织布5、粉状钠基膨润土4和针刺短纤无纺布103,PP编织布5、粉状钠基膨润土4和针刺短纤无纺布103采用针刺机固定连接。粉状钠基膨润土4是指钠基膨润土的粉末物,钠基膨润土为层间阳离子为Na+的膨润土。膨润土(Bentonite)是以蒙脱石为主要矿物成分的非金属矿产,蒙脱石含量优选为85%~90%,膨润土具有强的吸湿性和膨胀性,可吸附8~15倍于自身体积的水量,体积膨胀可达数倍至30倍;在水介质中能分散成胶凝状和悬浮状,这种介质溶液具有一定的黏滞性、触变性和润滑性;有较强的阳离子交换能力;对各种气体、液体、有机物质有一定的吸附能力,最大吸附量可达5倍于自身的重量;它与水、泥或细沙的掺和物具有可塑性和黏结性。
进一步地,低渗透层、导水层和生长基质层采用缝合方式连接。
进一步地,低渗透层的两端分别向外延伸形成搭接区6,用于将多块隔离毯搭接,一般低渗透层的两端较于导水层和生长基质层分别向外延伸20~30cm,形成搭接区,隔离毯的长宽规格根据治理工程情况而定,且宽度优选为不大于6.0m。
进一步地,还包括施工吊带8,施工吊带8与隔离毯连接,便于机械施工,在本实施例中,施工吊带8的材质为高强玻纤绳。
进一步地,还包括安全绳7,安全绳7与隔离毯连接,用于固定隔离毯,在本实施例中,安全绳7的材质为高强玻纤绳。
进一步地,粉状钠基膨润土4均匀铺撒在PP编织布5上,且PP编织布5上的粉状钠基膨润土4的质量密度优选为2000~4000g/m2,粉状钠基膨润土4的颗粒粒径优选为200目。
制作上述隔离毯主要包括以下步骤:
1、制作低渗透层
1)将PP编织布5作为底部载体,把粉状钠基膨润土4均匀的铺撒在PP编织布5上,再将针刺短纤无纺布103覆盖在粉状钠基膨润土4上。
2)采用针刺机将针刺短纤无纺布103、粉状钠基膨润土4和PP编织布5缝合成一个整体。
2、制作生长基质层
1)将针刺短纤无纺布102作为底部载体,把轻型基质2均匀的铺撒在针刺短纤无纺布102上,再将针刺短纤无纺布101作为顶层覆盖在轻型基质上。
2)采用针刺机将底层的针刺短纤无纺布102、粉状钠基膨润土2和顶层的针刺短纤无纺布101缝合成一个整体。
3、合成隔离毯
1)将低渗透层为底部载体,把三维土工网3平铺在低渗透层上,再将生长基质层覆盖在三维土工网3,并预留搭接区6。
2)采用针刺机将低渗透层、三维排水网6和生长基质层缝合成一个整体。
4、安装吊带8和安全绳7
在本实施例中,PP编织布5、针刺短纤无纺布的规格分别为150g/m2和250g/m2,也就是说针刺短纤无纺布101、针刺短纤无纺布102和针刺短纤无纺布103的的规格均为250g/m2;低渗透层中的粉状钠基膨润土4的质量密度为2000g/m2,粉状钠基膨润土4的颗粒粒径为200目;轻型基质2为农作物秸秆的发酵物。导水层中的三维土工网3的厚度为4mm。轻型基质2的质量密度为4000g/m2。在本实施例中采用上述方法制得隔离毯A。
实施例二
本发明的实施例二与实施例一相似,其相同部分不再赘述,二者的区别点在于:PP编织布的规格为200g/m2、针刺短纤无纺布101、针刺短纤无纺布102和针刺短纤无纺布103的规格均为150g/m2;低渗透层中的粉状钠基膨润土4的质量密度为4000g/m2,粉状钠基膨润土4的颗粒粒径为200目;导水层中的三维土工网3的厚度为6mm:轻型基质2质量密度为8000g/m2;轻型基质2为农作物秸秆的发酵物。按照上述规格采用实施例一的方法制得隔离毯B。
实施例三
本发明的实施例三与实施例一及实施例二相似,其相同部分不再赘述,区别点在于:PP编织布5的规格为200g/m2、针刺短纤无纺布101、针刺短纤无纺布102和针刺短纤无纺布103的规格均为200g/m2;低渗透层中的粉状钠基膨润土4的质量密度为3000g/m2,粉状钠基膨润土4的颗粒粒径为200目;导水层中的三维土工网3的厚度为6mm;轻型基质2的质量密度为6000g/m2;轻型基质2为农作物秸秆的发酵物。按照上述规格采用实施例一的方法制得隔离毯C。
分析上述三个实施例中的隔离毯的渗透系数
参照JG/T193-2006的方法,进行隔离毯的渗透系数测试,结果如下表所示:
表1.不同材料的渗透系数
如表1所示,隔离毯的渗透系数明显低于壤土和岩土,说明堆场生态修复过程中,使用复合隔离层能明显降低雨水的渗透,将大气降水有效的从入渗转化为径流从堆场表层流失。
分析上述三个实施例中隔离毯的养分特征
如表2所示,隔离毯中有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与壤土相比均显著增加,说明隔离毯可明显增加生态修复工程中土壤的有机质和养分含量,且轻型基质的施用量与有机质、水解性氮、有效磷以及速效钾含量呈极显著正相关。由此可见,隔离毯可以增加土壤肥力,有植物生长营造良好的环境。
表2.不同处理方式对基材有机质和养分的影响
上述三个实施例中的隔离毯在工程实例中的应用
1)堆场特征:
废石堆场,已停止使用近20年,坡面松散程度较高,表层风化程度较高,且废石含有硫化矿物,没有土层。现场植被调查发现,堆场没有自然植被,淋溶水pH值为2.0左右,酸度高,严重制约了植物的正常生长。
2)实验区划分:
将堆场边坡分为4个独立的区,分别标记S-1、S-2、S-3和CK,其中S-1铺设隔离毯A,S-2铺设隔离毯B,S-3铺设隔离毯C,CK为对照。
3)工程实施概况:
采用隔离毯进行了堆场生态修复工程实验,在铺设完隔离毯后,采用传统的客土喷播工艺对隔离毯进行覆盖,并建立植被工程。
4)工程实施效果:
经过3个月后,3个实验区植被覆盖率可达到85%左右,有效的控制了水土流失。实施2年后,堆场植被盖度达到95%以上,坡面呈现出以木本植物为主的灌草立体防护结构,且能自我繁衍生长。
通过对收集淋溶液的分析表明:隔离毯的实施,有效的控制水的入渗,与对照相比,减少了70%以上的酸性水产生,实现了将“源头控制”的与生态修复有机结合,从源头上有效控制了污染的产生。
综上所述,本发明提供的用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯具有多层结构,在金属矿山废物堆场生态修复过程中,通过复合隔离毯的铺设,同时结合植被工程的实施,可有效的减少雨水和其它地表径流入渗量,从而最大化降低酸性废水的产生及毒重金属的释出,使环境污染降低到最小值,将“源头控制”的理念引入到金属矿山废物堆场生态修复,从治本的角度解决堆场对环境的污染。
最后应说明的是:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,其特征在于:包括自下而上依次设置的低渗透层、导水层和生长基质层,所述生长基质层包括两层上下层叠设置的针刺短纤无纺布和设于两层所述针刺短纤无纺布之间的轻质基质;所述导水层包括三维土工网,用于疏导入渗水,所述三维土工网以高密度聚乙烯为原料,通过机头挤出肋条,三根肋条按一定间距和角度排列形成有排水导槽的三维空间结构;所述低渗透层包括膨润土防水垫,用于与堆场之间隔离和防渗;
其中,所述膨润土防水垫包括自下而上依次设置的PP编织布、粉状钠基膨润土和针刺短纤无纺布,所述PP编织布、粉状钠基膨润土和针刺短纤无纺布采用针刺机固定连接;所述粉状钠基膨润土均匀铺撒在PP编织布上,且所述PP编织布上的粉状钠基膨润土的质量密度为2000~4000g/m2,所述粉状钠基膨润土的颗粒粒径为200目;
所述轻质基质包括农作物秸秆、农作物果壳和木材加工废弃物中的一种或多种,且所述轻质基质均匀地铺撒在下层的所述针刺短纤无纺布上,所述轻质基质的质量密度为4000~8000g/m2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,其特征在于:所述低渗透层、导水层和生长基质层采用缝合方式连接。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,其特征在于:所述低渗透层的两端分别向外延伸形成搭接区,用于将多块所述隔离毯搭接。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,其特征在于:还包括施工吊带,所述施工吊带用于机械吊装所述隔离毯。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用于金属废弃堆场生态修复的隔离毯,其特征在于:还包括安全绳,用于将所述隔离毯固定铺设。
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